ch 10

The preconventional reasoning has sometimes been described as _____.

"What's in it for me?"

Which of the following are contemporary approaches to student learning?

constructivist direct instruction

In middle and late childhood, parents begin to function more as

managers.

School has a ______ influence on children's development.

profound

In terms of developmental changes in peer interaction, children's preference for same-sex peer groups increases until the age of

12

By the time students graduate from high school, they will have spent ______ hours in the classroom.

12,000

Which of the statements is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?

Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.

Which of the following is true of autonomy in middle and late childhood?

Control is coregulated by both child and parent.

_________ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Conventional

How did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?

He interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve.

_________ in friendships is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.

Intimacy

The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was

Kohlberg.

________ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.

Perspective taking

______ cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for ______ theory, but in the latter model there are three levels of moral development.

Piaget's; Kohlberg's

_________ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Postconventional, Post conventional, or Post-conventional

_______ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg.

Preconventional

Which of the following statements about parent-child interaction during middle and late childhood is accurate?

Some control is transferred from parent to child.

Studies have shown that insecure attachment is likely to result in greater ______ during middle and late childhood.

anxiety

Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are

arbitrary and can be changed by consensus.

In a(n) _________ stepfamily structure, otherwise known as a complex stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily.

blended

The term __________ refers to verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful.

bullying or bully

The longer children experienced poverty, according to one study, the more detrimental the poverty was to their

cognitive development.

The __________ __________ approach to education is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for student progress, and maximum time spent by students on academic tasks.

direct instruction

In the _________ theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.

domain

In the __________ theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.

domain

Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience?

domain theory

Children who bully others are more likely to do which of the following?

earn poor grades in school drink alcohol smoke

Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level is characterized by which of the following?

expectations about social roles

Jane has three children. Joey is 12, Jake is 5, and Jaedyn is 2 years old. Jane spends less time with the older two children. Her role for the oldest children is that of a

gatekeeper.

A broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a

gender stereotype.

Positive peer relations in childhood have been linked to which of the following in adulthood?

higher occupational status better relationships with coworkers

individuals have a moral ______ when moral notions and commitments are central to their life.

identity

Behaving in a manner that violates one's moral identity places the ______ of the self at risk.

integrity

In the postconventional reasoning level, morality is more

internal.

In middle and late childhood, secure attachment is associated with which of the following?

lower levels of anxiety lower levels of depression lower level of internalized symptoms

Positive peer relationships in middle and late childhood involve which of the following?

maintaining quality friendships resolving conflicts in nonaggressive ways

Piaget's cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for Kohlberg's theory, but in this Kohlberg's model suggested that there were three levels of

moral development.

A rule regarding which fork to use when eating salad is an example of the focus of social conventional reasoning, while a rule about murder is an example of the focus of

moral reasoning.

Who is most likely to undertake a managerial role in parenting?

mother

Which five peer status groups have been identified by researchers measuring sociometric popularity?

neglected average rejected controversial popular

Which of the following family problems contribute to lower achievement among low-income students?

parents who don't set high educational standards parents who can't read family's lack of money for educational materials and experiences

Developmentalists have distinguished five _________ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.

peer or sociometric

Because learning occurs during give and take, as children move through elementary school

peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important.

Which term refers to the ability to assume other people's points of view and understand their thoughts and feelings?

perspective taking

What are the three levels of moral thinking according to Kohlberg?

postconventional preconventional conventional

Match Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation.

preconventional = Individuals' moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment. conventional = Individuals abide by the standards of others such as parents or society. postconventional = Individuals recognize alternative moral courses, explore the options, and then decide on a personal moral code.

Which of the following becomes especially important in peer interchanges during the elementary school years?

reciprocity

Intimacy in friendships is characterized by which two of the following?

sharing of private thoughts self-disclosure

In middle and late childhood, the development of which of the following provides children with information about their peers and peer relationships?

social cognition

Which of the following types of reasoning focuses on rules established to control behavior and maintain the social system?

social conventional

Which of the following are the three most common types of stepfamily structures?

stepmother stepfather blended

Five-year-old Billy should like to rough-house and play with trucks, while his twin sister, Becky, is supposed to be kind to others and enjoy playing with dolls. These are examples of gender

stereotypes.

Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This particular example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.

True or false: Children's social cognition about their peers becomes increasingly important for understanding peer relationships in middle and late childhood.

true