Ch. 1 Epidemiology, Prevention, and Health Promotion (book)

Cancer sites with decreasing incidence trends from 1975 to 2014

(1) Among men, the incidence rates declines 2% annually from 2005 to 2014 (2) Among women, the cancer incidence rate significantly declined from 1998 to 2005 and was stable from 2005 to 2014. (3) In addition to the four leading cancer (breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancer), incidence rates of other cancer sites are decreasing, including cancers of the ovary, stomach, uterine, cervix and larynx.

Top 5 most commonly diagnosed cancers

-Lung (13%) -Breast (12%) -Colorectal (9.7%) -Prostate (7.8%) -Stomach (6.8%)

Tobacco Use

1)

Statistics on race/ethnicity and cancer for 2014

1) African Americans have higher death rates for most cancers 2) Historically for breast cancer, white women have had the highest incidence rate; however, African American women's rates have caught up. The highest mortality rate is seen among African American women. 3) For cervical cancer, Hispanic/Latina women have the highest incidence rate; however, the highest mortality rate is seen among African American women. 4) For prostate cancer, African American men have the highest incidence and mortality rates then other ethnic groups in the US 5) For both lung and colorectal cancers, African Americans have the highest incidence and mortality compare with other ethnic groups in the US 6) Asians/Pacific Islanders have the highest incidence and mortality rates of liver and stomach cancers compared with other ethnic groups in the US. 7) American Indians/ Alaska Natives have the highest incidence and mortality rates of kidney cancer in the US 8) African Americans have the highest cancer incidence rates, followed by whites, Hispanic/Latinos, Asian/ Pacific Islanders, and American Indian/Alaskan Natives 9) African American men are more than twice as likely as white men to die of prostate cancer. 10) American Indian/Alaska Native and Asian Pacific Islanders have the highest rates of liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancers. 11) The lowest mortality rate is seen in Asian/Pacific Islander men.

Socioeconomic Status (SES) related cancer mortality in the US

1) Low SES is associated with increased risk of lung cancer, cervical cancer, stomach cancer, and caner of the head and neck 2) Tobacco use has increased among poorer populations 3) More advanced disease at diagnosis is found among poor populations and those who live in rural area. 4) High SES is associated with increased risk of breast, prostate, and colon cancers.

Age related Cancer mortality in the US

1) The risk of developing cancer increases with age. 2) Approximately 87% of all cancers are diagnosed in persons 55 years or older

Geography related cancer mortality in the US

1) White women who live in Appalachia have a significantly higher risk of developing cervical cancer than other white women in the US 2) Migratory data demonstrate adoption of the cancer pattern of the area to which migration occurs suggesting lifestyle, behavioral, and environmental factors as causative or exacerbating

Gender related Cancer mortality in the US

1) Women have a one in three lifetime risk of developing cancer 2) Men have a one in two lifetime risk of developing cancer.

5-year survival statistics in the US

1. 59% of cancer survivors are 65 years of age or older 2. For all stages combined, this is highest for prostate (99%), melanoma of the skin (92%), and female breast cancer (90%). 3. Survival is lowest for lung (18%) and pancreas (8%). 4. The CML relative survival rate has gone from 22% in the mid-1970s to 68% in 2013.

Most common cancers for US women

1. Breast (30%) 2. Lung (13%) 3. Colorectal (7%) 4. Uterine (7%) 5. Thyroid (5%)

Cancer site with increasing incidence trends from 2005 to 2014

1. Liver cancer incidence in women has been increasing approximately 2.6% each year since 2004. Still, less than 1% of men and women will be diagnosed with liver cancer in his or her lifetime. 2. Cancers with increasing annual percentage changes of 1% or more per year include melanoma of the skin; cancer of the kidney; and thyroid, pancreas, and liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancers.

Leading causes of cancer-related deaths in women

1. Lung (25%) 2. Breast (15%) 3. Colorectal (9%) 4. Pancreas (7%) 5. Ovary (5%)

Leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men

1. Lung (27%) 2. Prostate (9%) 3. Colorectal (9%) 4. Pancreas (6%) 5. Liver/Intrahepatic bile duct (6%)

Most common cancers for US men

1. Prostate (19%) 2. Lung (14%) 3. Colorectal (9%) 4. Urinary Bladder (7%) 5. Melanoma of the skin (6%)

Cancer Epidemiology

1. Study of the distribution and determinants of cancer in population groups 2. Assists in development of population-based risk profiles.

Cancer health disparities

Adverse differences in incidence, prevalence, mortality, survivorship, and burden of cancer of related health conditions that exist among specific population groups in the US 1) Population groups may be characterized by age, disability, education, race/ethnicity, gender, income, poverty, lack of health insurance, geographic location, and medically underserved.

Most common cancer diagnosed in women

Breast Cancer

Most common cancer diagnosed in men

Lung Cancer

Cancer Incidence rates worldwide

a. Approximately 14.1 million people were diagnosed with cancer in 2012 b. The cancer rate is projected to increase by 75% to 22 million new cases in 2030, primarily because of an increasing aging population; tobacco use; and reproductive, dietary and hormonal risk factors.

Cancer Survival Statistics in the US

a. Between 2008 and 2015, the 5-year relative survival rate for all cancers was 68% in whites and 61% in blacks b. As of Jan. 1, 2016, the NCI estimated 15.5 million cancer survivors in US

Trends in cancer mortality rates

a. Estimated 609,640 deaths from cancer in 2018 b. About 1670 deaths per day c. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the US, second to heart disease d. One of every four deaths is caused by cancer e. Cancer is the leading cause of death for Hispanic and Asian Americans f. Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death in women ages 20 to 30. g. For all cancers combined, cancer mortality rates steadily declined from 215 in 1991 to 159 per 100,000 in 2015. h. For all races, cancer mortality rates declined from 1992 to 2015. i. A reported 2.3 million fever cancer deaths from 1991 to 2015, resulting from steady progress and advances in prevention, screening, treatment, and survivorship

Cancer Mortality

i. An estimated 8.2 million people died from the disease in 2012. ii. The top 5 most common causes of death from cancer are ling (19%), liver (9.1%), stomach (8.8%), colorectal (8.5%), and breast (6.4%) iii. About 48% of cancer-related deaths are seen in less developed regions of the world.

Cancer Incidence in the US

i. Estimated 1,735,350 new cancer cases in 2018 ii. Approximately 4750 new cases every day iii. Estimates exclude basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ carcinomas, except urinary bladder iv. Estimates are not available for Puerto Rico v. For both sexes combined, the top five most commonly diagnosed cancers are breast, prostate, lung, and bronchus, colorectal, and uterine corpus.

Modifiable Cancer Risk Factors

i. Tobacco Use ii. Obesity iii. Alcohol consumption iv. UV radiation exposure v. Cancer Screening vi. Virus exposure and vaccines