Ch 1-9 & ch 12 practice question

Test Yourself 6 Heroin mimics the actions of endorphins, inhibiting pain signals and creating a "high" feeling. Heroin is an example of a(n): a.protagonist. b.antagonist. c.agonist. d.glial cell.

( C ) agonist.

Practice Quiz 2.6 - 2.8 1 Which of the following techniques analyzes blood oxygen levels to look at the functioning of the brain? a.EEG b.CT c.fMRI d.PET

( C ) fMRI

Test Yourself 3 Which of the following insulates and protects a neuron's axon, as well as helps to speed along electrical impulses? a.synaptic knobs b.receptor sites c.myelin sheath d.neuromodulators

( C ) myelin sheath

Test Yourself 2 Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells generate a fatty substance known as a.glial. b.soma. c.myelin. d.neurilemma.

( C ) myelin.

Practice Quiz 2.9 - 2.11 2 In which of the following lobes of the cortex would you find the primary visual cortex? a.frontal b.temporal c.occipital d.parietal

( C ) occipital

Practice Quiz 2.6 - 2.8 2 Which brain structure allows us to pay attention to certain stimuli while ignoring others? a.medulla b.cerebellum c.reticular formation d.pons

( C ) reticular formation

Test Yourself 13 Maria often sleeps soundly and rarely awakens to any outside noise. However, the cries of Maria's baby can awaken her immediately. What part of the brain is responsible for this reaction? a.medulla b.pons c.reticular formation d.cerebellum

( C ) reticular formation

Practice Quiz 2.3 - 2.5 6 Andrew has always been thin. In fact, he often seems to be able to eat whatever he wants without gaining weight. The doctor told his parents that Andrew's __________ gland is the cause of his fast metabolism. a.pituitary b.adrenal c.thyroid d.pancreas

( C ) thyroid

Practice Quiz 2.9 - 2.11 4 You have a dream in which you wake up to find that people around you are using words that make no sense. What's more, your friends don't seem to understand you when you speak. At one point in your dream, your mom tells you that you almost forgot your tree limb today. When you give her a puzzled look, she holds up your lunchbox and repeats, "You know, your tree limb." Your predicament in your dream is most like which of the following disorders? a.Wernicke's aphasia b.Broca's aphasia c.apraxia d.spatial neglect

(A) Wernicke's aphasia

Test Yourself 5 Which neurotransmitter stimulates muscle cells to contract but slows contractions in the heart? a.acetylcholine b.GABA c.serotonin d.endorphin

(A) acetylcholine

Practice Quiz 2.1 - 2.2 5 The venom of a black widow spider acts like a(n) __________ by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine. a.agonist b.antagonist c.protagonist d.glial cell

(A) agonist

Practice Quiz 2.1 - 2.2 1 Which part of the neuron carries messages to other cells? a.axon b.dendrite c.soma d.myelin

(A) axon

Test Yourself 16 Which part of the brain is involved in the creation of memories and is often linked to Alzheimer's disease? a.hippocampus b.thalamus c.hypothalamus d.amygdala

(A) hippocampus

Test Yourself 4 When a neuron is in the resting potential state, the neuron is negatively charged on the _________ and positively charged on the _________. a.inside; outside b.outside; inside c.top; bottom d.bottom; top

(A) inside; outside

Practice Quiz 2.3 - 2.5 5 Which of the following would be active if you have just had an automobile accident? a.sympathetic division b.parasympathetic division c.somatic division d.motor division

(A) sympathetic division

Practice Quiz 2.1 - 2.2 4 Neurotransmitters must pass from an axon terminal to the next dendrite by crossing a fluid-filled space called the a.synaptic gap. b.reuptake inhibitor. c.neuron. d.glial cell.

(A) synaptic gap.

Practice Quiz 2.6 - 2.8 3 Which brain structure relays incoming sensory information? a.thalamus b.hypothalamus c.reticular formation d.pons

(A) thalamus

Test Yourself 15 Your psychology professor refers to this as the great relay station of the brain. What part is he or she referring to? a.thalamus b.hypothalamus c.hippocampus d.amygdala

(A) thalamus

Practice Quiz 2.3 - 2.5 1 If you touch a hot stove, your spinal cord can prompt you to withdraw your hand without having to send the message all the way to the brain. This is due to what scientists call a.the reflex arc. b.neuroplasticity. c.the parasympathetic nervous system. d.the sympathetic nervous system.

(A) the reflex arc.

Practice Quiz 2.3 - 2.5 3 The neurons of the sensory pathway contain a.efferent neurons. b.afferent neurons. c.both efferent and afferent neurons. d.voluntary muscle fibers.

(B) afferent neurons.

Test Yourself 7 Involuntary muscles are controlled by the __________ nervous system. a.somatic b.autonomic c.sympathetic d.parasympathetic

(B) autonomic

Test Yourself 1 In the structure of the neuron, the __________ receives messages from other cells. a.axon b.dendrite c.soma d.myelin

(B) dendrite

Practice Quiz 2.1 - 2.2 2 Which one of the following is NOT a function of glial cells? a.getting nutrients to the neurons b.generating action potentials c.cleaning up the remains of dead neurons d.providing insulation

(B) generating action potentials

Test Yourself 18 Jaime's grandfather recently suffered a stroke and has had difficulty with language production ever since. Most likely, he has experienced damage to the __________ area of his brain. a.right rear b.left frontal c.left rear d.right frontal

(B) left frontal

Practice Quiz 2.3 - 2.5 4 Yvonne's ability to reach for and pick up her book is largely due to the functions of the _________ pathway of the _____________ nervous system. a.sensory; somatic b.motor; somatic c.autonomic; peripheral d.parasympathetic; autonomic

(B) motor; somatic

Practice Quiz 2.1 - 2.2 3 When a neuron's resting potential is occurring, the neuron is __________ charged on the inside. a.positively b.negatively c.both positively and negatively d.neutrally

(B) negatively

Test Yourself 11 Bailey is a subject in a study on memory and problem solving. The researcher is applying magnetic pulses to her brain through copper wire coils positioned directly above her scalp. Bailey's study would best be described as a(n) a.invasive stimulation technique. b.noninvasive stimulation technique. c.EEG technique. d.PET technique.

(B) noninvasive stimulation technique.

Test Yourself 8 As you take notes, your heart beats at a normal rate. Your breathing is normal and your stomach slowly digests your earlier meal. What division of the peripheral nervous is currently in action? a.sympathetic b.parasympathetic c.autonomic d.somatic

(B) parasympathetic

Practice Quiz 2.9 - 2.11 3 The ability to detect changes in temperature, pressure, and body position is due in part to the functions of the __________ lobe. a.frontal b.parietal c.temporal d.corpus

(B) parietal

Test Yourself 10 Which gland(s) is/are known to influence all other glands within the endocrine system? a.pineal gland b.pituitary gland c.thyroid gland d.adrenal glands

(B) pituitary gland

Practice Quiz 2.9 - 2.11 5 Which part of the brain tends to process information globally? a.left hemisphere b.right hemisphere c.corpus callosum d.cerebellum

(B) right hemisphere

Test Yourself 20 Although the brain works largely as a whole, which of the following is not a correct pairing of hemisphere and function? a.left; control of right-handed motor functions b.right; control of right-handed motor functions c.right; recognition of faces d.left; reading

(B) right; control of right-handed motor functions

Test Yourself 12 Which technique of studying the brain involves injecting the patient with radioactive glucose? a.EEG b.CT c.MRI d.PET

(D) PET

Test Yourself 19 Felicia is recovering from a brain injury. She is able to speak fluently but often uses incorrect words in a sentence. In one instance at a friend's birthday party, she said, "I would like something to drink. Can I have some battery?" Felicia's problem is known as a.spatial neglect. b.visual agnosia. c.Broca's aphasia. d.Wernicke's aphasia.

(D) Wernicke's aphasia.

Practice Quiz 2.6 - 2.8 4 If you were to develop a rare condition in which you were not able to remember to be afraid of certain situations, animals, or events, which part of the brain would most likely be damaged? a.cingulate cortex b.hypothalamus c.thalamus d.amygdala

(D) amygdala

Test Yourself 14 Alexis and Theresa are synchronized swimmers for their college swim team. They often work long hours to ensure the movements in their routine are perfectly timed. What part of their brains must Alexis and Theresa rely most upon? a.medulla b.pons c.reticular formation d.cerebellum

(D) cerebellum

Practice Quiz 2.6 - 2.8 5 If your roommate has a problem paying attention, it may be due to damage to this part of the limbic system. a.hippocampus b.hypothalamus c.cerebellum d.cingulate cortex

(D) cingulate cortex

Practice Quiz 2.9 - 2.11 1 What part of the brain can sometimes be referred to as the "rind" or outer covering? a.thalamus b.medulla c.corpus callosum d.cortex

(D) cortex

Practice Quiz 2.1 - 2.2 6 Which of the following is associated with pain relief? a.acetylcholine b.glutamate c.serotonin d.endorphins

(D) endorphins

Practice Quiz 2.3 - 2.5 2 What is the process whereby the structure and function of brain cells change in response to trauma, damage, or even learning? a.shallow lesioning b.deep lesioning c.cell regeneration d.neuroplasticity

(D) neuroplasticity

Test Yourself 9 Robert has had difficulty sleeping for the past 6 months and his body seemingly no longer differentiates between night and day. His doctor believes the problem lies with Robert's endocrine system. What gland will Robert's physician focus on? a.pituitary b.adrenal c.thyroid d.pineal

(D) pineal

Test Yourself 17 Jessica has suffered a severe blow to the back of her head when she was thrown from her horse. Subsequently, her occipital lobe has been injured. Which of her senses has the highest chance of being affected? a.hearing b.touch c.taste and smell d.vision

(D) vision

Which of the following would indication the weakest relationship and thus be close to complete randomness?

+0.01

William McDougall's original research on instinctual motivation proposed a total of_______ instincts for humans, whereas later researchers believed there were_______.

18, thousands

In making a large pot of chili for a family reunion, you find that you have to add 1 onion to your pot of chili that already has 5 onions mixed in it to notice a difference. According to Weber's Law, how many onions would you have to add to notice a difference if your making twice as much chili with 10 onions?

2

Using the partial report method, Sperling found the capacity of iconic (visual) sensory memory to be:

9 to 12 items

Aaron has no memory of how he got home from a party. He then convinces himself that he must have been abducted by aliens while walking home. Subsequently, he is hypnotized in an attempt to help increase his memories of that evening. Based on the research of memory recall through hypnosis, what might we learn?

Aaron may unknowingly create false memories of what happened that night to justify his belief

the lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50% of the time the stimulation is present is called

Absolute Threshold

Gerald has difficulty falling off to sleep. Harley can fall off to sleep easily but often wakes up early. Dale typically sleeps for 10 hours. All three are tired and not rested upon rising. Who seems to be experiencing insomnia?

All three

The most common type of dementia experienced by adults and the elderly is ____________ disease.

Alzheimer's

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices the fish swim to the top to look for food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the ______________ is the conditioned stimulus.

Aquarium light

what is the correct sequence of the four elements of observational learning?

Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire

The rate at which the body burns energy while at rest is known as?

Basal Metabolic Rate

Carlos is pulling an all-nighter in preparation for his big psych test tomorrow. According to the research, what is the result on Carlos's memory when he deprives himself of sleep the night prior to his exam?

Carlos will actually remember less if he deprives himself of sleep the night before

Cindy had cheesy tacos at a local Mexican restaurant. Later she became terribly ill and suffered bouts of nausea and vomiting. What might we predict based on conditioned taste aversion research?

Cindy will probably get nauseated the next time she tries to eat cheesy tacos

Which of the following is largely determined by the length of a light wave?

Color

The Muller-Lyer illusion is influenced greatly by one's

Culture

You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult. The participant is hooked up to an EEG. The researcher announces that the participant has now entered deep sleep (N3 or stage 3 & 4). What type of new waves would you expect to see on the EEG?

Delta

Who is considered to be the father of African American psychology?

Francis Cecil Sumner

If you find yourself lying in bed unable to sleep for more than 20 minutes, what should you do?

Get out of bed and find some light activity to do

According to research by Carol Dweck, which of the following would be the best phrase to reinforce a child's behavior?

I'm proud of the way you tried to solve that problem

If calorie intake stays the same, as the basal metabolic rate decreases, the weight set point______?

Increases

Eli enjoys woodcarving. Although none of his teenage friends are interested, he often spends hours creating several different pieces. His enjoyment of the task is all his own, and he rarely shows others his work. Many would call his motivation ________ in nature.

Intrinsic

Studies indicate that women from_______________ are more likely to eat because their body tells them they are hungry.

Japan

Which psychologist dared to ignore the whole consciousness issue and return to a study of scientific inquiry by focusing on observable behavior

John Watson

Which of the following is an example of Thorndike's law of effect?

John gets compliments from Carla for wearing a nice shirt. Subsequently, John wears the shirt whenever he thinks he will be seeing Carla.

Which historical figure would most likely state that "our ability to visually distinguish color is determined in the brain by systems, which are set up in antagonistic pairings of colors. For example, red with green and blue with yellow"?

Karl Herring

Which theory is commonly referred to as the "aha!" phenomenon?

Kohler's Insight learning

Bandar's studies found that learning can take place without actual performance. what is that referred to as?

Learning/Performance Distinction

In Loftus's 1978 study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accidnet. Later, some of the subjects were asked a question about a yield sign when the actual slides contained pictures of a stop sign. When presented with this inaccurate information, how did these subjects typically respond?

Many subjects' overall accuracy dropped when confronted with conflicting information.

Who was the first women to complete coursework for a doctorate at Harvard University?

Mary Whiton Calkins

Mary has just met an attractive man named Austin at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name. What should she do?

Mary should make it more meaningful. For example, she might remind herself that Austin has the same name as the captial of Texas.

In which stage(s) of sleep do people typically experience hypnogogic images?

N1 (NREM Stage 1) Sleep

in which stage of sleep do sleep spindles occur?

N2 (NREM Stage 2)

Sleepwalking occurs in ________ sleep, whereas nightmares occur in _______ sleep.

N3 (NREM Stage 3); REM

A girl notices that whenever her brother shares his cookie with his friends, her mother praises him. Hoping to also receive praise, the little girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over. The girl's learning to share is best described as:

Observational Learning

Phineas walks out of his office and into the conference room. However, after he leaves his office, he forgets what he was coming into the conference room for. According to the encoding specificity hypothesis, what should Phineas do to regain his lost memory?

Phineas should return to his office to help him remember what he had forgotten.

in farsightedness, also known as _________, the focal point is ______ the retina.

Presbyopia; above

According to researchers at yale, what might be one way to get children to eat more carrots?

Put a cartoon character on the outside of the package

A person who relies heavily on sleeping pills or alcohol to sleep might experience _______ the following night?

REM Rebound

Josef has had a very demanding day. Though his work is not physically challenging, it tends to mentally drain him. What type of sleep with Josef probably require more of?

REM Sleep

According to research, if you have a very emotional day, you'll likely see an increase in _______ sleep. However, if you have a physically exhausting day, you'll likely see an increase in _________ sleep

REM; deep sleep

Jeff walks out of the bright hallways into the unlit 121 Sparks and trips over a water bottle. Which part of his eyes had not yet adapted to prevent this terrible calamity?

Rods

Which theory of emotion relies heavily on cognition and labeling?

Schachter and Singer's theory

In Maslow's theory, how often do people reach a point of self-actualization?

Seldom, although there are times in a person's life when they are self-actualized at least temporarily.

You are drinking a strong cup of coffee that is particularly bitter. After a while, the coffee doesn't taste as strong as it did when you first tasted it. What has happened?

Sensory Adaptation

If Dr. byers uses an electric approach in her clinical treatment of children, what is it she is doing?

She is using a combination of perspectives to treat different clients

In which disorder do people tend to snore in a very loud manner?

Sleep apnea

which of the following statements is essential to classical conditioning?

The CS and UCS must come close together in time

Felicia can recall with great detail the day of her wedding and all that occured. What might psychologists say about these particular flashbulb memories?

The memories were likely enhanced in part by the hormones released during emotional moments.

What is the first guideline for doing research with people?

The rights and well-being of the participants must come first

Tom believes that noticeable changes in his perception always occur at a constant percentage of change, Nick believes that is his perception can change freely without any constancy at all, who is correct and why?

Tom; Weber's Law

A study purportedly conducted by James Vicary teaches us what about the power of subliminal perception and its effect on advertising?

Vicary made up the study, so it is not supported

What is the biggest reason why we use animals in research?

We can do things to animals that we can't do to people

Which psychologist would agree with this statement, "the study of mind should focus on how it functions in everyday life?"

William James

Of the following, which is the most similar to the concept of long-term memory?

a computer hard drive

which is the most similar to the concept of long-term memory?

a computer hard drive

Research by Elizabeth Loftus shows that eyewitness recognition is very prone to what psychologists call:

a false positive

The main advantage of a survey is that

a large amount of data can be gathered

Which of the following represents the affective component of an attitude? a. "I love to go to the clubs - it makes me so happy!" b. "Tonight, we're going to that new club downtown." c. "It is interesting to watch people when I'm out at a club." d. "I'm going to wear a new outfit to the club tonight."

a. "I love to go to clubs - it makes me so happy!"

At which age does an adult's physical senses begin to hit their peak? a. 20s b. 30s c. 40s d. 50s

a. 20s

Which of the following would not be effective in minimizing groupthink? a. Caroline wants her team to openly vote by a show of hands either for or against her business plan. b. Karen openly invites input from all team members and even those outside her team. c. Annina reminds her team that everyone will be held responsible for the ultimate decision of her group. d. Juanita works hard to remain impartial to all ideas no matter what they are.

a. Caroline wants her team to openly vote by a show of hands either for or against her business plan.

Which of the following would be the most effective way to decrease prejudice? a. Creative an environment of equal status, where groups must rely upon each other to solve a common problem. b. Bring groups together to talk about their feelings. c. Bring groups together and allow them to work next to each other. d. Bring groups together for a friendly competition.

a. Creative an environment of equal status, where groups must rely upon each other to solve a common problem.

Which of the following would be an example of a stereotype threat? a. Joaquim believes IQ tests are unfair to hispanics, something that his IQ scores seems to reflect b. Jasmine, who feels she must excel on her exam c. Tiana, who believes that all testing no matter what type, is stereotypical and biased d. Maik, who believes that tests are equal but must excel so as not to be stereotyped by his friends

a. Joaquim believes IQ tests are unfair to hispanics, something that his IQ scores seems to reflect

According to the phenomenon known as social categorization, what is the most influential in helping us form an attitude about someone or something? a. Those things that happen first, also known as the primacy effect. b. Those things that happen last, also known as the recency effect. c. Those things that happen in the middle. d. That which is repeated several times.

a. Those things that happen first, also known as the primacy effect.

______ believed that language helps to develop concepts, whereas ______ believed concepts must be developed first if language is to follow. a. Vygotsky; Piaget b. Chomsky; Sapir and Whorf c. Piaget; Rosch-Heider d. Sapir and Whorf; Vygotsky

a. Vygotsky; Piaget

When people are unable to reach a goal, frustration may result, which can ultimately turn into a. aggression. b. pain. c. confusion. d. depression.

a. aggression.

Which of the following is one of the most common teratogens and can result in a malformed head and brain damage? a. alcohol b. caffeine c. cocaine d. mercury

a. alcohol

According to Sternberg, "book smarts" is another way of talking about which kind of intelligence? a. analytical b. creative c. practical d. emotional

a. analytical

According to Baumrind, which type of parent would most likely say, "Because I said so" or "It's my way or the highway!" a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive neglectful d. permissive indulgent

a. authoritarian

Cognitive univeralism tends to ________ the linguistic relativity hypothesis. a. contradict b. support c. add fruther proof to d. mildly downplay

a. contradict

If you ask someone to give you as many uses as possible for a piece of paper. What type of thinking is being used? a. divergent b. functional fixedness c. convergent d. mental-set

a. divergent

According to Erikson, the task of the adolescent is to a. find a consistent sense of self. b. develop a sense of initiative. c. find intimacy with another. d. develop a sense of industry.

a. find a consistent sense of self.

A psychologist asks people to envision a circle. Next he asks them to draw the circle they envisioned. When comparing the pictures, almost all the circles look identical. The fact that a circle typically fits a specific and rigid set of rules is an example of a a. formal concept b. natural concept c. fuzzy concept d. protoype

a. formal concept

Alicia leaves her office building only to find it is raining. She returns to her office and gets a trash bag out of the supply cabinet. Using a pair of scissors, she cuts the bag so that she can put her head and arms through the bag without getting wet. In using the trash bag as a makeshift rain jacket, Alicia has overcome a. functional fixedness b. conformation bias c. creativity bias d. comfiration fixedness

a. functional fixedness

Which of the following is the best way to encourage divergent, creative thinking? a. go for a walk or engage in some other automatic activity b. stare at a blank sheet of paper until a new, innovative solution comes to mind c. engage in many activities simultaneously d. force yourself to think of something new and creative

a. go for a walk or engage in some other automatic activity

Dr. Miller works with children who have grown up poor socioeconomic conditions. Many of her clients come from homes that do not emphasize education or social involvement, and opportunities for advancement are practically nonexistent. Many are malnourished, have been exposed to a variety of environmental toxins, and have multiple infections without adequate or timely health care. What might these children be at risk for? a. intellectual disability b. genetic inhibition c. organically induced deprivation d. increases emtional intelligence

a. intellectual disability

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf theroized that _______, a concept reflected in their linguistic relativity hypothesis. a. language shapes thoughts b. thoughts shape language c. language and thought development d. language and htought influence each other

a. language shapes thoughts

In a _______ design, one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages. a. longitudinal b. cross-sectional c. cross-sequential d. cross-longitudinal

a. longitudinal

What is thinking? a. mental activity that involves processing, organizing, understanding, and communicating information b. spontaneous, non-directed, and unconscious mental activity c. simply and succinctly, it is only our ability to remember d. all mental activity besides memory

a. mental activity that involves processing, organizing, understanding, and communicating information

Which type of intelligence, according to Howard Garnder, would most likely be present in farmers, landscapers, and biologists? a. naturalist b. visual/spatial c. existentialist d. movement

a. naturalist

According to Sternberg, which type of intelligence has a low relationship to academic success and would be the most difficult to measure in a classroom? a. practical b. creative c. analytical d. verbal

a. pracitcal

People in the United States often think of a sports car when asked to envision a fun, fast form of travel. In this example, a sports car would be considered a... a. prototype b. natural concept c. formal concept d. mental image

a. prototype

In grade school, 12-year-old Chase does not know 12-year-old Corrine well, but starts to like her when he hears from her friends that she has a crush on him. This is an example of a. reciprocity of liking. b. similarity. c. mere exposure. d. proximity.

a. reciprocity of liking.

Vygotsky defines ______ as the process of helping less as the learner improves at a given task. a. scaffolding b. habituation c. zone of proximal development d. metamemory

a. scaffolding

The structures on the ends of chromosomes that shorten each time a cell reproduces are called a. telomeres. b. collagen. c. free radicals. d. DNA

a. telomeres.

As an attorney, you always recommend to your clients that they dress up in professional clothes for their day in court. What aspect of persuasion are you focusing upon? a. the source b. the message c. the audience d. the media

a. the source

According to research, the reason many older people are no longer involved in their community is because a. they are not asked to take part. b. they quite often are unable to take part. c. they do not wish to be involved. d. they die.

a. they are not asked to take part.

As William celebrates his 70th birthday, he finds that he is happy with how things have turned out with his life. According to Erikson, William's life review will cause him a. to develop a sense of ego integrity. b. a sense of despair, since such reviews often results in depression. c. to develop an urgency to begin new projects. d. to put to writing many of his accomplishments.

a. to develop a sense of ego integrity.

Dodi is always looking for new bobbies. He prefers exciting hobbies that will get him noticed. In his company, Dodi constantly asks for feedback from customers so he can know what he needs to do to be the best. Dodi is high in the need for______?

achievement

Jasmine often requires her friends' approval when she buys new outfits. Her need is an example of a(n) ______ drive.

acquired (secondary)

When Tawny is asked to write down her dreams as a class assignment, she is bothered by the fact that her dreams often seem to jump randomly from scene to scene with little meaning. What theory best explains her dreams?

activation-synthesis

Michael finds that most of his dreams are little more than random images that seemingly have been put into a strange storyline. Which theory of dreams best explains this?

activation-synthesis hypothesis

Which theory states that sleep is a product of evolution?

adaptive theory

People high in the need for______ want to be liked by others and are good team players.

affiliation

A change in the quality or pattern of mental activity, such as increased alertness or divided consciousness, is called a(n)

altered state of consciousness

LeDoux's work on physiology involving emotions has focused on what part of the brain?

amygdala

What is meant by a display rule?

an understanding of when and under what conditions emotions and feelings may be displayed within a culture

Henry Gustav Molaison, infamously known as H.M., was unable to form new declarative memories. He suffered from the psychologists call:

anterograde amnesia

Leptin is a hormone involved in?

appetite control

A key component for any person to believe that a false event is in fact true is to make sure that the false information is:

as plausible as possible

Your uncle Karl, who recently retired, has mentioned how he doesn't sleep as well as he did when he was younger. For many years, he regularly slept about 7-8 hours, but now that he is in his 60s, he tends to get only 5-6 hours of sleep per night. What would you tell him?

as you age, you sleep less

The tendency of certain elements to enter long-term memory with little or no effort to encode and organize them is what defines:

automatic encoding

In Termans study of gifted children, mental health issues and relationship problems only occurred in those with IQs of a. 150 or higher b. 180 or higher c. 100 or lower d. 45 or lower

b. 180 or higher

Researchers believe that up to the age of _____, individuals possess the ability to understand phonemes of all languages. a. 3 months b. 9 months c. 2 years d. 7 years

b. 9 months

Brandy has naturally blond hair. Based on this information, what do we know about Brandy's parents? a. At least one of her parents has a recessive gene for blond hair. b. Each of her parents must have one recessive gene for blond hair. c. Each of her parents must have one dominant gene for brown hair. d. Neither of her parents has a recessive gene for blond hair.

b. Each of her parents must have one recessive gene for blond hair.

When do most miscarriages occur? a. In the last three months b. In the first three months c. After the 5th month d. In the first week after conception

b. In the first three months

Which term best describes Abby and Brittany Hensel? a. They are monozygotic twins. b. They are dicephalic twins. c. They are dizygotic twins. d. They are technically not twins at all.

b. They are dicephalic twins.

Which disorder is characterized by having only one X chromosome in the 23rd pairing? a. Tay-Sachs b. Turner's syndrome c. cystic fibrosis d. Down syndrome

b. Turner's syndrome

According to Noam Chomsky, what is a language acquisition device? a. an environmental entity that allows people to learn foreign languages b. a biological element of the brain that allows us to learn language c. a learning method that many can use to understand the language of infants and small children d. a part of the brain that develops during puberty that allows teens and adults to formulate questions and engage others

b. a biological element of the brain that allows us to learn language

Changes in the body of young boys such as the appearance and growth of body hair is considered a. a primary sex characteristic. b. a secondary sex characteristic. c. the final stage of puberty. d. a sign of postconventional morality.

b. a secondary sex characteristic.

In contrast to comparing mental age to chronological age, most modern tests of intelligence use _______. a. Stern's formula b. age-group comparison norms c. creativity assessments d. emotional assessments

b. age-group comparison norms

What method of problem solving guarantees a solution? a. heuristic b. algorithms c. trial-and-error d. insight

b. algorithms

In Asch's study, conformity decreased when a. at least four confederates were present. b. at least one confederate agreed with the participant. c. the participant was a male. d. the participant had high self-esteem.

b. at least one confederate agreed with the participant.

According to Erikson, which stage results in a sense of independence because of one's ability to control their own actions? a. trust versus mistrust b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. intiative versus guilt d. generativity versus stagnation

b. autonomy versus shame and doubt

Which theory of aging is compared to the laminated number of repairs you can have before your car's warranty runs out? a. wear-and-tear theory b. cellular-clock theory c. free-radical theory d. activity theory

b. cellular-clock theory

Randall believes that aliens are currently living deep under the ocean. When looking for information about this on the Internet, he ignores any sites that are skeptical of his belief and only visits sites that support his belief. This is and example of a. functional fixedness b. conformation bias c. creativity bias d. comfiration fixedness

b. conformation bias

Caleb almost always shows up late for work. His friends attribute to Caleb's laziness. This is an example of a ______ cause. a. situational b. dispositional c. dispensational d. superficial

b. dispositional

Conner needs just $20 more to go out with his friends. He asks his mother for $50 but she tells him he can have $30 instead. In the end, Conner ended with $10 more that he originally planned. What technique did Conner use? a. foot-in-the-door technique b. door-in-the-face technique c. lowball technique d. planned obedience

b. door-in-the-face technique

The 2nd week through the 8th week of pregnancy is commonly referred to as the _______ stage. a. fetal b. embryonic c. placental d. germinal

b. embryonic

In recent studies, what do some researchers argue is a more accurate means of gauging success in relationships and careers? a. intellectual intelligence b. emotional intelligence c. heredity studies d. stress surveys

b. emotional intelligence

According to Erikson, the primary task of early adulthood is a. completing your education. b. finding a mate. c. starting a career. d. taking care of aging parents.

b. finding a mate.

One day at work, Pauline's earring fell on the floor and she was unable to find the back. To keep from losing her earring, Pauline reinserted it and used part of a pencil eraser to keep the earring in place. Using a pencil eraser as a temporary earring back showed that Pauline overcame a. a mental set b. functional fixedness c. confirmation bias d. transformation bias

b. functional fixedness

One way researchers study newborn development involves measuring how long infants continue to focus upon a non-changing stimulus. This technique is referred to as a. adaption. b. habituation. c. longitudinal study. d. a cross-sectional design.

b. habituation.

Kohanna thinks that everyone who smiles must always be happy and those people who are quiet must be naturally shy. Such assumptions are the bases for a. stereotypes. b. implicit personality theory. c. attribution theory. d. attitudes.

b. implicit personally theory.

Jewell and Amie became friends while taking an evening class at the local community college. Jewell was later horrified to find out that Amie was actually a teacher at the college. Subsequently, Jewell stopped talking with Amie, thus ending their friendship. What theory of prejudice and discrimination might this be an example of? a. stereotype vulnerability theory b. in-group/out-group theory c. realistic conflict theory d. social cognitive theory

b. in-group/out-group theory

Research suggests we engage mental images in our mind _________ the way we engage or interact with physical objects. a. a little like b. much like c. not at all like

b. much like

According to Robert Sternberg's three components of love, which component addresses the physical aspects? a. intimacy b. passion c. commitment d. concern

b. passion

One of your friends tells you, "I didn't like the environmental-awareness presentation today. First of all it was too long not to mention the person that gave it was drinking out of a polystyrene cup and drove away in a huge SUV." What kind of processing might your friend be using? a. central-route processing b. peripheral-route processing c. cognitive-route processing d. visual-route processing

b. peripheral-route processing

Studies by Harry Harlow showed that the most important element to developing attachment is a. feeding. b. physical contact. c. mental challenges. d. sleep.

b. physical contact.

If you were to describe impression formation in just one word, what word would that be? a. control b. prediction c. feelings d. communication

b. prediction

In terms of differing cultures, what should be the goal of every test designer? a. to create a test free of culture bias b. to create a test that is culturally fair c. to create a test with no questions involving culture d. to create a series of culture-varied tests

b. to create a test that is culturally fair

Which of a baby's senses is the most well developed at birth? a. vision b. touch c. hearing d. smell

b. touch

studies show that taste preference can typically begin

before a baby is born

Wesley has learned that if he cries with his mother in public, she will often get him a new toy or a piece of candy so as to quiet him. Which of the following perspectives explains Wesley's behavior?

behavioral

Which early perspective tried to return to a focus on scientific inquiry by ignoring the study of consciousness?

behaviorism

Which perspective offers the best explanation for schizophrenia?

biopsychological

Which of the following is involved in determining when we sleep?

body temperature

which of the following terms refers to the amplitude of a light wave such as how high or low the wave is?

brightness

Which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking? a. "What is a clothes hanger?" b. "How do you spell clothes hanger?" c. "How many uses can you think of for a clothes hanger?" d. "What does a clothes hanger usually look like?"

c. "How many uses can you think of for a clothes hanger?"

By what age do IQ scores start to become meaningless? a. 5 b. 10 c. 16 d. 30

c. 16

What is the function of placenta? a. It helps the zygote to divide. b. It assists the zygote in its movement towards the uterus. c. It provides nourishment to the developing baby. d. If effectively keeps out all teratogens.

c. It provides nourishment to the developing baby.

Liv is 4 years old. The intelligence test that would most likely be used to determine her IQ is the a. WAIS-IV b. WISC-IV c. WPPSI-IV d. Dove test

c. WPPSI-IV

"It can't happen to me. I'm special" is a common attitude found in adolescents who have developed a. a self-concept. b. an imaginary audience. c. a personal fable. d. a preconventional morality.

c. a personal fable

In the brain, the process of creating a mental image is __________ how we see an actual image. a. identical to b. similar to c. almost the opposite of d. mental image

c. almost the opposite of

What kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who clings to his or her mother, gets upset when the mother leaves, and demands to be picked up but at the same time kicks and pushes her way? a. secure b. avoidant c. ambivalent d. disorganized-disoriented

c. ambivalent

Baby Lisa is beginning to learn more about herself. When she sees herself in a mirror, she smiles and laughs but no longer needs to touch the mirror or look behind it to find the baby that she sees. Researchers would say that baby Lisa is developing a. trust versus mistrust b. autonomy versus same and doubt. c. awareness of herself. d. her internal identity.

c. awareness of herself.

In which of Piaget's stages would be a child who has just developed the ability to conserve? a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operations d. formal operations

c. concrete operations

Which of the following is a disorder resulting from recessive inheritance? a. Tuner's syndrome b. Klinefelter's syndrome c. cystic fibrosis d. Down syndrome

c. cystic fibrosis

Dr. Thomas has found that William, her patient, has a defecct in a gene on the X chromosome of his 23rd pair, which has resulted in a deficiency of a protein needed for William's brain development. William will most likely suffer from a. down syndrome b. cretinism c. fragile X syndrome d. fetal alcohol syndrome

c. fragile x syndrome

In Gardner's view, effective counseling psychologists and managers would likely be high in __________ intelligence. a. verbal/linguistic b. visual-spatial c. interpersonal d. intrapersonal

c. interpersonal

The more you see someone, the more likely you are to like that person. Such a phenomenon is often due to a. reciprocity of liking. b. similarity. c. mere exposure. d. proximity.

c. mere exposure.

The goal of all test developers is to ______ cultural bias in their intelligence tests. a. maximize b. eliminate c. minimize d. hide

c. minimize

Follow-up research to Stanley Milgram's original study has found that ______ of "teachers" will deliver shocks up to the point of being lethal. a. less than 30 percent b. 40 percent c. over 60 percent d. over 80 percent

c. over 60 percent

In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting a task really was. The participants who convinced themselves that the task was really fun were the ones who were a. paid immediately. b. paid after one day. c. paid only $1. d. paid $20.

c. paid only $1.

When sets of genes group together, the result can be multiple traits expressed as a single dominant trait. This is best explained by the process known as a. dominant inheritance. b. recessive inheritance. c. polygenetic inheritance. d. amines.

c. polygenetic inheritance.

According to Kohlberg, about one-fifth of the adult population is at the ______ level of morality. a. preconventional b. conventional c. postconventional d. preliminary

c. postconventional

Lewis Terman's study provided evidence that individuals with high IQ's a. are generally weaker and lack social skills b. are no better at excelling in their careers than others with average IQs c. show little to no signs of mental illness or adjustment problems d. have more problems with intrapersonal relationships except for those with IQ's over 180

c. show little to no signs of mental illness or adjustment problems

As Conrad has gotten older, he finds that it is becoming more difficult to remember certain words or the name of a new acquaintance. What is the most likely explanation for this change in memory? a. Alzheimer's disease b. the aging process c. stress d. heredity

c. stress

Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is a. noticing. b. taking action. c. taking responsibility. d. planning a course of action.

c. taking responsibility

In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was the a. the in-group was kinder to the out-group. b. the out-group was less prejudiced. c. test scores dropped for each group during their respective turn as the out-group. d. children were unwilling to discriminate with respect to the others.

c. test scores dropped for each group during their respective turn as the out-group.

John and Karen bought a new house with an unfinished basement. To determine how they want to finish it, they lay down tape on the floor showing where all walls will go and rooms will be. This process of problem solving is known as a. representative heuristic b. trial and error c. working backwards form the goal d. algorithms

c. working backwards from goal

The first stage of David Allen's Getting Things Done (GTD) method is____________ anything and everything that has your attention.

capturing

As part of an experiment, students completed a survey online and then had to report to the main office in the psychology building to turn it in. When they arrive one of our undergraduate TAs (Rich) is standing there behind the counter to take the paper. As soon as Rich has the paper in hand, he ducks down below the counter as if to put it away. However our other undergraduate TA (Sibtain) who has been hiding underneath the counter, then stands up to see if the student has any other questions and to hand them the debriefing information. Surprisingly 75% of the students in the study didn't notice that the person who collected the survey was not the same as the person who went through the debriefing. What term best explains what happened here?

change blindness/inattentional bias

taste is often called a _______ sense because it works with the molecules of food that people eat.

chemical

Loni is asked to memorize the letters IKTEALN in no particular order. She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE. This tactic is called:

chunking

Jermaine eats a late breakfast at 10:00 am but finds he is hungry at 11:30 am when he typically eats lunch. What best explains his hunger pains only 90 minutes after eating breakfast?

classical conditioning

Dr. Colton identifies himself with the largest subfield of psychology. What kind of psychologist is he?

clinical

Jacob believes he is in control of his own destiny. He feels he is secure in the friendships he has with others. However, he still feels the need to master many of the challenges in his own life and career. According to self-determination theory, which stage is Jacob still working to complete?

competence

Michael noticed that whenever he moved his dog's food dish, his dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry and excited. He reasoned that because he feeds the dog using that dish, the sound of the dish has become a(n)

conditioned stimulus

With operant conditioning, _______ are important in forming an association, whereas with classical conditioning, ________ are important in forming an association.

consequences; antecedent stimuli

Aside from the lens, damage to the _____ can affect the eye's ability to focus light.

cornea

When an ophthalmologist surgically corrects a patient's vision through LASIK or PRK, the doctor is making adjustments to the patient's:

cornea

Which of the following tests came first? a. Wechsler's Tests b. Standord Binet c. ACT d. Binet's mental ability test

d. Binet's mental ability test

What does the research say about the concept of opposites attract? a. While it goes against the concept of similarity, it is real and research can prove it. b. Opposites attract is really more an example of proximity although studies show that opposites can and often are attracted to one another. c. Research notes that opposites attract but is unable to explain why this happens. d. Studies do not support this idea but instead offer the explanation of complementary qualities.

d. Studies do not support this idea but instead offer the explanation of complementary qualities.

How might someone who unknowingly is committing the fundamental attribution error explain Stanley Milgram's obedience study? a. Subjects in that study were highly influenced by the power of Milgram and his team. b. Subjects in that study desired a high degree of positive reinforcement. c. Subjects in that study wanted to be part of Milgram's group. d. Subjects in that study must have been the kind of people that like to hurt others.

d. Subjects in that study must have been the kind of people that like to hurt others.

Which of the following scenarios probably will not result in the bystander effect? a. You come across someone lying on a busy sidewalk in a large city. b. You see someone pass out at a concert. c. You drive past an automobile accident where a crowd has gathered. d. You come across someone lying on a walking path while you are walking alone at your local nature center.

d. You come across someone lying on a walking path while you are walking alone at your local nature center.

One of the keys to deindividuation is a. group polarization. b. group protection. c. conformity d. anonymity

d. anonymity

Prejudice is about ______ while discrimination is about ______. a. beliefs; perceptions b. perceptions; beliefs c. behavior; attitudes d. attitudes; behavior

d. attitudes; behavior

The cognitive and social changes students go through because they are born and grow up in an age of smartphones would be referred to as a(n) a. experimental group. b. control group. c. dominance effect. d. cohort effect.

d. cohort effect.

Which of the following tends to occur first in a child's language development? a. telegraphic speech b. babbling c. a holophrase d. cooing

d. cooing

According to Sternberg, when all three components of love are present, a couple possesses _________ love. a. romantic b. passionate c. companionate d. consummate

d. cosummate

What stage might terminally ill patients be in if they refuse to write a last will and testament because they believe that in doing so, they are admitting they will die? a. bargaining b. anger c. depression d. denial

d. denial

What may be the best predictor of why some people do not excel in school but essentially succeed in their life and career choices? a. cretinism b. phonemes c. one's intelligence quotient d. emotional intelligence

d. emotional intelligence

What is the most frequent cause of death in middle age? a. accidents b. stroke c. excessive risk taking d. heart disease

d. heart disease

Colin is going to argue and disagree with his parents, which of the following topics will he typically be arguing over? a. political beliefs b. religious beliefs c. social values d. his taste in clothes

d. his taste in clothes

While taking a shower Miguel suddenly realizes the solution to a problem at work. When later asked how he solved this problem, Miguel said, "the answer just seemed to pop into my head." This is an example of.. a . mechanical solution b. heuristic c. algorithm d. insight

d. insight

Studies have found that attitudes are primarily the result of a. heredity b. hormonal chemistry. c. traumatic incidents. d. learned behavior.

d. learned behavior.

Trial and error is sometimes referred to as a(n) a. algorithm b. heuristic c. rule of thumb d. mechanical solution

d. mechanical solution

The basic unit of sound in a language are known as a. grammar b. morphemes c. syntax d. phonemes

d. phonemes

Kyle, age 13, has an intellectual disability complicated by multiple physical and sensory impairments that significantly impact his skills of daily living and ability to communicate. He is unable to take care of himself in any area of life. Kyle would most likely be classified with ________ intellectual disability. a. mild b. moderate c. severe d. profound

d. profound

Increased levels of aggression in those who drink alcohol may be due to a decrease in what neurotransmitter? a. dopamine b. GABA c. endorphins d. serotonin

d. serotonin

Dr. Davenport gives all her classes 45 min to complete their psychology test regardless if the class meets for 50 min, 75 min, or even 3 hours. Such a technique ensures test a. reliability b. validity c. norms d. standardizatoin

d. standarization

Professor Beccker designed an IQ test. To validate this test, the professor should be careful to do which or the following? a. give the test at least twice to the same group to ensure accuracy b. select the people in the sample from the population of people for whom the test is designed c. select only university professors to take the test so that they can critique the questions on the test d. strive to make sure that the test measures what it is supposed to measure

d. strive to make sure that the test measures what it is supposed to measure

Studies of the brain have found that the ______ is influential in the presence of ______ behavior. a. occipital lobe; aggressive b. medulla; shy c. suprachiasmatic nucleus; passive d. temporoparietal junction; altruistic

d. temporoparietal junction; altruistic

What were some of the differences between the 100 most successful men and the 100 least successful men in Terman's study? a. the successful men had higher IQ scores and better parental upbringing b. the successful men had higher IQ scores and no family history of mental illness c. the successful men had no family history of mental illness and were more motivated in general d. the successful men had clearly defined goals and more motivation to achieve them

d. the successful men had clearly defined goals and more motivation to achieve them

According to Thomas and Chess, temperament styles often last _______ and are often influenced by _______. a. into early childhood; the unconscious b. into early adolescence; the environment c. into early adulthood; family d. throughout adulthood; heredity

d. throughout

Erin hates snakes, even though she has never been bitten or been close to one. She developed her feelings by seeing how scared her mother was when she came across them in the garden, or even when watching a movie or television show were there was a snake. Erin's attitude toward snakes was most likely acquired through a. direct contact. b. direct instruction. c. interaction with others. d. vicarious conditioning.

d. vicarious conditioning.

What type of problem-solving strategy would be best if you are giving directions to a coffee shop you are currently at? a. trial and error b. availability heuristic c. representative heuristic d. work backward from the goal

d. work backward from the goal

Shantel spent a year living abroad in Spain. During that time, her ability to read and speak Spanish grew tremendously. However, now, two years later, Shantel feels she can no longer travel there because she can barely remember a thing. Her problem is most likely due to:

decay theory

Which of the following is a characteristic of N3 (NREM Stage 3) Sleep?

deepest stage of sleep

In the "dumb jock" stereotype threat experiment, what was the independent variable?

degree of stereotype threat

Since Dillon's family has a history of obesity, he has________ of becoming obese compared to people without such a family history.

double or triple the risk

Studies show that most people tend to

dream in color

Motivational theories such as_________ are physical in terms of their needs while________ is based off of psychological motives.

drive theory, McClelland's need theory

The approach to motivation that forced psychologists to consider the value of homeostasis in motivation was the______ approach.

drive-reducation

What motivational theory relies heavily on the concept of homeostasis?

drive-reduction theory

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis focused on

early childhood experiences

_______ memories are said to linger in the mind for a few seconds, allowing people the chance to keep with the flow of conversations and remember what was just said.

echoic

_______________ memories are said to linger in the mind for a few seconds, allowing people the chance to keep with the flow of conversations and remember was was just said.

echoic

Which type of memory best explains the "What?" phenomenon?

echoic sensory memory

Amber meets a cute guy named Carson at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name so she reminds herself that he has the same name as the captial of Nevade (Carson City). This transferring of information from short-term memory to long-term memory is an example of what type of rehearsal?

elaborative

amber meets a cute guy named Carson at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name so she reminds herself that he has the same name as the capital of Nevada (Carson City). This transferring of information from the short-term memory to long-term memory is an example of what type of rehearsal?

elaborative

Collin is asked to repeat what his mother just told him. He says he "forgot" but in reality Collin wasn't paying attention to his mother at all. This is an example of the _______________ explanation of forgetting.

encoding failure

You are surprised by the fact that you cannot remember if Abraham Lincoln's head faces the left or right on a penny. This is all the more surprising given the fact that you work with money at your job on nearly a daily basis. What would best explain such an inability to recall this information?

encoding failure

What concpet suggests that the best place to study for your psychology final to ensure good retrieval of concepts is your psychology classroom?

encoding specificity

Recalling the last time you saw the Willard preacher is an example of:

episodic memory

How often are olfactory receptors replaced by new olfactory receptors?

every 5-8 weeks

According to Calvin Hall, what are most dreams centered around?

everyday life

According to Sperling, what is the capacity of iconic memory?

everything that can be seen at one time

Which of the following perspectives focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics?

evolutionary

A psychologist interested in finding out why married couples seemingly begin to look like each other after several years of marriage. This psychologist is most interested in the goal of

explanation

Dr. Baker designs an experiment for studying lab rats reaction to energy drinks in relation to problem solving. Dr. Baker is most interested in the goal of

explanation

If a person carries out a behavior to receive an outcome that is separate from the person, this is known as

extrinsic motivation

Motion sickness often results from conflicting signals sent from the ______ and from the ____.

eyes; vestibular organs

Hunters who wear camouflage so that they can blend in with their surroundings are relying on which principle of perception?

figure-ground relationships

You love getting mail, even if it's just junk mail. The postman comes by and delivers your mail at 4:30 pm every day. This would be what type of schedule?

fixed interval

The ability to vividly remember where you were and what you were doing when the United States was attacked on September 11, 2001, is an example of:

flashbulb memory

To a dog, _____ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _____ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

food; frisbee

which theory cannot adequately account for pitches above 1000 hz.

frequency

The study by Keller and Marian Breland found that instinctive drift in animal behavior is

genetically determined and not under the influence of learning

after being in class for a while, _________ is a likely explanation for not hearing the sound of the lights buzzing above you until someone says something about it.

habituation

In terms of arousal and task difficulty, easy tasks typically demand a _______ level for optimal performance, whereas difficult tasks require a _______ level.

high-moderate, low moderate

Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) suffered from profound anterograde amnesia after his __________________ were surgically removed in an attempt to control his seizures.

hippocampi

In the case of Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.), the memory problems that he experienced appeared after brain surgery was performed in an attempt to relieve a severe case of epilepsy. In this surgery, Molaison's _____________ and adjacent medial temporal lobe structures were removed, inadvertently leading to an inability to store any new personal or factual information.

hippocampi

Jude is suffering from a severe cold. His nose has been stopped up for several days. What effect, if any, might his cold have on his sense of taste?

his sense of taste will be dulled since taste and smell often work together

In Hermann Ebbinghaus's classic study on memory and the forgetting curve, after learning a list of nonsence syllables, forgetting occured quickly during the first ________ before tapering off.

hour

Which perspecitive is often referred to as the "third force" in psychology and focuses on a person's freedom of choice in determining behavior?

humanism

what part of the brain is influential in determining when to sleep?

hypothalamus

In the definition of psychology, Mental processes means

internal and covert processes

The smallest difference in stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time is known as:

just noticeable difference

Robert has a dream where he imagines that he is flying over a large field of grass. His therapist interprets this to as feelings of overcoming a great emotional distress of his recent divorce. This interpretation would be described as

latent content

Lisa's parents have decided to take a 3-week trip to Europe. Consequently, Lisa's mother will not be able to make her famous pies for the upcoming bake sale. When her mother encourages Lisa to bake the pies herself, Lisa panics at first but then she finds that she knows how to put the recipe together. Her ability to prepare the recipe is an example of

latent learning

Damage to the______ in rats can cause them to starve to death while damage to the ________ will cause them to eat and eat and eat.

lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus

In Tolman's maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after day 10 of the study solved the maze far more quickly than did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats

learned the maze in the first 9 days

______ can be described as relatively permanent change in behavior

learning

In the strictest sense, what is incentive theory based on?

learning theory

What part of the eye hardens as we age thus causing many to suffer from presbyopia?

lens

Research has demonstrated you can enhance your memory for specific words if you think about its meaning, how it can be used, and by giving a personal example of its use. This is best accounted for by which model of memory?

levels of processing model

Research has demonstrated you can enhance your memory for specific words of you think about its meaning, how it can be used, and by giving a personal example of its use. This is best accounted for by which model of memory?

levels-of-processing model

A deer's inability to quickly respond to the headlights of an approaching car is due to what sensory phenomenon?

light adaptation

what monocular depth cue can best explain why railroad tracks appear to come together in the distance?

linear perspective

in Freud's theory, the actual content of a dream is called

manifest content

Calvin had a dream about his dog Snoopy in which he constantly looked for him but couldn't find him. In reality, Calvin's dog had died after being hit by a car. According to Sigmund Freud, his dream in which he was searching for his dog is an example of _______, while the inner meaning that he misses his dog terribly is an example of _________.

manifest content; latent content

Thomas is preparing a study for his final exam tomorrow, which is cumulative. He buys 4 energy bars, 3 energy drinks,a dn large cup of coffee at the convenience store so that he can go home and attempt to study the entire book overnight. Cramming is an example of __________ practice.

massed

you find yourself driving very late at night. As you are driving, you realize that you actually were falling off to sleep for a couple of seconds. such a phenomenon is known as

microsleep

The semantic netweork model of memory suggests that the __________ nodes you must pass thruogh to access information, the longer it will take for you to recall information.

more

From past experience, you know that commercial jets typically fly around 500 miles per hour at a height of 30,000 feet. However, as you watch one fly high overhead, it seems to slowly pass by. What monocular depth cue best explains this?

motion parallax

Bill suddenly and without warning slips into REM sleep during the day. He often falls to the ground and is difficult to awaken. Bill may have a condition called

narcolepsy

Edgar cannot sleep because he is terribly worried about his research paper. So Edgar decided to get out of bed and continue working on the paper. Although he stays up to nearly 3 A.M., he is relieved that it is done and easily falls off to sleep. In the future, Edgar will be more likely to finish his work before going to bed so that he can avoid the worry and sleeplessness. Such behavior is an example of

negative reinforcement

Jillian is extremely anxious about taking her exam today as she hasn't studied. As a solution, she quickly emails the professor a made-up excuse that she is sick. The instructor tells her she doesn't have to worry and approves her for a make-up. After hearing this, Jillian's anxiety immediately begins to disappear. However, she is now more likely to use the made-up excuse of being ill if she feels extremely anxious and unprepared on future exams. Which is the best description of what type of learning took place here?

negative reinforcement

Brenda has been able to tie her shoes since she was 4 but now finds it difficult to explain to her baby brother how to tie his shoes but she can easily demonstrate it for him. Brenda's memory for shoe-tying is best characterized as a ______ memory.

nondeclarative (implicit)

Brenda has been able to tie her shoes since she was 4 but now finds it difficult to explain to her baby brother how to tie his shoes, although she can easily demonstrate it for him. Brenda's memory for shoe-tying is best characterized as a ________________ memory.

nondeclarative (implicit)

______________ memory includes what people can do or demonstrate, whereas _______________ memory is about what people know and can report.

nondeclarative; declarative

Olfactory receptors project directly to the _________, and are unique in that signals do not first connect to the thalamus.

olfactory bulbs

An important component to Carol Dweck's theory of motivation is

one's view of self

Neurofeedback is a form of _________ and works to change a person's _________ through a series of reinforcements.

operant conditioning; anxieties

Which of the following best explains afterimages?

opponent-process theory

Which of the following would not be considered a circadian rhythm?

our heart beating

In the definition of psychology, the term behavior means

overt actions and reactions

Which model of memory suggests that memory processes occur throughout a neural network simultaneously?

parallel distributed processing model

which model of memory suggests that memory processes occur throughout a neural network simultaneously.

parallel distributed processing model

The Muller-Lyer illusion occurs more frequently in

people living in a Western culture

Jason's uncle claimed to have seen a black panther in the trees beside the highway although no one else saw it. Knowing that is uncle has been looking for a black panther for years, Jason attributes his uncle's "sighting" to

perceptual set

Kip enjoys playing with sparklers on the 4th of July. He always loves watching a friend run with a sparkler and the momentary trail of light that seems to be left behind. Which aspect of our visual system best explains the trail of light?

persistence of vision

Rescorla found that the CS must _______ the UCS for conditioning to take place

predict

Results of the study by Cheryan suggest that changes must occur to the perception of the computer science field. This illustrates a goal of

prediction

Research strongly suggests that short-term memories are stored in the ____________, while memories of fear are stored in the ____________.

prefrontal cortex; amygdala

Gazelle's sleep late at night and wake up early in the morning, whereas its predator, the lion, sleeps during the day and typically hunts during the night. Which is the most accurate theory explaining why gazelles sleep when they do?

preservation (adaptive) theory

XX XX XX XXXXXX XX XX XX XXXXXX XX XX XX XXXXXX In viewing the items above, seeing 3 columns of Xs on the left versus the 3 rows of Xs on the right can be explained by the Gestalt principle of _____.

proximity

Which perspective would a researched be taking if she were studying a client's early childhood experiences and his resulting development of self?

psychodynamic

Which of the following professional in psychology has no medical training but has a doctor degree?

psychologist

Little Jimmie's mother was upset to find that Jimmie had not picked up his building blocks after repeated requests to do so. The next morning, Jimmie found all his blocks had been picked up and put into a bag on the top of the refrigerator. Jimmie's mother told him that he couldn't play with his blocks for the next two days. Which type of discipline did she use?

punishment by removal

The steps to memory can best be described as follows:

putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out

By using _____, researchers can maximize the likelihood of a representative sample

random selection from a larger group

what are the three primary colors as proposed by the trichromatic theory?

red, green, blue

In scientific method, the final step is

reporting your results

studies have found that certain chemicals that help repair damaged cells only function while we sleep. What theory helps explain this?

restorative theory of sleep

Ruth has just finished her research paper and handed it in. As she walks out of the classroom, she realized that there were a few more things she should have included in the paper. Ruth's problem is in the memory process of

retrieval

Ruth has just finished her research paper and handed it in. As she walks out of the classroom, she realizes that there were a few more things she should have included in the paper. Ruth's problem is in the memory process of:

retrieval

T.J. was in a car accident and suffered a concussion. After he recovered, he found that he could not remember the accident itself or the events of the morning leading up to the accident. T.J. had which kind of amnesia?

retrograde

Human memory consists of multiple systems that have the ability to store information for periods of time that range from _____ to _____

seconds; our lifetime

Human memory consists of multiple systems that have the ability to store information for periods of time that range from ________ to ________.

seconds; our lifetime

Information enters into short-term memory through a process known as ______________.

selective attention

information enters into short-term memory through a process known as ________

selective attention

For information to travel from sensory memory to short-term memory, it must first be _______________ and then encoded primarily into ____________ form.

selectively attended to; auditory

When you take you final exam in the psychology class, what type of memory will you most certainly need to access to answer each question?

semantic

when you take your final exam in your psychology class, what type of memory will you most certainly need to access to answer each question?

semantic

_____ involves the detection of physical stimuli from our environment and is made possible by the activation of specific receptor cells.

sensation

You detect the strong smell of cedar when you enter a furniture store. However, after a short while in the store, you no longer can detect the smell. This process is known as:

sensory adaptation

Jaclynn had written a grocery list but accidently left it at home. Trying to remember the list, Jaclynn remembers what was at the beginning of the list and what was at the end but not those things in the middle. This is an example of the:

serial position effect

When creating a presentation, many public speaking instructors will tell you to develop a strong opening or attention getter to you presentation as well as a good summary and finish. What aspect of memory best explains these suggestions?

serial position effect

Miller's early studies of the capacity of short-term memory suggested that most people could remember approximately ______ bits of information, whereas more recent research suggests it may be ______ to _____ items.

seven; three; five

when opening a door, the actual image on your retina changes drastically but you still perceive the door as a rectangle. This is an example of

shape constancy

In a ___ study, the participants do NOT know if they are part of the control group or the experimental group. Only the experimenter knows who is in each group.

single-blind

Little Karla is with her mother at the docks waiting for her daddy to return from his naval deployment. While the boat is still a ways out, her mother says, "there is daddy's boat". Little Karla is confused. She cannot understand how her dad can be on a boat that is so small that she can hold up her thumb and boat disappears. It's safe to assume that Karla does not yet understand

size constancy

Jim is 56 years old and slightly overweight. His wife reports that he snorts and snores loudly, keeping her awake most of the night. During the day, Jim often reports feeling overly tired and sleepy. What sleep disorder seems to fit Jim's symptoms?

sleep apnea

Your doctor has told you that your youngest son suffers from somnambulism. What is another name for this?

sleepwalking

Which perspective best explains the bystander effect whereby individuals will be less likely to help someone in need because of the presence of others close by?

sociocultural

Helen has overcome her fear of toy snakes. However, on one occasion her fear returned when she found a toy snake in the cushions of her couch. Such a reaction is called

spontaneous recovery

Motivation is the process by which activities are_____, ______,and __________ to meet a person's physical or psychological requirements.

started, directed, continued

Jane is aware that she is sitting in her psychology class and it is almost lunchtime. She is also aware of how tired she is since staying up late to watch a movie. Thus, if Jane is aware of what is going on around her and what is going on within her, then it is safe to say that she is in a(n)

state of waking consciousness

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson exposed Little Albert to other white furry stimuli such as a white rabbit, some cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. Watson noticed that Little Albert was also afraid of these objects, even though they weren't in the original experiment. What had happened?

stimulus generalization

Ever since she was scared by a dog as a young child, Angelica has been afraid of all dogs. The fact that she is not only afraid of the original dog but all types of dogs is an example of

stimulus generalization

In Ryan and Deci's self determination theory, what is the key to achieving one's needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness?

support from others around you

The sleep-wake cycle typically follows a 24-hour cycle and is regulated by the _______

suprachiasmatic nucleus

as the sun begins to set, Winston finds himself becoming more and more sleepy. What structure is sensitive to light and influences when to go to sleep and when to awaken?

suprachiasmatic nucleus

The pineal gland receives instructions from the _____ to release ______.

suprachiasmatic nucleus; melatonin

Very young infants who suffer from sleep apnea may be more at risk for SIDS, or sudden infant death syndrome. Why might these infants have difficulty breathing.

the brain stem is not yet fully mature

In an experiment to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on completion of a puzzle, one group is allowed to sleep 8 hrs while another group is made to stay awake. In this experiment the control group is

the group that gets to sleep

According to the arousal theory, people are typically motivated towards__________ point of arousal.

the optimal

What theory of emotion states that the emotion typically occurs before arousal and behavior?

the original, or common-sense theory

According to Maslow, what is meant by a peak experience?

the point, even for a moment, when someone reaches a state of self-actualization

Your mother tells you to dress for success at your interview because it's all about "first impressions". In other words, she is telling you that people often remember what they see first. This belief is in line with what element of memory?

the primacy effect

According to arousal theory, people are motivated towards______ level of arousal.

their optimum

The greatest advantage to using a case study is that

there is a tremendous amount of detail that can be gathered

Tabitha signed up for a new credit card that offers reward miles for every purchase. Tabitha plans to make as many purchases as she can so that she can accumulate enough miles to go on a trip over spring break. Such an approach is an example of:

token economy

Which of the following would be an example of vicarious classical conditioning?

tony frequently observed his older sisters jump around and scream whenever any of them saw a spider, as they were very afraid of them. So, Tony experiences feelings of fear when he sees a spider

Allison opened her new jigsaw puzzle but soon realized that she had the same puzzle when she was a child. With her past experience to rely upon, Allison will probably use ________ to help her reassemble the puzzle.

top-down processing

The first time Megan had to install a ceiling fan in her new home, it took a long time. But later when she helped install a ceiling fan in her best friend's home, she completed the job very quickly. Her improved speed and skill can partially be attributed to

top-down processing

In cultures where western lifestyles of eating and exercising have been adopted, obesity rates have ________ over the last 20 years.

tripled

Which of the following is an example of a test using recognition?

true-false

You are introduced to someone at a party. While talking with the person, you realize that you have already forgotten the person's name. Assuming no strategies are used in the attempt to remember their name, how long does it typically take before such information is lost from short-term memory?

typically between 12 and 30 seconds

Research on facial expressions has taught us that facial expressions are?

universal

If Dr. Swasey is like most psychologists, where does she probably work?

university/college

Joe owned a small repair shop. Each day, he would check the mail to see if any of his customers mailed in a payment for the work he had done for them. Some days, he would receive a check or two. At other times, he would have to wait days before getting another payment. What schedule of reinforcement is evident here?

variable interval

The structure in the brain that, when damaged, causes rats to eat and eat and eat is called the______?

ventromedial hypothalamus

Research by Steven Maier suggests that learned helplessness may be due to a higher-level region of the brain known as the ________, which helps subjects determine what is controllable.

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

After a significant head injury, Tracy is unable to detect motion in her visual field. She states that she can still "see" things, but they no longer move. She says it is as if she is watching a series of still frames rather than a movie. Based on her description, you would probably suspect that she has suffered damage to:

visual dorsal stream

The level of weight in the body tries to maintain is called the_____?

weight set point

In Watson's experiment with "Little Albert", the conditioned stimulus was the

white rat

Freud says that dreams are a means of

wish fulfillment

Raven has just finished learning a list of nonsense words given to her by her psychology instructor as part of a class activity. She had 100 percent recall at the end of class. According to Ebbinghaus's curve of forgetting, how quickly will Raven likely forget about 40 percent of the information she has just learned?

within the first 20 minutes after leaving the class

An example of observer bias

you develop an opinion of what you expect to see in an experiment