Ch 10 Leading Managing & Delegating

The "5 Rights of Delegation" serve to guide appropriate transfer of responsibility for the performance of an activity or task to another person. List the 5 rights.

1. Right task 2. Right circumstance 3. Right Person 4. Right direction / communication 5. Right supervision / evaluation

Directive or authoritarian leadership, also known as __________ leadership, involves the leader assuming control over the decisions and activities of a group.

Autocratic

A nurse can delegate the initial or ongoing assessment of the patient to an unlicensed assistant as long as the primary nurse reviews the documentation within 24 hours. T or F

False

According to Lewin's change theory, the process of initiating change after a careful process of planning is known as "unfreezing." T or F

False

Democratic leadership is characterized by a sense of equality among the leader and other participants. T or F

True

The new nurse is having difficulty managing the time required to care for a group of complex clients and is several hours behind in completing nursing interventions. Which intervention should the nurse complete first? a. Obtain discharge orders for a client who is ready to be transferred to a long-term nursing facility. b. Administer a dose of digoxin that is two hours behind schedule. c. Complete a medication reconciliation form on a client who has recently been admitted to the hospital. d. Perform a dressing change to an abdominal abscess that is three hours behind schedule.

b. Administer a dose of digoxin that is two hours behind schedule.

A nurse manager is educating the staff on new forms of charting. Within the education session, the manager sets a goal for complete use of the charting. Through goal setting, the manager is acting as: a .an educator. b. a leader. c. a guide. d. a clinical specialist.

b. a leader.

In the hospital setting, a nurse is responsible for overseeing the quality and financial outcomes of client care while working collegially with health care providers. What type of professional nursing practice is this considered? a. Nurse mentorship b. Functional nursing c. Case management. e. Primary nursing

c. Case management.

Which are examples of personal leadership skills necessary for nurse leaders? Select all that apply. a. Knowledge of all nursing b. Religious values c. Self-evaluation d. Problem solving e. Communication

c. Self-evaluation d. Problem solving e. Communication

The new nurse is evaluating the effectiveness of the assigned nurse mentor. Which characteristic should the new nurse recognize as being inappropriate for the nurse mentor to role model? a. Encouraging the new nurse to enroll in continuing education courses b. Providing daily feedback to the new nurse c. Introducing the new nurse to members of the interdisciplinary team d. Advising the new nurse to consult the nurse mentor before making decisions regarding client care

d. Advising the new nurse to consult the nurse mentor before making decisions regarding client care

On a medical unit, the nurses complain that they have no voice in the decisions that are made in the operation of the unit. The nurses state they are always told by the nurse manager to perform tasks instead of being asked. Which of these best describes the leadership style of the nurse manager? a. Nondirectional b. Democratic c. Laissez-faire d. Autocratic

d. Autocratic

A nurse is asked to act as a mentor to a new nurse. Which nursing action is related to this process? a. The nurse mentor accepts payment to introduce the new nurse to his or her responsibilities b. The nurse mentor hires the new nurse and assigns duties related to the position c. The nurse mentor makes it possible for the new nurse to participate in professional organizations d. The nurse mentor advises and assists the new nurse to adjust to the work environment of a busy emergency department

d. The nurse mentor advises and assists the new nurse to adjust to the work environment of a busy emergency department

Which style of leadership is rarely used in a hospital setting because of the difficulty of task achievement by independent nurses? a. Autocratic b. Democratic c. Transformational e. Laissez-faire

e. Laissez-faire

The unit manager on a medical unit is trying to encourage the nursing staff to use a new protocol for documentation. To help with this, the nurse manager recruits one of the staff nurses to serve as a role model for many of the staff. Which type of power does the staff nurse exhibit? a. Legitimate b. Explicit c. Implied d. Coercive

c. Implied

A nurse leader is planning to change the scheduling process to improve staffing on the unit. Which would be the next step in implementing this change? a. Describe to the staff how the change will be implemented. b. Select a group of nurses to help champion the change process. c. Develop a timetable for making the change to a new system. d. Explore the pros and cons of potential scheduling models.

d. Explore the pros and cons of potential scheduling models.

A nurse on a telemetry unit is admitting a client and has an unlicensed assistive person (UAP) helping with the admission process. Which task can the nurse delegate to the UAP? a. Listing the client's home medications on a medication reconciliation form b. Determining what heart rhythm the client is in based on telemetry reading c. Gathering information about the client's medical history and any allergies d. Obtaining an admission weight for the client utilizing the client's bed scale

d. Obtaining an admission weight for the client utilizing the client's bed scale

A nurse can improve one's skill with time management by taking which action? a. Evaluating success with accomplishment of goals in client care b. Allowing the flow of the day to control how time is managed c. Setting priorities without involving clients or their families d. Starting each day as a new day without considering the previous day

a. Evaluating success with accomplishment of goals in client care

A client is received into the emergency department after getting shot in the chest. The client is hemorrhaging profusely and is in hypovolemic shock. The nurse calls a code blue. What type of leadership style will be most effective during the management of the code? a. Transactional leadership b. Autocratic leadership c. Laissez-faire leadership d. Democratic leadership

b. Autocratic leadership

An RN on a surgical unit is behind schedule administering medications. Which of the RN's other tasks can be safely delegated to a UAP? a. The assessment of a patient who has just arrived on the unit b. Teaching a patient with newly diagnosed diabetes about foot care c. Documentation of a patient's I & O on the flow chart d. Helping a patient who has recently undergone surgery out of bed for the first time

c. Documentation of a patient's I & O on the flow chart

In a nursing unit, the RN delegates nursing tasks to the nursing assistant. Keeping in mind the delegation guidelines, which statement denotes the right communication for the nursing assistant? a. "Discontinue the IV solution." b. "Check the infusion rate." c. "Inspect the site for thrombophlebitis." d. "Dispose of the disconnected IV set.

d. "Dispose of the disconnected IV set.

A staff nurse is talking with a clinical nurse leader and asks, "What exactly do you do?" Which statement by the clinical nurse leader would be appropriate? a. "My position is one of management." b. "I'm an advanced practice nurse with a specific specialty area." c. "I'm an administrator involved with client care." d. "I collaborate with health care teams to promote client care."

d. "I collaborate with health care teams to promote client care."

Two nurse managers working on different units in a hospital are planning for a major change to occur on both units. One nurse manager reports to the other having identified a key power player on the unit. Which description most applies to a key power player in this context? a. Someone in whom the nurse manager can confide b. An employee who will resist the change c. Someone who spreads untrue rumors d. A regular employee who is a natural leader

d. A regular employee who is a natural leader

A registered nurse serves as the chair of the Nursing Practice Committee for the hospital. The meetings of this committee do not have a planned agenda; members of the committee who are interested in a particular topic feel free to suggest it and then to lead the subsequent discussion. This chair's leadership style could be most accurately termed what? a. Decentralization b. Laissez-faire c. Democratic d. Autocratic

b. Laissez-faire

Magnet® status recognizes an institution for creating an environment that supports three approaches toward nursing services: self-governance at the unit level, acknowledgment of professional autonomy, and a_________ decision-making process.

decentralized

The registered nurse (RN) wants to delegate a task to an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) but is unsure if the task can be delegated. What is the best resource for the RN to use in determining if the task is appropriate? a. The nurse practice act or facility's policy and procedures b. A more experienced nurse working on the same unit c. The medical practice act website d. A nurse mentor or a nurse preceptor

a. The nurse practice act or facility's policy and procedures

A charge nurse in a busy hospital manages a skilled nursing unit using an autocratic style of leadership. Which leadership tasks BEST represent this style of leadership? Select all that apply. a. The charge nurse polls the other nurses for input on nursing protocols. b. The charge nurse dictates break schedules for the other nurses. c. he charge nurse schedules a mandatory in-service training on new equipment. d. The charge nurse allows the other nurses to divide up nursing tasks. e. The charge nurse delegates nursing responsibilities to the staff. f. The charge nurse encourages the nurses to work independently.

b. The charge nurse dictates break schedules for the other nurses. c. he charge nurse schedules a mandatory in-service training on new equipment. e. The charge nurse delegates nursing responsibilities to the staff.

The registered nurse (RN) wants to delegate measuring a client's urinary output to an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). Which factors should the nurse consider before delegating the task? a. Predictability of the UAP, the amount of time required for the task, and RN's skill level b. The stability of the patient's condition, potential for harm, and complexity of the activity c. The complexity of the activity, age of the UAP, and predictability of the outcome d. The context of the other patient needs, the desired outcome, and autonomy of the patient

b. The stability of the patient's condition, potential for harm, and complexity of the activity

A leader who relinquishes power to the group in such a way that an outsider could not identify the leader is said to be practicing ________________ leadership.

laissez-faire

A new nurse manager at a small hospital is interested in achieving Magnet status. Which action would help the hospital to achieve this goal? a. Centralizing the decision-making process b. Promoting self-governance at the unit level c. Deterring professional autonomy to promote teamwork d. Promoting evidence-based practice over innovative nursing practice

b. Promoting self-governance at the unit level

The nurse is advising a client about health problems related to being overweight. The client acknowledges the need to lose weight. The nurse provides education on how to count calories in food and the importance of daily exercise. The client states an intention to begin counting calories with the next meal. The client also states an intention to begin an exercise program with friends. Which statement associated with this scenario illustrates Lewin's stage of unfreezing? a. The client also states an intention to begin an exercise program with friends. b. The client acknowledges the need to lose weight. c. The nurse provides education on how to count calories in food and the importance of daily exercise. d. The client states an intention to begin counting calories with the next meal.

b. The client acknowledges the need to lose weight.

The case manager works in a facility that supports a participative leadership style. Which action should the nurse recognize as an example of democratic leadership style? a. The interdisciplinary health care team collectively developing plans of care for clients b. The unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) taking vital signs for several nurses c. The dietitian completing a nutritional assessment for a registered nurse (RN) d. The nurse implementing the physician's written orders for client care

a. The interdisciplinary health care team collectively developing plans of care for clients

A nurse who is newly hired to manage a busy pediatric office is encouraged to use a transactional leadership style when dealing with subordinates. Which activities best exemplify the use of this type of leadership? Select all that apply. a. The manager institutes a reward program for employees who meet goals and work deadlines. b. The manager encourages the other nurses to participate in health care reform by joining nursing organizations. c. The manager promotes compliance by reminding subordinates that they have a good salary and working conditions. d. The manager makes sure all the employees are kept abreast of new developments in pediatric nursing. e. The manager works with subordinates to accomplish all the nursing tasks and goals for the day. f. The manager allows the other nurses to set their own schedules and perform nursing care as they see fit.

a. The manager institutes a reward program for employees who meet goals and work deadlines. c. The manager promotes compliance by reminding subordinates that they have a good salary and working conditions.

Which of these statements reflects the expected functioning at a hospital that has achieved Magnet status? a. There is a decreased rate of retention among the nursing staff. b. Staff nurses are developing innovative solutions to problems. c. Nursing administration is in control of all decision-making. d. Most client outcomes have improved but are not at target range.

b. Staff nurses are developing innovative solutions to problems.

A nurse manager of a hospital unit is working within a decentralized management structure. Which nursing action best exemplifies this type of system? a. Decisions are made by those who are most knowledgeable about the issue. b. Nurse managers are not accountable for clients, staffing, supplies, or budgets. c. Senior managers make all the decisions. d. Nurses are not intimately involved in decisions involving client care.

a. Decisions are made by those who are most knowledgeable about the issue.

The nurse has recently been promoted to nurse manager on a pediatric unit and has decided to accept input from staff regarding changes they would like to see on the unit. Which type of leadership style is the nurse embodying? a. Democratic b. Autocratic c. Laissez-faire d. Quantum

a. Democratic

A nurse informs the client that the client has no choice and must take a bath in the morning. What type of leadership does this exemplify? a. Directive leadership b. Shared governance c. Participative leadership d. Institutional governance

a. Directive leadership

The home health nurse is caring for a noncompliant client who has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Which nursing interventions would be effective in helping the client change behaviors? Select all that apply. a. Include the client in creating a list of benefits for exercising. b. Set short-term goals for modifying eating habits. c. Provide information taken from textbooks regarding the consequences of diabetes. d. Request immediate changes to behaviors. e. Encourage participation in a diabetes support group.

a. Include the client in creating a list of benefits for exercising. b. Set short-term goals for modifying eating habits. e. Encourage participation in a diabetes support group.

6 Explicit power refers to power vested in the position (e.g., unit manager), whereas __________ power refers to the power to influence as a leader.

implied

The nurse is conducting an in-serve on change theories. Which example should the nurse include in the presentation illustrating Lewin's three stages of change? a. Multifunctional machines monitor clients' vital signs. Data from the machines is used to create trends in clients' health. The trends are compared to national norms and used to determine if measures can be taken to improve client care. b. Nurses work in groups to care for clients. Physicians collaborate with nurses. Quality client care is provided. c. A need for a safer intravenous therapy pump is identified. New intravenous therapy pumps are purchased and training for staff nurses is provided. Intravenous therapy pumps are placed on the nursing unit for client care. d. Staff voice concerns among themselves about the requirement of mandatory overtime. A unit meeting is called to discuss the issues with management. The mandatory overtime requirement is reinforced by management.

c. A need for a safer intravenous therapy pump is identified. New intravenous therapy pumps are purchased and training for staff nurses is provided. Intravenous therapy pumps are placed on the nursing unit for client care.

The charge nurse on a postoperative surgical unit is responsible for making client assignments for staff nurses. Two staff nurses have voiced not wanting to assume care for any new postoperative surgical clients during their shifts. How can the charge nurse resolve this conflict using the strategy of compromise to address the immediate concerns of the two staff nurses? a. Coerce the staff by complimenting on them on how well they care for new postoperative surgical clients. b. Reassign all nurses' clients in a manner that ensures the two staff nurses will not have to care for new postoperative surgical clients. c. Approach both nurses to discuss incentives that can be given for agreeing to accept new postoperative surgical clients. d. Consult with the nurse manager to decide how postoperative surgical clients should be assigned to the two nurses.

c. Approach both nurses to discuss incentives that can be given for agreeing to accept new postoperative surgical clients.

The nurse is having difficulty managing time while caring for a group of clients with complex needs. Medications are several hours behind schedule and several nursing procedures have not be performed. What is the first step that the nurse needs to take to resolve the time management issue? a. Establish a timeline to get the nursing interventions completed. b. Identify which nursing interventions can be delegated to other members of the health care team. c. Identify which nursing interventions are priority. d. Evaluate the potential to successfully complete the nursing interventions.

c. Identify which nursing interventions are priority.

The proficient nurse wants to become a more effective leader. Which step would be most appropriate for the nurse to take to achieve this goal? a. Review the Nurse Manager Leadership Collaborative model and write delegation competencies. b. Become a preceptor and work extra shifts on the nursing unit. c. Promote a healthy work environment and become a nurse mentor. d. Start a transformational change on the nursing unit and engage staff in the movement.

c. Promote a healthy work environment and become a nurse mentor.

A nurse manager best demonstrates effective leadership characteristic by which action? a. Knowing all information about the unit processes b. Indicating an interest in becoming a role model c. Sharing a vision for the unit and enlisting support d. Being very structured and rigid with the unit flow

c. Sharing a vision for the unit and enlisting support

Following a myocardial infarction (heart attack), a client begins to recognize the need to increase exercise, eat a low-fat diet, and implement relaxation techniques. According to Lewin, this client is in which stage of the change process? a. Prizing b. Moving c. Unfreezing d. Refreezing

c. Unfreezing

The nurses who provide care on a medical unit are skeptical about the planned change from a traditional opioid cupboard to a computerized medical supply and management system. Which statement best demonstrates mistrust about the benefits of this proposed change? a. "I think that they want us to use these machines just so they can track our work activity closer." b. "Those machines cost a fortune and there are way better ways to spend that money." c. "There's no way that I'm going to be able to learn to deal with a computer." d. "I've heard those machines don't even cut down on medication errors like they say they do."

d. "I've heard those machines don't even cut down on medication errors like they say they do."

The nurse is working at a facility that is applying for Magnet® Recognition. The nurse knows that compared with other hospitals, Magnet® hospitals have which direct effect on client care? a. Improved job satisfaction scores b. Longer patient stays c. Higher nurse retention d. Better patient outcomes

d. Better patient outcomes

In the hospital setting, a nurse is responsible for overseeing the quality and financial outcomes of client care while working collegially with health care providers. What type of professional nursing practice is this considered? a. Primary nursing b. Nurse mentorship c. Functional nursing d. Case management

d. Case management

The nurse is preparing to delegate tasks to an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) for a client who recently had a stroke and is suffering from mil hemiplegia. Which task would be inappropriate for the nurse to delegate to the UAP? a. Assisting to use a bedpan b. Bathing c. Obtaining vital signs d. Feeding

d. Feeding

A nursing facility has recently implemented new policies regarding nurse-to-patient ratios. The nursing staff seems very resistant to the change. How can the nurse manager help the staff accept the change? a. Institute the changes immediately and collectively to decrease anticipation anxiety. b. Challenge staff's beliefs and values regarding providing quality patient care. c. Use the laissez-faire leadership style to address staff concerns. d. Hold a unit meeting to discuss how the changes will benefit staff.

d. Hold a unit meeting to discuss how the changes will benefit staff.

A nurse leader on a unit allows the staff to make all decisions and direct themselves, including filling out the work schedule. The nurse leader is practicing which leadership style? a. Transformational b. Autocratic c. Democratic d. Laissez-faire

d. Laissez-faire

The nurse recognizes that a new mother is having difficulty breastfeeding. The nurse demonstrates various positions in which to hold the baby while feeding. The nurse also educates the mother on ways to ensure proper latching. The new mother attempts to breastfeed the baby again using the new techniques and is successful. Which statement in this scenario illustrates Lewin's stage of refreezing? a. The new mother attempts to breastfeed the baby again using the new techniques and is successful. b. The nurse demonstrates various positions in which to hold the baby while feeding. c. The nurse recognizes that a new mother is having difficulty breastfeeding. d. The nurse also educates the mother on ways to ensure proper latching.

a. The new mother attempts to breastfeed the baby again using the new techniques and is successful.

A nurse is using time management techniques when planning activities for patients. Which nursing action reflects effective time management? a. The nurse asks patients to prioritize what they want to accomplish each day b. The nurse includes a "nice to do" for every "need to do" task on the list c. The nurse "front loads" the schedule with "must do" priorities d. The nurse avoids helping other nurses if scheduling does not permit it

a. The nurse asks patients to prioritize what they want to accomplish each day

A nurse is a servant leader working in an economically depressed community to set up a free mobile health clinic for the residents. Which actions by the leader BEST exemplify a key practice of servant leaders? Select all that apply a. The nurse motivates coworkers to solicit funding to set up the clinic. b. The nurse sets only realistic goals that are present oriented and easily achieved. c. The nurse forms an autocratic governing body to keep the project on track. d. The nurse spends time with supporters to help them grow in their roles. e. The nurse first ensures that other's lowest priority needs are served. f. The nurse prizes leadership because of the need to serve others.

a. The nurse motivates coworkers to solicit funding to set up the clinic. d. The nurse spends time with supporters to help them grow in their roles. f. The nurse prizes leadership because of the need to serve others.

Conflict has emerged on a nursing unit because new graduates have found that some of the more experienced nurses are manipulating the client assignment to ensure a lighter workload during night shifts. How should the manager of the unit best address this conflict? a. Arrange for the newer nurses to organize the client assignment for a trial period. b. Arrange a meeting where the issue can be discussed and addressed by as many of the nurses as possible. c. Gather evidence over the next several weeks in order to determine if the practice is indeed happening. d. Reassure the new graduates that the more experienced nurses are acting in the interests of both staff and clients.

b. Arrange a meeting where the issue can be discussed and addressed by as many of the nurses as possible.

A nurse manager who is attempting to institute the SBAR process to communicate with health care providers and transfer patient information to other nurses is meeting staff resistance to the change. Which action would be most effective in approaching this resistance? a. Containing the anxiety in a small group and moving forward with the initiative b. Explaining the change and listing the advantages to the person and the organization c. Reprimanding those who oppose the new initiative and praising those who willingly accept the change d. Introducing the change quickly and involving the staff in the implementation of the change

b. Explaining the change and listing the advantages to the person and the organization

Which attributes should be characteristic of a nurse mentor? Select all that apply. a. Deconstructs health care networks b. Is resourceful c. Is supportive d. Is driven by financial reward c. Embraces disruptive conflict d. Is an experienced, licensed professional e. Demonstrates leadership abilities

b. Is resourceful c. Is supportive d. Is an experienced, licensed professional e. Demonstrates leadership abilities

A nurse manager demonstrates an autocratic leadership style but does not understand why there is high turnover in the unit. What behaviors does the nurse exhibit that negatively impact the unit due to this leadership style? Select all that apply. a. The nurse manager relinquishes all decision making to the staff. b. Staff have limited opportunities to express creativity in care delivery. c. Decisions are shared between management and staff. d. The manager is not recognized as the leader of the group. e. The manager makes decisions without seeking input from staff.

b. Staff have limited opportunities to express creativity in care delivery. e. The manager makes decisions without seeking input from staff.

A registered nurse is delegating activities to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) on a hospital unit. Which activities could this nurse normally delegate? Select all that apply. a. Administering medications to clients b. Taking routine vital signs c. Transferring a client to another floor d. The determination of a nursing diagnosis for a client with breast e. cancer f. Giving a bed bath to a client g. Planning education for a client with a colostomy

b. Taking routine vital signs c. Transferring a client to another floor f. Giving a bed bath to a client

A nurse manager is attempting to update a health care provider's office from paper to electronic health records (EHR) by using the eight-step process for planned change. Place the following actions in the order in which they should be initiated: a. The nurse devises a plan to switch to EHR. b. The nurse records the time spent on written records versus EHR. c. The nurse attains approval from management for new computers. d. The nurse analyzes all options for converting to EHR. e. The nurse installs new computers and provides an in-service for the staff. f. The nurse explores possible barriers to changing to EHR. g. The nurse follows up with the staff to check compliance with the new system. h. The nurse evaluates the effects of changing to EHR.

b. The nurse records the time spent on written records versus EHR. f. The nurse explores possible barriers to changing to EHR. d. The nurse analyzes all options for converting to EHR. c. The nurse attains approval from management for new computers. a. The nurse devises a plan to switch to EHR. e. The nurse installs new computers and provides an in-service for the staff h. The nurse evaluates the effects of changing to EHR. g. The nurse follows up with the staff to check compliance with the new system.

The nurse manager notices a trend in nurses routinely arriving to work late. How can the nurse use the transactional leadership style to get nurses to arrive to work on time? a. Generate a report of nurses who routinely arrive to work late and set an example by firing the nurse who has been tardy the most. b. Allow the nursing staff to develop a plan to decrease tardiness within the unit. c. Emphasize the importance of arriving to work on time during a monthly unit meeting. d. Monitor time clock reports on a monthly basis and enter all nurses who have not been tardy into a raffle for a paid day vacation.

d. Monitor time clock reports on a monthly basis and enter all nurses who have not been tardy into a raffle for a paid day vacation.

A nurse manager of a busy cardiac unit observes disagreements between the RNs and the LPNs related to schedules and nursing responsibilities. At a staff meeting, the manager compliments all the nurses on a job well done and points out that expected goals and outcomes for the month have been met. The nurse concludes the meeting without addressing the disagreements between the two groups of nurses. Which conflict resolution strategy is being employed by this manager? a. Collaborating b. Competing c. Compromising d. Smoothing

d. Smoothing

Two new nurses are requesting the same preceptor for unit orientation. Both new nurses have been very vocal about being unhappy if they do not receive their choice of preceptor. Which illustrates the nurses using a compromise approach to conflict resolution? a. The nurses agree to allow the preceptor to decide which nurse to precept. b. The nurses ignore each other's request for the preceptor. c. The nurses agree that one nurse will obtain the preceptor for orientation in exchange for that nurse working each weekend. d. The nurses agree to have the preceptor precept one nurse at the beginning of the orientation and the other at the end.

d. The nurses agree to have the preceptor precept one nurse at the beginning of the orientation and the other at the end.

A nurse manager is educating the staff on new forms of charting. Within the education session, the manager sets a goal for complete use of the charting. Through goal setting, the manager is acting as: a. a guide. b. a clinical specialist. c. an educator. d. a leader.

d. a leader.

A nurse who transfers responsibility for the performance of an activity to another nurse, while retaining accountability for the outcome, is using the process of __________________ nursing care.

delegating

A staff nurse works on a medical unit where staff retention is very high. There is a sense of equality between the leader and the staff nurses. The unit decisions and activities are shared between the leader and the group. The designated nurse leader practices which leadership style? a. Transformational b. Autocratic c. Laissez-faire e. Democratic

e. Democratic