Ch. 1-The Unity of Form and Function (A&P-connect)

Which of the following are the criteria for a good hypothesis? Select all that apply.

-It is testable and falsifiable -It is consistent with what is already known

Which languages are most medical terms are derived from? Select all that apply.

-Latin -Greek

Which of the following are statistical tests? Select all that apply.

-T test -Chi-square test

Match the standardized list of anatomical terminology on the left with its description on the right.

-Terminologia Anatomica: Included Latin and commonly used English terms. Devised in 1998 -Nomina Anatomica: Purged eponyms from terminology and included only Latin terms. Devised in the late 1800s

Place the levels of structural hierarchy in the body in order of complexity, from the smallest/simplest at the top to the largest/most complex at the bottom.

1. Atom 2. Cell 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ System 6. Organism

An organ is best described as which of the following?

A structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with a discrete function

Which evolutionary process leads to the establishment of species characteristics that favor survival and reproduction?

Adaptation

What are features that have evolved in response to environmental pressures called?

Adaptations

What is the study of body structures called?

Anatomy

Who was the anatomist that taught anatomy to medical students using cadavers in the 1500s?

Andreas Vesalius

Which habitat refers to living in the trees?

Arboreal

Which philosopher believed that not only could disease have supernatural causes, but natural causes as well, and argued that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of simple components?

Aristotle

Name the smallest particle with a unique chemical identity.

Atom

In performing a physical examination, the act of listening to sounds made by the body is known as _____.

Auscultation

The receptors located in the heart, aortic arch, and carotid sinuses that trigger autonomic reflexes in response to fluctuations in blood pressure are known as _____.

Baroreceptors

Which of the following is an example of a physiological negative feedback mechanism?

Body temperature

A _____ is a dead human body, commonly used in dissection for the purpose of training students in anatomy.

Cadaver

What is the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the functions of life?

Cell

Which of the following states that all organisms are composed of cells?

Cell theory

Who is known as the father of the theory of natural selection?

Charles Darwin

Who was the physician to the Roman gladiators that wrote one of the most influential medical textbooks of his era?

Claudius Galen

In which of the following does a surgeon learn a procedure on animals before practicing on humans?

Comparative physiology

Which studies how the human body functions by examining how other species function?

Comparative physiology

The study of individual cells is called _____.

Cytology

What is the name for the process of carefully separating tissues to reveal anatomical relationships?

Dissection

What type of equilibrium occurs when there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point?

Dynamic

According to the section of chapter one that covers analyzing terms, the "duct of Santorini" is an example of a(n) _____.

Eponym

A change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population over a period of time is called _____.

Evolution

_____ is a change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms over a period of time.

Evolution

The general process of eliminating metabolic waste products from the body is called _____.

Excretion

The term for the conscious or subconscious influence an experimenter may have on the interpretation of their data is _____ bias.

Experimenter

True or False: Vesalius was the first to describe the "cell theory."

False

Which theory states that there are emergent properties of the whole organism that cannot be understood by its individual parts?

Holism

The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in spite of changes in the external environment is known as _____.

Homeostasis

What is an educated speculation based upon observations that can be tested by experimentation called?

Hypothesis

What is the act of looking at the body called?

Inspection

Who was the Jewish physician that wrote 10 medical books and numerous books on diseases?

Maimonides

Who was the famous Jewish physician who served in the court of the sultan, Saladin?

Maimonides

Which of the following is made by joining two or more different atoms together?

Molecule

Which of the following states that some individuals have hereditary advantage over their competitors?

Natural selection

Blood pressure is controlled by a _____ feedback mechanism.

Negative

When some bodily changes are detected, responses are activated that reverse the change, restoring stability and preserving normal body function. This would be an example of what type of feedback?

Negative

A single complete individual capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis is termed a(n) _____.

Organism

What is the method of having results evaluated by other experts in the field called?

Peer review

Medical mistakes, such as prescribing the wrong dose of medication can result from failure to consider which of the following?

Physiological variation

_____ is the study of the function of a biological organism.

Physiology

A _____ is the name of a substance with no significant effect on a subject's physiology but is given to a control group that thinks they are being given the treatment.

Placebo

A self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction is known as _____ feedback.

Positive

Which of the following describes the integration center of a feedback mechanism?

Processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of what a response should be.

Statistical tests are designed to do what?

Provide a statement of probability

Effects of a subject's state of mind on their physiology are known as _____ effects.

Psychosomatic

The number of animals (or people) used in an experimental study is called the _____ _____.

Sample Size

Which of the following is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation?

Scientific method

Which forces promote the reproductive success of some individuals over others?

Selection pressures

During a physical examination, percussion is often used. Which describes what is meant by percussion?

Tapping on a body surface then listening to the echo to diagnose health

What is an explanatory statement, or set of statements, that concisely summarizes the state of knowledge of a phenomenon and provides direction for further study called?

Theory

An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a(n) _____.

Tissue

In an experiment, the control group is unaltered, while the _____ group contains the variable being tested.

Treatment

True or False: As much as 30% of the human population can have variations in their anatomy.

True

Acronyms are terms that do which of the following?

Use the first letter of a series of words

Who was the Englishman from the 1500s known for his study of physiology (especially of the heart)?

William Harvey

Without the expenditure of energy, the net movement of matter in a physiological gradient will always be from a region of _____ concentration to a region of _____ concentration.

higher; lower

Which of the following are examples of a positive feedback mechanism? Select all that apply.

-Contractions during childbirth -Formation of a blood clot

Which forces can act as selective "pressure"? Select all that apply.

-Disease -Climate -Predators

Match each prefix to it's meaning.

-Hypo-below -Epi-above -Endo-within, inside -Di-two

What are the benefits of a large sample size? Select all that apply.

-It controls for chance events -It enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome -It controls for individual variation

The suffix _____ means "the study of".

-ology

1. Neurophysiology 2. Endocrinology 3. Pathology 4. Comparative physiology

1. Physiology of the nervous system 2. Physiology of hormones 3. Study of disease mechanisms 4. Study of how biological processes vary in different animal species

An organelle is best described as which of the following?

A microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual function

The ability to stand and walk on two legs is called _____.

Bipedalism

Evolutionary trends between species are often studied in which discipline?

Comparative anatomy

The internal state of the body is best described as a(n) _____ equilibrium, where there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point.

Dynamic

A molecule, cell, or organ that carries out a response to a stimulus is called a(n) _____.

Effector

What is the ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce changes in membrane voltage called?

Excitability

True or False: The scientific method is an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proved false by experimentation or data collection.

False

True or False: The study of ultrastructure focuses on examining individual cells, but not their internal components

False

What type of anatomy focuses on body structures that can be observed without magnification?

Gross

What is an increase in the size of a cell or organism called?

Growth

Who was the Greek physician that established a code of ethics and urged physicians to seek natural causes for disease?

Hippocrates

The study of normal tissues, or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular materials, is called _____.

Histology

The Englishman who invented the modern compound microscope in the 1600s and observed plant cells was _____.

Hooke

Use either the arrows or drag-and-drop, match the word elements on the left with the proper description on the right for the word "hypothermia."

Hypo-prefix ia-suffix therm-root

An educated guess that is capable of being tested and potentially falsified by experimentation or data collection is known as a(n) _____.

Hypothesis

Of the following, which one is testable, falsifiable, and consistent with what is already known?

Hypothesis

To be considered a scientific fact, information must be what?

Independently verified

The _____ method (a specific tool within the scientific method) of study is the process of drawing conclusions and making predictions from repeated observation.

Inductive

The _____ method, as prescribed by Bacon, is a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them.

Inductive

Most medical terminology comes from the _____ and Greek languages.

Latin

What is a verbal or mathematical description of a predictable natural phenomenon called?

Law of nature

A molecule of large size and high molecular weight, such as a protein, nucleic acid, polysaccharide, or triglyceride is called a _____.

Macromolecule

Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe what?

Microorganisms

What is a group of organs with a unique collective function called?

Organ system

The structure that encloses a cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell is the _____ membrane.

Plasma

Contractions during childbirth is an example of a _____ feedback mechanism.

Positive

Which branch of medicine is concerned with imaging, such as with X-rays?

Radiology

The name for a cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus, such as a taste cell or a rod or cone of the eye, is a _____.

Receptor

What is a cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus called?

Receptor

Who improved the microscope and was the first to observe and describe cells?

Robert Hooke

What is gross anatomy?

The study of body structures that can be observed without magnification