CH 10

In The Brotherhood of Thieves, Stephen Symonds Foster makes a forceful argument about his belief that

American churches and the clergy are criminal because they are complicit in slavery.

In order to make his point most effectively, Stephen Symonds Foster employed which of the following tones in his writing?

Angry and inflammatory

Why did the residents of Rochester feel increasingly concerned about their town in the late 1820s?

The boomtown growth raised fears about the rising tide of sin.

Which of the following is true about the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in the 1830s and 1840s?

The church was guided by The Book of Mormon as well as the Bible.

What prompted the famine of 1845 and 1846 in Ireland?

A disease that destroyed the potatoes on which the population depended

Which of the following summarizes William Lloyd Garrison's argument about the United States Constitution?

Because the U.S. Constitution perpetuates and protects slavery, which is monstrous and inhuman, it is an invalid document.

What did the artists of the Hudson River School have in common with the writer Ralph Waldo Emerson?

Both emphasized the power of nature in their work

How did reformers first attempt to eradicate prostitution in the 1830s and 1840s?

By praying in front of a brothel

How did the Lowell textile factory owners worsen working conditions of their female employees in the 1830s?

By speeding up the machines

Which of the following is true of the National Trades Union formed in 1834?

Its delegates represented more than twenty-five thousand workers across the North.

The Underground Railroad mainly relocated runaway slaves to

Canada or remote northern regions.

Why were unmarried and recently married young people particularly drawn to cities in the 1840s and 1850s?

City life offered jobs and excitement.

How did Finney appeal to Mrs. Matthews at the revival?

Created a sense of guilt

Why did cities replace voluntary night watchmen with police forces before the Civil War?

Crime was on the rise, and the fear of crime grew even faster.

What was the larger impact of the creation of the Free-Soil Party that swallowed up the Liberty Party?

It raised the fear that the debate over slavery could not be contained.

What does Stewart argue holds black women back from success and improvement of their station?

Domestic responsibilities

In addition to general poverty concerns, what issues did Kempshall want to address in Rochester?

Drunkenness and degradation

Why did urban violence in the United States increase in the 1840s?

Economic competition for scarce resources increased urban violence.

What was the key to success according to Maria Steward?

Education

What distinguished the textile factories of Lowell, Massachusetts, founded by the Boston Associates in the 1820s?

Every step of their production was mechanized.

How did craft work change over the course of the nineteenth century?

Fewer skilled craftsmen were required to complete the work.

Why was the work of minister Charles Finney especially important and influential in Rochester, New York?

Finney converted many of the city's most influential people to a life of faith.

For Sinha, who were the core of the immediatist abolitionist movement before the Civil War?

Former slaves from Southern plantations

Congregationalist ministers in Massachusetts criticized the Grimkés for their speeches in the 1830s because the

Grimkés were women speaking to a mixed crowd of men and women.

Why did local authorities arrest Joseph Smith in the city of Nauvoo, Illinois, in the mid-1830s?

He claimed to have received revelations that sanctioned polygamy.

Why was Henry David Thoreau imprisoned for a night in 1846?

He had refused to pay taxes in protest against slavery and the Mexican-American War.

Which of the following best describes the cult of domesticity that emerged in the new American middle class from the 1820s on?

It restricted women to the home and to social and charitable responsibilities.

What does the presence of such a society as the Female Anti-Slavery Society reveal about women's political activism in the early 1800s?

It was increasingly common and effective.

Why did some utopian communities, including the one established by George Ripley in Massachusetts, develop a plan where people were paid according to how their jobs contributed to the community's well-being?

It was key to building community in a capitalist society.

According to William Lloyd Garrison, what determines the validity and legitimacy of a government's agreement or policy, such as the Constitution?

Its adherence to morality and the laws of God

How does Stewart reflect the broader reform movements of the early 1800s?

Her emphasis on availability of education

What does this document suggest was the primary motivation for Angelina Grimké's embrace of abolitionist ideas?

Her religious beliefs

How does Carey suggest the rich help poor women workers?

Hire women and pay fair wages

Where did the revivals that were part of the Second Great Awakening begin in 1801?

In Cane Ridge, Kentucky

How did the pastors argue women should demonstrate influence?

In the home

Why did Protestant workingmen embrace the temperance movement?

It allowed them to differentiate themselves from Irishmen.

What issue ultimately led to Emily Kempshall's resignation from the Rochester Female Charitable Society?

Lack of funding

Who does Grimke blame more than anyone else for the condition of women's subjugation?

Male protectors

Why did many abolitionist leaders not share Amy Post's enthusiastic support for the publication and distribution of Frederick Douglass's North Star?

Many abolitionists still believed blacks were inferior to whites.

Who was the best target for Matthews to attempt to convert once she had her own experience?

Other rich women

Of what does the author seem afraid when women are seen speaking in public and being politically active?

That there is no need for men in their lives

The results of the strike reflected which of the following statements regarding the strength of such activities in the early nineteenth century?

Most strikes resulted in little to no improvement in working conditions, if not a deterioration of conditions.

What do Emery and Abbott feel makes women particularly suited to abolition activism?

Most women were more sympathetic than men.

Conclusion: Abolitionists' debates about how best to achieve the end of slavery in the United States created dissent and division within individual organizations, like the American Anti-Slavery Society, but the resulting schisms also created new and varied organizations that could attract more Americans to the cause. Evidence: "Go on, in these practices—we do not wish nor mean to interfere, for the rescue of your victims, even by expostulation or warning—we like your company too well to offend you by denouncing your conduct. . . . Go on, from bad to worse—add link to link to the chains upon the bodies of your victims—add constantly to the intolerable burdens under which they groan—and if, goaded to desperation by your cruelties; they should rise to assert their rights and redress their wrongs, fear nothing—we are pledged, by a sacred compact, to shoot them like dogs and rescue you from their vengeance!"— Source 10.1: William Lloyd Garrison, On the Constitution and the Union

No

In what way does Grimke argue that men and women are equal?

Strength of mind

Conclusion: Abolitionists' debates about how best to achieve the end of slavery in the United States created dissent and division within individual organizations, like the American Anti-Slavery Society, but the resulting schisms also created new and varied organizations that could attract more Americans to the cause. Evidence: "You will agree with me, I think, that slaveholding involves the commission of all the crimes specified in my first charge, viz., theft, adultery, man-stealing, piracy, and murder. But should you have any doubts on this subject, they will be easily removed by analyzing this atrocious outrage on the laws of God, and the rights and happiness of man, and examining separately the elements of which it is composed. Wesley, the celebrated founder of the Methodists, once denounced it as the 'sum of all villainies.' Whether it be the sum of all villainies, or not, I will not here express an opinion; but that it is the sum of at least five, and those by no means the least atrocious in the catalogue of human aberrations, will require but a small tax on your patience to prove."— Source 10.3: Stephen Symonds Foster, The Brotherhood of Thieves:

No

Conclusion: By denying the legitimacy of fundamental American institutions such as the U.S. Constitution and the mainstream churches, radical abolitionists sought to achieve immediate and uncompensated emancipation not through the formal political system but through efforts to persuade whites everywhere to condemn slavery's existence and halt its spread. Evidence: "In short, we hold [slavery] to be a system of lawless violence; that it never was lawful, and never can be made so; and that it is the first duty of every American citizen, whose conscience permits so to do, to use his political as well as his moral power for its overthrow."—Source 10.5: Frederick Douglass, Abolitionism and the Constitution

No

Conclusion: By denying the legitimacy of fundamental American institutions such as the U.S. Constitution and the mainstream churches, radical abolitionists sought to achieve immediate and uncompensated emancipation not through the formal political system but through efforts to persuade whites everywhere to condemn slavery's existence and halt its spread. Evidence: "Resolved, That we hereby give it to be distinctly understood by this Nation and the world that, as Abolitionists, considering that the strength of our cause lies in its righteousness, and our hope for it, in our conformity to the laws of God and our respect for the rights of man, we owe it to the Sovereign Ruler of the Universe, as a proof of our allegiance to Him, in all our civil relations and offices, whether as private citizens or public functionaries sworn to support the Constitution of the United States, to regard and to treat the third clause of the fourth article of that instrument, whenever applied to the case of a fugitive slave, as utterly null and void, and consequently as forming no part of the Constitution of the United States whenever we are called upon or sworn to support it."— Source 10.4: Liberty Party Platform

No

Conclusion: By the 1840s, many abolitionists broke with William Lloyd Garrison's interpretation of the Constitution and his American Anti-Slavery Society and promoted efforts to achieve abolition in the United States through the realm of formal politics. Evidence: "Are you willing to enslave your children? You start back with horror and indignation at such a question. But why, if slavery is no wrong to those upon whom it is imposed? why, if as has often been said, slaves are happier than their masters, freedom from the cares and perplexities of providing for themselves and their families? why not place your children in the way of being supported without your having the trouble to provide for them, or they for themselves?"— Source 10.2: Angelina Grimké, Appeal to the Christian Women of the South

No

Conclusion: By the 1840s, many abolitionists broke with William Lloyd Garrison's interpretation of the Constitution and his American Anti-Slavery Society and promoted efforts to achieve abolition in the United States through the realm of formal politics. Evidence: "Slaveholding loses none of its enormity by a voyage across the Atlantic, nor by baptism into the Christian name. It is piracy in Africa; it is piracy in America; it is piracy the wide world over; and the American slaveholder, though he possess all the sanctity of the ancient Pharisees, and make prayers as numerous and long, is a pirate still; a base, profligate adulterer, and wicked contemner [condemner] of the holy institution of marriage; identical in moral character with the African slave-trader, and guilty of a crime which, if committed on a foreign coast, he must expiate on the gallows."— Source 10.3: Stephen Symonds Foster, The Brotherhood of Thieves

No

Conclusion: By the 1840s, many abolitionists broke with William Lloyd Garrison's interpretation of the Constitution and his American Anti-Slavery Society and promoted efforts to achieve abolition in the United States through the realm of formal politics. Evidence: "We pledge you our physical strength, by the sacredness of the national compact—a compact by which we have enabled you already to plunder, persecute and destroy two millions of slaves, who now lie beneath the sod; and by which we now give you the same piratical license to prey upon a much larger number of victims and all their posterity."— Source 10.1: William Lloyd Garrison, On the Constitution and the Union

No

Runaway slaves in the Deep South often escaped to the

North by way of the Atlantic Ocean.

For Friedman, who were the core of the immediatist abolitionist movement before the Civil War?

Northern white middle-class evangelicals

In the second paragraph of his article, William Lloyd Garrison writes, "[W]e . . . stand to the holders of slaves at the south, and this is virtually our language toward them—'Go on, most worthy associates, from day to day, from month to month, from year to year, from generation to generation, plundering two millions of human beings of their liberty and the fruits of their toil—driving them into the fields like cattle—starving and lacerating their bodies—selling the husband from his wife. . . . Go on, in these practices.'" What group does he refer to as "we"?

Northern whites who do not fight for abolition

What does Matthew Carey suggest for Americans to cure the problems of working class women's oppression in the workplace?

Nothing, he says there is no cure

What type of activism was considered acceptable by the church leaders?

Prayer and church ministry

Which business was instrumental in the formation of the antislavery movement in the nineteenth century?

Publishing

What drove immigration to the United States from Germany and Scandinavia in the 1840s and 1850s?

Repressive landlords

What effect did the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 have on the state of New York?

Rochester became the state's fastest-growing city, even outpacing New York City.

To what does the author seem to be referring to in the final lines of the letter?

Sexuality

What brought audiences of all classes together in American theaters in the 1830s?

Shakespeare

How does Selah Matthew's conversion reflect traditional concepts of women?

She is described as having childlike behavior.

Which of the following points does Angelina Grimké emphasize to appeal to her readers specifically as women?

She suggests that they consider whether they would willingly enslave their children.

Which of the following groups was of particular interest to the women of the Female Anti-Slavery Society?

Slave women

In their letter to the Liberator, which of the following is an argument that Elizabeth Emery and Mary P. Abbott construct to oppose slavery?

Slaves are intelligent human beings who should not be possessed as chattel.

Grimke claims that many women were willing to give up their influence in exchange for which of the following benefits?

Social privileges

What does Finney imply is sinful in his description of her conversion?

Society

Based on the actions of the women and the result of the strike at the Lowell Factory, what can you learn about participation in strikes during the early nineteenth century?

Some strike leaders suffered repercussions due to their roles in the action.

The abolitionist convictions of Sarah and Angelina Grimké carried particular weight because they were

Southerners.

In 1836 and 1837, antislavery activists campaigned for a ban on slavery in which area under federal control?

The District of Columbia

The abolitionist newspaper first published by William Lloyd Garrison in Boston in 1831 was called

The Liberator.

What made women's organizing efforts in factories at least temporarily impossible in the 1830s?

The panic of 1837

Based on Charles Grandison Finney's sermon, what can be concluded about the Second Great Awakening?

The religious movement focused on personal spirituality as well as the spirituality of others.

How might Carey and Kempshall differ in their perspectives on how the rich could help their respective organizations?

The rich can hire women for Carey or donate funds to Kempshall

How did the shift from craft to factory work in the mid-nineteenth century affect workingmen?

The skills and pay of workingmen were threatened.

What does Grimke argue men have taken from women that women are called by Biblical scripture to share?

Their influence

In the mid-nineteenth century, what inspired so many middle-class Protestants to participate in reform movements?

They believed in a social gospel.

What did Irish immigrants and free black workers have in common in nineteenth-century cities?

They competed for jobs at the bottom of the economic ladder.

Why did New England farm girls of the early nineteenth century consider work in factory towns like Lowell an adventure?

They could acquire a wider view of the world.

Why did women not try to pursue their reform goals through direct political participation in the 1830s and 1840s?

They did not have the right to vote.

What effect did Anglo-American culture have on the lives of Seneca and other Indian women in the 1840s?

They lost traditional landowning and decision-making rights as they adopted Anglo-American traditions.

How did more affluent residents of American urban centers distance themselves from the poor crowds of inner cities after the 1830s?

They moved away from city centers.

Why did Sarah Grimké align the ministers who wrote the Pastoral letter with Cotton Mather?

They placed too much faith in poorly guided traditions.

Why did men and women of the American middle class form the core of many reform movements in the 1830s and 1840s?

They were less tied to traditional ways than the wealthy.

What were the Washingtonian societies in the 1840s?

They were small groups of men who helped each other stop drinking.

Why were skilled workers offended by the factory work organization of the 1830s?

They were treated as dependents rather than independent craftsmen.

Why did farm families in early-nineteenth-century New England send their daughters to work in textile factories?

To earn cash for the growing market economy

What sentiment does Frederick Douglass's announcement express about his former political ally William Lloyd Garrison?

Understanding and gratitude

Which of the following assumptions lies at the foundation of Angelina Grimké's analysis of slavery as she expresses it in this document?

White and black people are fundamentally the same.

How did the growing cohort of salaried clerks and managers of the 1820s and after hope to achieve upward mobility?

With hard work

According to Harriet Robinson, what was the greatest goal for which she fought?

Woman suffrage

What assumption about women forms the foundation of the Pastoral Letter to the Liberator (see Source 10.9)?

Women are dependent upon men.

According to Robinson's memoir, which of the following applies to this era in history?

Women were increasingly active in political advocacy.

What led New England farm girls to resign from working in the mills and return to their family farms in the 1840s?

Working conditions became increasingly unbearable.

What made the formation of the first political workingmen's party in Philadelphia a sensible move for workers in 1827?

Workingmen gained the right to vote at that time.

Conclusion: Abolitionists' debates about how best to achieve the end of slavery in the United States created dissent and division within individual organizations, like the American Anti-Slavery Society, but the resulting schisms also created new and varied organizations that could attract more Americans to the cause. Evidence: "Resolved, That we regard voting in an eminent degree as a moral and religious duty, which, when exercised, should be by voting for those who will do all in their power for immediate emancipation. . . . Resolved, That we hereby give it to be distinctly understood by this Nation and the world that, as Abolitionists, considering that the strength of our cause lies in its righteousness, and our hope for it, in our conformity to the laws of God and our respect for the rights of man, we owe it to the Sovereign Ruler of the Universe, as a proof of our allegiance to Him, in all our civil relations and offices, whether as private citizens or public functionaries sworn to support the Constitution of the United States."— Source 10.4: Liberty Party Platform

Yes

Conclusion: Abolitionists' debates about how best to achieve the end of slavery in the United States created dissent and division within individual organizations, like the American Anti-Slavery Society, but the resulting schisms also created new and varied organizations that could attract more Americans to the cause. Evidence: "The debate on the resolution relative to anti-slavery newspapers [at the annual meeting of the American Anti-Slavery Society] assumed such a character as to make it our duty to define the position of the North Star in respect to the Constitution of the United States. The ground having been distinctly taken, that no paper ought to receive the recommendation of the American Anti-Slavery Society that did not assume the Constitution to be a pro-slavery document, we felt in honor bound to announce at once to our old anti-slavery companions that we no longer possessed the requisite qualification for their official approval and commendation; and to assure them that we had arrived at the firm conviction that the Constitution, construed in the light of well established rules of legal interpretation, might be made consistent in its details with the noble purposes avowed in its preamble; and that hereafter we should insist upon the application of such rules to that instrument, and demand that it be wielded in behalf of emancipation."—Source 10.5: Frederick Douglass, Abolitionism and the Constitution

Yes

Conclusion: By denying the legitimacy of fundamental American institutions such as the U.S. Constitution and the mainstream churches, radical abolitionists sought to achieve immediate and uncompensated emancipation not through the formal political system but through efforts to persuade whites everywhere to condemn slavery's existence and halt its spread. Evidence: "I said at your meeting, among other things, that the American church and clergy, as a body, were thieves, adulterers, man-stealers, pirates, and murderers; that the Methodist Episcopal church was more corrupt and profligate than anyhouse of ill-fame in the city of New York; that the Southern ministers of that body were desirous of perpetuating slavery for the purpose of supplying themselves with concubines from among its hapless victims; and that many of our clergymen were guilty of enormities that would disgrace an Algerine pirate!!"— Source 10.3: Stephen Symonds Foster, The Brotherhood of Thieves

Yes

Conclusion: By denying the legitimacy of fundamental American institutions such as the U.S. Constitution and the mainstream churches, radical abolitionists sought to achieve immediate and uncompensated emancipation not through the formal political system but through efforts to persuade whites everywhere to condemn slavery's existence and halt its spread. Evidence: "There is much declamation about the sacredness of the compact which was formed between the free and slave states, on the adoption of the Constitution. A sacred compact, forsooth! We pronounce it the most bloody and heaven-daringarrangement ever made by men for the continuance and protection of a system of the most atrocious villainy ever exhibited on earth."— Source 10.1: William Lloyd Garrison, On the Constitution and the Union

Yes

Conclusion: By the 1840s, many abolitionists broke with William Lloyd Garrison's interpretation of the Constitution and his American Anti-Slavery Society and promoted efforts to achieve abolition in the United States through the realm of formal politics. Evidence: "[W]e ha[ve] arrived at the firm conviction that the Constitution, construed in the light of well established rules of legal interpretation, might be made consistent in its details with the noble purposes avowed in its preamble; and that hereafter we should insist upon the application of such rules to that instrument, and demand that it be wielded in behalf of emancipation."— Source 10.5: Frederick Douglass, Abolitionism and the Constitution

Yes

Adherents of the Liberty Party took the position that voting was

a moral and religious duty.

The Liberty Party differed from the radical abolitionists in that it

accepted the validity of the U.S. Constitution.

According to Frederick Douglass, he changed his mind about the efficacy of political abolitionism and the validity of the Constitution because

he decided that slavery itself was the fundamentally unlawful institution.

Areas with slave populations greater than 50 percent were concentrated

in the deep south.

Sinha characterizes immediatist abolitionists before the Civil War as

master propagandists.

Despite their interpretive differences, both Friedman and Sinha argue that the immediatist movements had their roots, at least partially, in

religious movements.

Stephen Symonds Foster's writings and speeches, like The Brotherhood of Thieves, often incited violence from the readers or listeners because his work

repudiated the morality and legitimacy of both mainstream churches and their clergymen.

In its 1844 platform, the Liberty Party presented itself as the party

that represented the ideals of 1776.

The purpose of the Underground Railroad was to

transport fugitive slaves safely to freedom.

Frederick Douglass suggests that, in order to fight slavery most effectively, Americans need to

use the tactics of both moral suasion and political action.

A New England farm girl seeking adventure away from home in the early nineteenth century might sign up to

work in a Lowell mill.