Ch. 11-12 Wrap Up Quiz- Cognitive Processes w/Warner- PSU

T/F: Baars' global workspace model of consciousness includes a vast array of conscious processes working serially.

False

T/F: Classical models of decision-making focus on the way people make irrational, emotional decisions.

False

T/F: Dehaene and Changeux developed a global neuronal workspace model based on sets of neurons with long-distance connections across the cortex.

False

T/F: Most psychologists can agree on the fairly well-defined concept of consciousness.

False

T/F: Chalmers has argued that introspection still has a role to play in consciousness research as a method for understanding the easy problem in consciousness research.

True

T/F: Sigmund Freud was one of the first to argue that there is a separation between conscious and unconscious processes.

True

T/F: The evolution of consciousness might have arisen because of the pressure to understand, predict, and eventually control the behavior of others in social groups.

True

T/F: The means-end analysis technique in problem solving directs one to choose steps that minimize differences between the goal states and the current state.

True

_________ refers to behavior guided by unconscious, automatic processes.

Zombie mode

The hard problem of consciousness is how subjective feelings of consciousness experience arise from which of the following? a. Physical processes in the brain b. Behavior as measured in psychology experiments c. Our attitudes about the world d. The mind-body problem

a. Physical processes in the brain

Which of the following is NOT a reason consciousness may have evolved? a. To support the planning and execution of complex sequences of behavior b. For direct interpersonal communication c. To serve as an evolutionary spandrel d. To understand, predict, and control the behavior of others

a. To support the planning and execution of complex sequences of behavior

An inability to think of or consider anything but the customary uses for objects and tools is referred to as: a. functional fixedness b. rigidly-defined thinking c. incomplete representation d. ill-defined thinking

a. functional fixedness

The legal moves that can be performed when solving a problem are known as ________. a. operators b. heuristics c. mental sets d. algorithms

a. operators

The _________ heuristic is a judgement rule in which people estimate the probability of an event by (1) how similar the event is to the population of events it came from, and (2) whether the event seems to be similar to the process that produced it. a. representativeness b. simulation c. hill-climbing d. illicit conversion

a. representativeness

What is an algorithm in problem-solving? a. A fixed, exhaustive, and sometimes brute-force method that will produce a solution if properly applied. b. A set of iterative rules that consistently whittles down a problem. c. A rule of thumb that can sometimes lead to a quick solution, but can also fail. d. A mathematical procedure that solves most problems when successfully applied.

b. A set of iterative rules that consistently whittles down a problem.

Inductive reasoning involves which of the following? a. Deriving logical conclusions from general premises b. Generalizing from specific examples to general principles c. Generating expected utilities from expected values d. Using general principles to generate specific examples

b. Generalizing from specific examples to general principles

__________ is often described as a deep, useful understanding of the nature of a problem, or an "aha" experience. a. Inducing structure b. Insight c. Transformation d. Mental set

b. Insight

The tendency to look for evidence that supports a hypothesis, but not for evidence that would falsify it is called __________. a. biconditional reasoning b. confirmation bias c. modus tollens d. illicit conversion

b. confirmation bias

We become accustomed to a single approach or way of thinking about a problem, making it difficult to recognize or generate alternative approaches that might be better or equally good. This is a description of an obstacle to problem solving known as ____________. a. a normative model of utility b. mental or negative set c. cognitive dissonance d. insight

b. mental or negative set

Dehaene and colleagues found that consciously perceived primes produce brain activation that is ___________ than masked primes. a. more limited to local cortical regions b. more globally distributed across the brain c. able to resist interference d. weaker

b. more globally distributed across the brain

_________ is the belief that mind and body are different, and that mental processes cannot be reduced to biology alone. a. Mentalism b. Emergentism c. Dualism d. Materialism

c. Dualism

An illicit conversion is exemplified by which of the following statements? a. If all B are A, then some A must not be B. b. If some A are B, then some B must A. c. If all A are B, then all B must be A. d. If some B are not A, then all A must be B.

c. If all A are B, then all B must be A.

An often complex rule or procedure that always produces the correct answer if followed correctly is called a(n) ___________. a. generate-test method b. hill-climbing heuristic c. algorithm d. means-end analysis heuristic

c. algorithm

The early psychologist Wundt believed that the central focus of psychological study was _______ and that it could be studied via ________. a. consciousness; mental chronometry b. psychoanalysis; free association c. consciousness; introspection d. mind-body dualism; introspection e. epiphenomena; mental chronometry

c. consciousness; introspection

A shortcut strategy that may or may not ensure a solution, but does allow more streamlined problem solving is called a(n) __________. a. prototype b. logistic c. heuristic d. algorithm

c. heuristic

A word-for-word transcription of what the subject said aloud during the problem-solving attempt is called a ________. a. problem space script b. word-space trace c. verbal protocol d. problem-solving trace

c. verbal protocol

A(n) ____________ problem explicitly specifies the starting state, goal state, and operators. a. analogic b. ill-defined c. well-defined d. heuristic

c. well-defined

_________ is a judgement in which we judge the probability of an event on the basis of how easily instances of the event can be remembered. a. Representativeness heuristic b. Hindsight heuristic c. Climbing algorithm d. Availability heuristic

d. Availability heuristic

"Zombie mode" has become a technical term for which of the following? a. Deliberate behavior that is sequential and planned b. Behavior without normal sensations c. Behavior without human emotions d. Normal behavior but unconscious

d. Normal behavior but unconscious

The tendency to choose an option because it is readily recalled from memory is known as ______ behavior. a. frequency b. representativeness c. maximum likelihood d. availability

d. availability

Leibniz and Freud similarly claimed that unconscious processes could influence our ________. a. souls b. life spans c. dreams d. behavior

d. behavior

The __________ proposes a vast array of unconscious specialized processors and a global, serial mechanism that enables access between brain functions that are otherwise separate. a. global neural competition theory b. subliminal priming paradigm c. biased competition model d. global workspace model

d. global workspace model

The easy problem of consciousness, according to Chalmers, is ___________. a. how to create secondary consciousness in artificial intelligence b. how to create primary consciousness in artificial intelligence c. how to use introspection in a scientific manner d. how the brain processes, interprets, and acts upon information

d. how the brain processes, interprets, and acts upon information

A(n) _________ is a characteristic of a complex collective or system that cannot be found in any of the individual parts of the system.

emergent property

When we find an acceptable or satisfactory solution to a problem, even though it might not be optimal, we are ________.

satisficing