Ch 1

nucleotides

A DNA molecule is a linear sequence of subunits called _________.

diploid

A cell or organism that contains two copies of every chromosome is said to be ________.

half the number

A cell that is haploid contains _____ of chromosomes as a somatic cell. three times the number twice the number half the number the same number

mutation

A change in the nucleotide sequence of a single gene that results in two alleles is called a gene ______.

a polypeptide

A gene is a segment of DNA that has the information to produce a functional product. The functional product of most genes is a. DNA b. mRNA c. a polypeptide d. none of the above

protein; traits

A gene is a segment of DNA that produces a functional product, which is usually a(n) _________, or as a unit of heredity that affects an organism's _________.

23

A human skin cell has 46 chromosomes. A human sperm cell has a. 23 b. 46 c. 92 d. none of the above

polymer

A large molecule that is composed of repeating units of smaller building blocks is called a(n) __________.

Physiological trait

A trait that affects the ability of an organism to function

Morphological trait

A trait that affects the appearance, form, and structure of an organism

morphological physiological behavioral

A trait that affects the appearance, form, and structure of an organism is called a(n) __________ trait. A trait that affects the ability of an organism to function is called a(n) __________ trait. A trait that affects the way an organism responds to its environment is called a(n) _________ trait.

Behavioral trait

A trait that affects the way an organism responds to its environment.

DNA

Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine are nitrogen-containing bases found in RNA. DNA. proteins. lipids.

surroundings

An organism's environment consists of its surroundings. morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits. total number of chromosomes. alleles.

nucleic

Both DNA and RNA are ______ acids.

at the molecular level, a gene ( a sequence of DNA) is first transcribed into RNA. The genetic code within the RNA is used to synthesize a protein with a particular amino acid sequence. This second process is called translation.

Briefly explain how gene expression occurs at the molecular level.

evolution

Changes in the genetic makeup of a population from one generation to the next represent _________

deoxyribonucleic acid.

DNA is an abbreviation for denatured acid. deoxygenated acid. deaminated acid. deoxyribonucleic acid.

sequence

DNA stores information in the ________ of its bases.

Living cells are composed of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. The proteome largely determines the structure and function of cells

Describe the biochemical composition of cells

variation

Differences in inherited traits among individuals within a population are referred to as genetic ____________.

fertilization

During sexual reproduction, the process in which gametes unite to restore the diploid number of chromosomes is called ___________

greater reproductive success in their native environment

Evolutionary change caused by natural selection results in species with a. greater complexity b. less complexity c. greater reproductive success in their native environment d. the ability to survive longer

Proteins form the cytoskeleton which control the shape of the cell. Proteins also serve as motors, aid in transport and cell signalling, and, as enzymes, are important for utilization of energy.

Explain how proteins are largely responsible for cell structure and function.

All of the above

Gene expression can be viewed at which of the following levels? a. Molecular and cellular levels b. Organism level c. Population level d. All of the above

mutations chromosomes

Genetic variation can be attributed to gene ____________ that affect the sequence of a single gene or alterations in the structure or total number of ____________.

inherited traits among individuals within a population.

Genetic variation describes differences in the number of chromosomes found in different species. inherited traits among individuals within a population. the two copies of a gene found in a single individual.

improved chance at survival and reproduction; disease

How might a genetic mutation be beneficial? Harmful?

nitrogenous bases

In a DNA molecule, information is contained in the sequence of fatty acids. nitrogenous bases. amino acids.

homologs

In a diploid organism, the two copies of a chromosome are referred to as gametes. alleles. homologs. genomes.

nucleus

In a eukaryotic cell, the chromosomes are contained in the

chromosomes

In living cells, DNA is found in large structures called ________, which are contained in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

3

In the genetic code, how many nucleotides are necessary to specify one amino acid? 1 2 3 20 4

3

In the genetic code, there are 64 codons consisting of ____________ nucleotide(s) each that specify the 20 different amino acids. (Your answer will be a number).

macromolecule

Is DNA a small mollecule, a macromolecule or an organelle?

The function of a protein in a cell affects the structure and function of the cell.

Match the level of organization with the correct description of gene function. Cellular level

A DNA sequence is transcribed in to RNA, which is translated into protein.

Match the level of organization with the correct description of gene function. Molecular level

A flower appears red because its cells synthesize a red pigment.

Match the level of organization with the correct description of gene function. Organism level

Beneficial traits evolve because they enhance the reproductive success of some members of a population.

Match the level of organization with the correct description of gene function. Population level

genes

Mendel proposed that determinants or factors, which we now call ________, are passed from parents to offspring via sperm and egg cells.

genetic

Most genes contain the information to direct the synthesis of a polypeptide. The order of amino acids in the polypeptide is specified according to the ___________ code.

DNA is comprised of a linear arrangement of polymerized nucleotides. The sequence order of the nucleic acids code for specific amino acids during gene expression.

Outline how DNA stores the information to make proteins

Marbled lungfish: 130 billion nucleotides Norway spruce: 20 billion nucleotides

Select all that apply Consider what you know about the size of the human genome. From the list below, which organisms have a genome that is larger than that of humans? None -- the human genome is the largest. Pufferfish: 385 million nucleotides Epstein-Barr virus: 172,282 nucleotides Marbled lungfish: 130 billion nucleotides Norway spruce: 20 billion nucleotides

Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Lipids Proteins

Select all that apply What are the four categories of large organic molecules found in cells? Carbohydrates Organelles Nucleic acids Nucleotides Lipids Amino acids Proteins

A segment of DNA that produces a functional product A segment of DNA that influences one or more traits of an organism A unit of heredity

Select all that apply Which of the following are correct descriptions of a gene? A segment of DNA that produces a functional product The complete set of information inside a cell A segment of DNA that influences one or more traits of an organism A unit of heredity An entire chromosome

gametes

Sperm and egg cells are also called homologs. somatic cells. morphs. gametes.

DNA

The abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid is ______.

proteome

The complete set of a proteins that a cell makes at a given time is called its _______.

population

The field of genetics that focuses on the relationship of genetic variation to an organism's environment is called __________ genetics.

proteins

The four categories of large organic molecules that are found in cells are nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and __________.

specify the amino acids with a polypeptide.

The function of the genetic code is to a. promote transcription b. specify the amino acids with a polypeptide. c. alter the sequence of DNA. d. do none of the above.

amino acids

The genetic code directs the order of ______ within a polypeptide based on the sequence of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. nucleic acids amino acids fatty acids

DNA

The genetic variation among individuals within a population can be explained by differences in the sequence of __________.

3 billion

The human genome is approximately ______ nucleotides in length.

proteins

The primary function of DNA is to code for the production of _______.

RNA

The process of transcription directly results in the synthesis of a. DNA. b. RNA. c. a polypeptide. d. all of the above

expression

The process of using a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of cells and organisms is called gene ______. reproduction expression replication

environment

The surroundings in which an organism exists are called its ___________

two copies of every chromosome.

The term diploid means that a cell or organism has two alternative traits. two copies of every chromosome. a total of two chromosomes. two different alleles of a specific gene.

the diploid number of chromosomes.

The union of gametes at fertilization restores the double-stranded structure of DNA. the haploid number of chromosomes. the diploid number of chromosomes.

molecular; population

Transcription and translation lead to gene expression at the ______ level. The evolution of beneficial traits that enhance reproductive success is an example of how genetics affects a species at the ______ level.

True

True or false: All living organisms have genetic material composed of DNA. True False

d. all of the above

Variation in the traits of organisms may be attributable to a. gene mutations b. alterations in chromosome structure c. variation in chromosome number. d. all of the above

structure, enzymatic catalysis, transport

What are 3 roles of proteins?

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

What are the four nitrogen-containing bases found in the nucleotides that make up DNA? Methionine Uracil Adenine Deoxyribose Guanine Cytosine Thymine Ribose

Nucleotides

What are the subunits of DNA? Polypeptides Nucleotides Amino acids Chromosomes

A change in the base pair sequence of a gene

What is a gene mutation? A change in the total number of chromosomes A change in the structure of a chromosome A change in the base pair sequence of a gene

A molecule composed of repeating units of smaller building blocks

What is a macromolecule? A molecule composed of two or more different types of molecules A molecule that affects the size of a cell A molecule composed of repeating units of smaller building blocks

Change in the genetic makeup of a population from one generation to the next

What is evolution? The tendency of organisms to become more complex over time Change in the genetic makeup of a population from one generation to the next Change in the DNA sequence of an individual in response to environmental changes The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a given environment

The use of a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of a cell or organism.

What is gene expression? The analysis of the complete set of genes that a specific cell or organism contains. The process of copying the complete genetic information of a cell in preparation for cell division. The use of a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of a cell or organism.

Discovery-based science does not require a preconceived hypothesis.

What is the difference between hypothesis testing and discovery-based science? Discovery-based science does not involve the collection of data. Only discovery-based science can lead to new discoveries. Only hypothesis testing is considered a scientific approach. Discovery-based science does not require a preconceived hypothesis.

Discovery-based science does not require a preconceived hypothesis.

What is the difference between hypothesis testing and discovery-based science? Only discovery-based science can lead to new discoveries. Discovery-based science does not involve the collection of data. Only hypothesis testing is considered a scientific approach. Discovery-based science does not require a preconceived hypothesis.

The relationship between genetic variation and an organism's environment

What is the focus of population genetics? The relationship between genetic variation and an organism's environment The relationship of DNA, RNA, and protein through gene expression The transmission of genes from parents to their offspring

DNA

What is the genetic material of all living organisms composed of? DNA Lipids Protein RNA

It encodes proteins.

What is the main function of a cell's genetic material? It is an important component of the cell membrane. It provides structural stability for cells. It encodes proteins. It accelerates chemical reactions.

The complete set of proteins that a cell makes at a given time

What is the proteome? An organelle that synthesizes new proteins The functional product of a gene The complete set of proteins that a cell makes at a given time An organelle that degrades old and damaged proteins

Chromosomes

What structures in a cell contain DNA? Ribosomes Chromosomes Lysosomes Peroxisomes

Differences in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

What underlies the majority of the genetic variation among individuals within a population? Differences in the number of genes Differences in the timing and location of gene expression Differences in the nucleotide sequence of DNA Differences in the number of chromosomes

transcribed translated

When a gene is expressed, its DNA sequence is ________ into RNA, which is then ________ to produce a polypeptide.

In the nucleus

Where are the chromosomes located in a eukaryotic cell? In the cytoplasm In the endoplasmic reticulum Attached to ribosomes In the nucleus

Molecular genetics

Which area of genetics focuses on the biochemical understanding of DNA and gene expression? Transmission genetics Population genetics Molecular genetics

Gene mutations Changes in chromosome number Changes in chromosome structure

Which of the following are genomic alterations that may induce genetic variation? Changes in amino acid sequence Gene mutations Changes in chromosome structure Changes in chromosome number

Egg Sperm

Which of the following cells are gametes? Heart cell Fertilized egg Egg Liver cell Sperm

An mRNA

Which of the following is not a constituent of a cell's proteome? a. An enzyme b. A motor protein c. A Receptor in the plasma membrane d. An mRNA

Sciurus carolinensis (gray squirrel)

Which of the following is not a model organism a. Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) b. Escherichia coli ( a bacterium) c. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a yeast) d. Sciurus carolinensis (gray squirrel)

RNA DNA

Which of the following molecules are nucleic acids? Proteins Amino acids RNA DNA Carbohydrates Lipids

The biochemical structure and function of DNA

Which of the following topics is the focus of molecular genetics? The way genetic variation is related to an organism's environment The biochemical structure and function of DNA The way that genes are passed from parents to offspring

Hypothesis testing

Which scientific approach involves implementation of the scientific method to test a scientific explanation? Neither hypothesis testing nor discovery-based science Discovery-based science Hypothesis testing Both hypothesis testing and discovery-based science

proteome

all the proteins that a cell or organism makes at a given time

gene transcription and translation

briefly explain how gene expression occurs at the molecular level

traits

characteristics of an organism

gene expression gives rise to traits

explain the relationship between the pair of genetic terms gene and trait

allele

form of a particular gene (bb, BB, Bb)

molecular

in which field of genetics might researchers do site-directed mutagenesis

population

in which field would darwin's theory of evolution be the basis for study

molecular, transmission, population

name the three fields of genetics

genetics

study of heredity and variation

morphological, physiological, behavioral

what are the three categories of traits?

transmission

which field of genetics would look at genetic crosses and subsequent offspring