CH. 11 - Nutrition & Chronic Diseases

What are some risk factors for heart disease that CAN be modified?

High blood LDL cholesterol, low blood HDL cholesterol, high blood triglyceride (VLDL) levels, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, high intake of sodium, atherogenic diet (high in saturated and trans fat, low in fruits veggies and whole grains)

What factors would fall under a risk for metabolic syndrome? (need 3 or more)

High fasting blood glucose. Central obesity. Hypertension. Low blood HDL. High blood triglycerides.

What is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

Hypertension

Which type of disease is transferrable to others?

Infectious

Can chronic diseases be cured?

No, but they can be managed through your lifestyle choices.

What significance does the vegetable group have within the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan? a. an important source of potassium, magnesium, and fiber b. minimally processed foods c. a source of protein and fiber d. an important source of calcium and fiber e. a source of energy and fiber

a. an important source of potassium, magnesium, and fiber

What are some examples of nonmodifiable risk factors?

age and family history

When CAM treatments are used instead of conventional medicine, they are called ______.

alternative

precision medicine

an emerging approach for disease prevention and treatment that takes into account individual variability in the genes, environment, and lifestyle for each person. Precision nutrition or personalized nutrition take the same approach, tailoring an eating plan to an individual's genetic profile.

initiation

an event, probably occurring in a cell's genetic material, caused by radiation or by a chemical carcinogen, that gives rise to cancer.

type 2 diabetes

an inadequate response of the body's cells to the hormone insulin.

peripheral artery disease

any disease or disorder that affects the peripheral arteries, those that carry blood to the body's organs other than the heart. See also coronary artery disease.

Having hypertension is a risk factor for what other chronic diseases?

atherosclerosis

Which of the following is or are associated with an increase in cancer risk? a) alcohol intake b) a high intake of red meat c) a high intake of processed meats d) all of the above.

d) all of the above.

Which of the following is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? a) high blood HDL cholesterol b) low blood pressure c) low blood LDL cholesterol d) diabetes

d) diabetes

What does the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet recommend regarding fat consumption? a. 17 percent of calories as fat from all food sources b. there is no maximum on the amount of "good" fat c. no more than 40 grams per day d. 27 percent of calories as fat, including fat in or added to foods e. limit the consumption of unsaturated fat

d. 27 percent of calories as fat, including fat in or added to foods

What are risk factors? a. factors known to cause cancer b. lab values that are always higher than normal values in disease states c. nutrition or behavioral factors that cause disease d. factors known to be correlated with diseases, but not proven to be causal e. factors that occur together with infectious diseases

d. factors known to be correlated with diseases, but not proven to be causal

fatty streaks

deposits of fat on the inner surfaces of arteries, an early stage in the formation of plaques.

Having obesity is a risk factor for what other chronic diseases?

diabetes, cancers, hypertension, and atherosclerosis

infectious diseases

diseases that are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microbes and that can be transmitted from one person to another through air, water, or food; by contact; or through vector organisms such as mosquitoes and fleas.

All of these are risk factors for cardiovascular disease EXCEPT ________. a. high LDL b. obesity c. hypertension d. diabetes e. high HDL

e. high HDL

Which risk factor is associated with atherosclerosis, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and obesity? a. atherogenic diet b. smoking/tobacco use c. excessive alcohol intake d. diet high in added sugars e. physical inactivity

e. physical inactivity

What are some examples of modifiable risk factors?

excessive alcohol intake, lack of physical activity, smoking/tobacco use, and diet.

What is the cause of infectious diseases?

exposure to a specific pathogen

promoters

factors such as certain hormones that speed up cancer development.

What is the suggested amount of fruit and veggies per plate?

fill half your plate with fruits and vegetables

foam cells

foamy-looking cells formed during plaque formation: they develop from white blood cells that, while clearing fat from plaques, become engorged with it.

According to MyPlate, approximately half of an individual's plate at a meal should consist of ______.

fruits and vegetables

What is a healthy HDL cholesterol level?

greater than or equal to 60 mg/dL

Foods including pizza, ice cream, burgers, and sausage are all ______ in saturated fat and should therefore be limited in the diet.

high

What factors can cause damage to the cells lining the arteries, that then leads to atherosclerosis?

high blood LDL cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, toxins from cigarette smoking, obesity, and certain viral/bacterial infections.

hypertension

high blood pressure

Alcohol is associated with an increase in what when consumed too much?

hypertension

Having atherosclerosis is a risk factor for what other chronic diseases?

hypertension

What is the most prevalent form of CVD?

hypertension

What is the primary cause of a stroke?

hypertension

What two CVDs typically go hand in hand?

hypertension and atherosclerosis

Having diabetes is a risk factor for what other chronic diseases?

hypertension, atherosclerosis

What does SNP stand for?

single nucleotide polymorphism

Which test for diabetes is more accurate?

A1C test

Which races have an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes?

African Americans, Latinx populations, certain Asian Americans, Native Americans, and Pacific Islanders

______ is the leading cause of death in the United States.

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

TRUE or FALSE Chronic diseases have distinct causes, known as risk factors.

FALSE Chronic diseases have risk factors that show correlations with disease development but are not distinct causes.

TRUE or FALSE Currently, for the best chance of consuming adequate nutrients and staying healthy, people should obtain evaluations of their genetic profiles.

FALSE Currently, for the best chance of consuming adequate nutrients and staying healthy, people should eat a well-planned diet of whole foods, as described in Chapter 2.

TRUE or FALSE For managing type 2 diabetes, regular physical activity can help by redistributing the body's fluids.

FALSE For managing type 2 diabetes, regular physical activity can help by reducing excess body fat and increasing tissue sensitivity to insulin.

TRUE or FALSE Men suffer more often from heart attacks than women do, making CVD a man's disease.

FALSE Men do have more heart attacks than women, but CVD kills more women than any other cause of death.

TRUE or FALSE The DASH diet is designed for athletes who compete in sprinting events.

FALSE The DASH diet is designed for helping people with hypertension to control the disease.

What does NCCIH stand for?

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health

What are some risk factors associated with cancer development?

Obesity, lack of physical activity, alcohol and tobacco use, and diets high in red and processed meats

TRUE or FALSE An "atherogenic diet" is high in saturated fat and trans fat.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE Complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) warrant a cautious approach; these treatments often lack evidence for safety or effectiveness.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE Diabetes is a major risk factor for CVD.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE The most important step that a person can take to protect against hypertension is to be tested for it.

TRUE

A1C test

a blood test for type 2 diabetes that measures the percentage of hemoglobin (a blood protein) with glucose attached to it. The test reflects blood glucose control over the previous few months. Also called glycosylated hemoglobin test or HbA1C test (Hb stands for hemoglobin).

carcinogen

a cancer-causing substance; asbestos and tobacco smoke are examples of carcinogens.

Which demographic will likely experience the most significant epigenetic changes? a. embryos b. adults c. elderly d. adults who eat broccoli e. adolescents

a. embryos

What is the major underlying cause of CVD?

atherosclerosis

The majority of evidence supports a role for fiber-rich diets as protective against what type of cancer? a. stomach b. colon c. esophagus d. breast e. bone

b. colon

Which of the leading causes of death listed below are diet-related? a. kidney diseases b. heart disease c. accidents d. pneumonia and influenza e. chronic lung disease

b. heart disease

Which lifestyle modification is likely to provide the largest reduction in blood pressure for someone with hypertension? a. physical exercise b. weight reduction of 5 to 10 percent of current weight c. sodium restriction d. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan e. moderate alcohol consumption

b. weight reduction of 5 to 10 percent of current weight

How does atherosclerosis begin?

begins with damage to the cells lining the arteries

What risk factor increases with an increased consumption of salt?

blood pressure rises with an increased consumption of salt

The recommended diet to improve type 2 diabetes is... a) low in carbohydrates. b) as low in fat as possible. c) controlled in carbohydrates. d) a and b.

c) controlled in carbohydrates.

Which of the following minerals may help regulate blood pressure? a) phosphorus b) iron c) potassium d) zinc

c) potassium

On a 2,000-calorie diet, how many servings of high fiber, whole grain per day does the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet recommend? a. less than 6 b. 4 to 7 c. 6 to 8 d. 2 to 3 e. 4 to 5

c. 6 to 8

How does diet impact the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD)? a. Dietary cholesterol significantly alters HDL cholesterol. b. Dietary habits can improve cardiac output. c. Diet-related factors can reduce LDL cholesterol. d. Fish oil supplements prevent heart disease. e. Diets high in carbohydrates and sugar are associated with low triglycerides.

c. Diet-related factors can reduce LDL cholesterol.

Your friend wants to have her DNA tested because she thinks it will help her identify what foods she should eat. What is your advice to her? a. Links between specific genetic variations and chronic disease are already well defined and useful recommendations are available to consumers. b. Her DNA results will be misused if she submits to the test. c. Potential interactions between environmental factors and genome variations must be pinned down before effective application of DNA assessments is possible. d. Test quality and validity and the proper use of results are guaranteed by the FDA. e. She should be sure to purchase any special foods or supplements the testing company suggests.

c. Potential interactions between environmental factors and genome variations must be pinned down before effective application of DNA assessments is possible.

Type 2 diabetes is ________. a. an autoimmune disorder b. also known as juvenile-onset diabetes c. characterized by insulin resistance d. characterized by little to no insulin secretion by the body e. caused by a viral infection

c. characterized by insulin resistance

What is the major risk factor for the majority of cancers? a. microbial infections b. diet c. lifestyle d. hormones e. genetic inheritance

c. lifestyle

What chronic disease does NOT put you at risk for other chronic diseases?

cancer

What is the second leading cause of death in the United States?

cancer

What does CVD stand for?

cardiovascular disease

What is the leading cause of death in the United States?

cardiovascular disease

cardiovascular diseases (CVD)

collective terms for any disease of the heart and blood

Fried food, cooking meats at high temperatures, and red/processed meat have been linked to increased risk of ______ cancer.

colon

When CAM treatments are used together with conventional medicine, they are called ______.

complementary

What does CAM stand for?

complementary and alternative medicine

anticarcinogens

compounds in foods that act in any of several ways to oppose the formation of cancer.

The DASH diet is characterized by ample intakes of ______. a) fruit and vegetables b) whole grains c) artificial fats d) a and b

d) a and b

chronic diseases

diseases that are genetic and are impacted by your genes and health behavior, can NOT be cured but CAN be managed

What is NOT a recommended prevention strategy to reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes? a. Consume alcohol in moderation or abstain completely. b. Control your carbohydrate intake. c. Be physically active at least 30 minutes on most days of the week. d. If overweight, lose 5 percent of your body weight. e. Increase your saturated fat intake.

e. Increase your saturated fat intake.

What are some risk factors for heart disease that cannot be modified?

increasing age, male gender, family history (heredity)

Which type of disease is curable?

infectious

Why is sulforaphane important?

it is found in broccoli and can silence the reproduction of cancerous cells when ingested :)

What does it mean if a treatment is innocuous?

it provides little or no benefit for little or no risk.

What is an example of a toxic drug that has been used with the thought it cures cancer, when in reality it poses no benefit and great health risks? (a CAM treatment)

laetrile

What is a healthy LDL cholesterol level?

less than 100 mg/dL

What is an unhealthy HDL cholesterol level?

less than 40 mg/dL

anosmia

losing sense of smell

MyPlate suggests that dietary protein and dairy foods should generally be ______ in fat.

low

methyl groups

molecular fragments consisting of one carbon and three hydrogen atoms that, among their many roles, can alter gene expression when attached by enzymes to strands of DNA.

plaque

mounds of lipid material mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium that develop in the artery walls in atherosclerosis (placken means "patch"). (The same word is also used to describe the accumulation of a different kind of deposit on teeth, which promotes dental caries.)

bioactive food components

nutrients and phytochemicals in foods that alter physiological processes, often by interacting, directly or indirectly, with the genes.

nucleotide

one of the subunits of DNA and RNA are composed.

cerebral

pertaining to the brain

coronary

pertaining to the heart

What are the modifiable risk factors of heart disease that are related to diet specifically?

physical inactivity, smoking, atherogenic diet

Smoking damages what?

platalets

How much does changing your soluble, viscous fiber intake to 5-10 grams/day decrease your LDL?

possible 3-5% reduction

How much does losing 10 lbs decrease your LDL?

possible 5-8% reduction

How much does decreasing your saturated fat intake to less than 7% of your calories decrease your LDL?

possible 8-10% reduction

genome

proteins that lend structural support to the chromosome structure and that help activate or silence gene expression.

histones

proteins that lend structural support to the chromosome structure and that help activate or silence gene expression.

Why is personal genetic testing not necessarily a good thing?

results are hard to interpret, it can be an expensive process, and ultimately knowing about your DNA doesn't improve anything if the individual isn't willing to change their lifestyle after learning the results.

Which step is this (1-6) in atherosclerosis plaque development: As part of the body's effort to heal the initial blood vessel damage, LDL accumulates in the vessel wall. The cholesterol in the LDL becomes oxidized.

step 2

Which step is this (1-6) in atherosclerosis plaque development: Oxidized LDL in the vessel wall attracts white blood cells called monocytes, which enter the cell wall and increase the inflammatory response.

step 3

Which step is this (1-6) in atherosclerosis plaque development: Once the monocytes enter the vessel wall, they enlarge and become macrophages. The macrophages engulf oxidized LDL until they become fat-packed cells called foam cells. When foam cells collect in the vessel wall, they begin to form a fatty streak.

step 4

heart attack

sudden, unexpected cessation of the heartbeat, respiration, and consciousness, usually caused by a clot lodging in a coronary artery (thrombosis). If not quickly reversed, this is followed by death. Also called cardiac arrest or myocardial infarction (myo means muscle; infarction means blockage of blood supply).

aneurysm

the ballooning out of an artery wall at a point that is weakened by deterioration.

caloric effect

the drop in cancer incidence seen whenever calorie intakes are restricted. (limiting food intake only delays cancer in individuals who don't have cancer yet, once cancer is present starving will not delay it)

thrombosis

the event in which a thrombus grows large enough to close off a blood vessel and gradually cuts off the blood supply to a part of the body. See also embolism.

embolism

the event in which an embolus lodges in an artery and suddenly cuts off the blood supply to a part of the body. See also thrombosis.

carcinogenesis

the process of cancer development (carcin means "cancer"; gen means "gives rise to").

genetic profile

the result of an analysis of genetic material that identifies unique characteristics of a person's DNA for forensic or diagnostic purposes.

epigenetics

the science of heritable changes in gene function that occur without changes in the DNA sequence.

nutritional genomics

the science of how food and its components interact with the genome.

stroke

the shutting off of the blood flow to a part of the brain by a thrombus, an embolus, or the bursting of a blood vessel; these events are termed cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, and cerebral hemorrhage, respectively. (The cerebrum is part of the brain.)

genomics

the study of all the genes in an organism and their interactions with environmental factors.

Which type of diabetes is more common?

type 2 diabetes

What was a popular CAM cold treatment that resulted in anosmia for many consumers?

zinc gel squirted in the nose

What are some preventative steps you can take while cooking to minimize carcinogen formations?

- Marinate meats before cooking, and roast or bake them in the oven. - When grilling, line the grill with foil, or wrap the food in foil. - Take care not to burn foods.

For every 1% drop in LDL cholesterol, how much does the risk of heart disease drop?

1% as well

What are the two types of diseases?

1. Infectious 2. Chronic

What are some symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

1. Intense hunger, although there is plenty of glucose in the blood, the cells are starved for energy. 2. Frequent urination, because the kidneys are filtering excess sugar out of the blood and having to draw water from the body to excrete it 3. Intense thirst, because the frequent urination brings about dehydration.

What are some different ways you can protect yourself from disease?

1. Natural immunity 2. Preventive measures provided by public health services: vaccines and sanitation

What are the 5 major symptoms of a heart attack?

1. Pain or discomfort in the jaw, neck, or back. 2. Feeling weak, light-headed, or faint. 3. Chest pain or discomfort. 4. Pain or discomfort in arms or shoulders. 5. Shortness of breath.

When deciding to use a CAM product, what can you look for on the label to verify that it has been tested (although not necessarily safe or effective)?

1. U.S. Pharmacopeia 2. Consumer Lab

What are 3 things that someone with diabetes has to constantly keep balanced?

1. diet 2. exercise 3. medication

What are the two ways that you can test to see if you have diabetes?

1. fasting plasma glucose test 2. A1C test

What are the 4 most prominent chronic diseases that are related to diet?

1. heart disease 2. cancers 3. strokes 4. diabetes

How many people in the U.S. have prediabetes?

1/3 of U.S. adults

What is a borderline LDL cholesterol level?

130-159 mg/dL

What is an unhealthy LDL cholesterol level?

160-189 mg/dL

What is the (AHA) American Heart Association's goal for 2020?

"improving the cardiovascular health of all Americans by 20 percent, while reducing mortality from heart disease and stroke by 20 percent."

SNP

(snip) a type of genetic variation involving a single changed nucleotide. The letters SNP stand for single nucleotide polymorphism.

TRUE or FALSE The primary cause of type 2 diabetes is an inadequate production of the hormone insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels in the body.

FALSE The primary cause of type 1 diabetes is an inadequate production of the hormone insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels in the body. Type 2 diabetes is caused by an inadequate response to insulin, known as insulin resistance.

TRUE or FALSE The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health promotes laetrile therapy.

FALSE They do not promote laetrile therapy.

TRUE or FALSE Atherosclerosis is simply the accumulation of lipids within the artery wall.

FALSE Atherosclerosis is an accumulation of lipids within the artery wall, but it also involves a complex response of the artery to tissue damage and inflammation.

TRUE or FALSE Bacteria and viruses contribute to the development of chronic diseases; risk factors, such as diet, physical activity, and smoking habits, contribute to infectious diseases.

FALSE - the correct is opposite Risk factors, such as diet, physical activity, and smoking habits, contribute to the development of chronic diseases; bacteria and viruses contribute to infectious diseases.

TRUE or FALSE For safety, people seeking medical help should inform their physicians about their use of herbs or other alternative medicines.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE For the great majority of cancers, lifestyle factors and environmental exposures are the major risk factors.

TRUE

fasting plasma glucose test

a blood test that measures the current blood glucose concentration in a person who has not ingested caloric beverages for at least 8 hours; the test can detect both diabetes and prediabetes. Plasma is the fluid part of whole blood.

coronary heart disease (CHD)

a chronic, progressive disease characterized by obstructive blood flow in the coronary arteries; also called coronary artery disease. The coronary arteries are those that feed the heart muscle itself. See also peripheral artery disease.

embolus

a clot that travels through the circulatory system (embol means "to insert").

metabolic syndrome

a combination of three or more risk factors than increase CVD risk

insulin resistance

a condition in which a normal or high concentration of circulating insulin produces a subnormal glucose-uptake response in muscle, liver, and adipose tissues; thought to be a metabolic consequence of obesity.

prediabetes

a condition in which the blood glucose concentration is above normal, but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes; a major risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

autoimmune disorder

a disease in which the body develops antibodies against its own proteins and then proceeds to destroy cells containing these proteins. Examples are type 1 diabetes and lupus.

disease

a disorder that impairs or disrupts normal body or organ functioning, and often produces characteristic signs or symptoms.

cancer

a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.

complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)

a group of diverse medical and health-care systems, practices, and products that are not considered to be a part of conventional medicine. Examples include acupuncture, biofeedback, chiropractic, faith healing, and many others.

mutation

a permanent, heritable change in an organism's DNA.

thrombus

a stationary blood clot in the circulatory system.

If a plaque or a blood clot blocks blood flow to a section of the brain, brain cells can die, resulting in ______.

a stroke

acupuncture

a technique that involves piercing the skin with long, thin needles at specific anatomical points to relieve pain or illness. Acupuncture sometimes uses heat, pressure, friction, suction, or electromagnetic energy to stimulate the points. (CAM treatment ex.)

Smoking powerfully raises the risk for CVD in men and women in all of the following ways except... a) reducing the heart's workload. b) making blood clots more likely. c) directly damaging the heart with toxins. d) raising the blood pressure.

a) reducing the heart's workload.

Choose the food items that would most likely comprise an atherogenic diet, or a diet that increases the likelihood of atherosclerosis and heart disease. (Check all that apply.) a) hamburger b) berry smoothie c) bacon d) chicken breast e) doughnuts

a), c), e)

How can you minimize your risks of heart attack and stroke? a. Consume fewer grams of saturated and trans fats. b. Quit smoking and consume less fish. c. Consume more fruits and vegetables and fewer servings of nuts. d. Consume more calories and get more exercise. e. Quit smoking and eat more trans fat.

a. Consume fewer grams of saturated and trans fats.

All of the following are risk factors of a diet high in saturated fat EXCEPT: a) heart attack b) plaque buildup c) hypoglycemia d) hypertension

c) hypoglycemia (low blood pressure)

Which step is this (1-6) in atherosclerosis plaque development: An injury to the interior blood vessel wall triggers an inflammatory response.

step 1

Which step is this (1-6) in atherosclerosis plaque development: As the fatty streak grows, smooth muscle cells migrate from deeper inside the vessel wall to the interior surface of the vessel wall. These smooth muscle cells enlarge and contribute to the expanding plaque.

step 5

Which step is this (1-6) in atherosclerosis plaque development: The bulging, mature plaque made of inflamed tissue and fatty deposits can grow so large that it obstructs the flow of blood. Sometimes the plaque is hardened by calcium deposits, which further limits the flexibility and blood flow of the blood vessel.

step 6

How does the amount of fruit and vegetables a person consumes relate to someone's mortality?

the higher amount of fruits and vegetables someone consumes, the lower their mortality rate will be (and vice versa)

Why is it bad that type 2 diabetes damages blood vessels, nerves, and tissue?

the lack of glucose and blood being transported through the body causes damage to the tissues, causing vision problems, infections, and kidney damage (also bad circulation)

metastasis

the migration of cancer cells from the original site to invade other sites in the body. (The cancer is said to be metastasizing.)

atherosclerosis

the most common form of cardiovascular disease; characterized by plaque along the inner walls of the arteries (scleros means "hard"; osis means "too much"). The term arteriosclerosis is often used to mean the same thing.

epigenome

the proteins and other molecules associated with chromosomes that affect gene expression. The epigenome is modulated by bioactive food components and other factors in ways that can be inherited. Epi is a Greek prefix, meaning "above" or "on."

type 1 diabetes

the type of diabetes in which the pancreas produces no or very little insulin; often diagnosed in childhood, although some cases arise in adulthood. Formerly called juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent diabetes.

herbal medicine

the use of herbs and herbal preparations to prevent or cure diseases or to relieve symptoms. (CAM treatment ex.)

What is the result of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?

this resistance causes glucose and insulin to build up in the bloodstream

platelets

tiny cell-like fragments in the blood, important in blood clot formation (platelet means "little plate").

What is NCCIH established for?

to distinguish alternative therapies that are potentially useful from those that are useless or harmful.

risk factors

traits, conditions, or lifestyle habits that increase people's chances of developing diseases; factors known to be correlated with diseases but not proven to be causal.

hemorrhage

uncontrolled bleeding.

What are some heart attack signs that are unusually specific to women?

unusual fatigue, dizziness, or weakness.

cruciferous vegetables

vegetables with cross-shaped blossoms, members of the cabbage family. Intakes of these vegetables are associated with low cancer rates in human populations. Examples are broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, rutabagas, and turnips.