Ch. 11: The Fat-Soluble Vitamins: A, D, K and E

Substance that causes abnormal fetal development and birth defects

teratogen

Over consumption of beta-carotene in food products is associated with :

the skin turning yellow

Retinoic Acid

Acid form of Vitamin A that supports growth

How is vitamin E thought to play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease?

It slows oxidation of low density lipoproteins

When the cornea softens it is called

Keratomalacia

Vitamin E Deficiency

May lead to erythrocyte hemolysis (seen in premies) which can then lead to hemolytic anemia -Prolonged deficiency may cause neuromuscular dysfunction leading to loss of muscle coordination and reflexes and nerve damage

Vitamin A Reproduction and Growth in Men, Women and Children

Men: sperm production Women: fetal development Children: bone remodeling

The first detectable sign for deficiency of vitamin A

Night Blindness

Vitamin D deficiency in adults, poor mineralization of bone, bone becomes increasingly soft, flexible, brittle and deformed

Osteomalacia

Vitamin D deficiency most common in elderly causing loss of calcium from bones and resulting in fracture

Osteoporosis

Xeropthalmia

Progressive blindness caused by vitamin a deficiency due to inadequate mucus production that damages the cornea.

Food source for vitamin K

green leafy vegetables

Vitamin K deficiency

- Can lead to hemorrhagic disease which causes excessive bleeding -Reduces bone density

Vitamin A Roles

- Promote vison (retinal) -Participates in protein synthesis and cell differntiation (retinoic acid) -Supports reproduction and regulates growth (retinol) -Stored in liver

Vitamin A deficiencies

- leads to increase risk of infectious diseases (mucous membrane) - Night blindness - Blindness (Xerotpthalamia) - Keratinization

Main function of vitamin E is :

to act as an antioxidant

Typical food source of Vitamin E

vegetable oils

What do fat soluble vitamins require for digestion?

Bile

Vitamin E Sources

Found in plant oils, nuts and seeds

Vitamin K Functions

Functions in the synthesis of blood clotting proteins (prothrombin) and bone proteins (osteocalcin) that regulate blood calcium

Type of anemia prevented by vitamin E

Hemolytic anemia

Vitamin E Functions

To prevent the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and LDL - Functions as an antioxidant to donate electrons to free radicals

Retinal

Aldehyde from of vitamin A that supports vision

Use of this increases risk for vitamin K deficiency

Antibiotics

Antioxidant found in deep orange fruits and deep orange vegetables and vitamin A precursor

Beta-carotene

Vitamin K Sources

Can be made by bacteria in the GI tract but leafy green vegetables are a good source

Vitamin D Toxicity

Can lead to hypercalcemia or really high blood calcium and may contribute to formation of kidneys stones

Precursor for vitamin D synthesis

Cholesterol

Vitamin A Sources

Cornflakes, broccoli, carrots, tomato juice, liver, mango, sweet potato

Vitamin A toxicity symptoms

Damage to the liver and bone defects (osteoporosis) High doses of this vitamin during pregnancy may lead to birth defects

Factors that contribute to Vitamin D deficiency:

Dark skin breastfeeding without supplementation Lack of sunlight Not using fortified milk

Vitamin D Sources

Fortified milk sunlight egg yolks salmon

Where are fat soluble vitamins stored?

Liver and adipose tissue

3 forms of Vitamin A

Retinol, Retinal and Retinoic Acid (Retinoids)

The specific protein responsible for transporting vitamin A from the liver into the blood

Retinol-binding protein (RBP)

Vitamin D deficiency in children causing childs legs to bend

Rickets

How does Vitamin D differ from other nutrients?

The body can synthesize them with the help of sunlight and from a precursor that the body makes from cholesterol.

What happens during Keratinization?

The epithelial cells change shape and begin to secrete the protein keratin causing the skin to become dry, rough and scaly .

Vitamin D Functions

To maintain blood calcium and phosphorus levels and assists in their absorption stimulates retention by kidneys

Can be made naturally from sunlight and a precursor derived from cholesterol

Vitamin D

Most common deficiencies in the US

Vitamin D

Rickets Osteomalacia and calcium deficiency

Vitamin D Deficiencies

Substance that promotes synthesis of prothrombin

Vitamin K

This vitamin is injected into infants at birth

Vitamin K

Which fat soluble vitamin is synthesized by intestinal bacteria?

Vitamin K

When the cornea becomes dry it is called..

Xerosis

Retinol

alcohol form of vitamin a that supports reproduction

Vitamin K toxicity

can decrease the effectiveness of anticoagulants

Keratinization may result from

deficiency of vitamin A

Vitamin E deficiency disorder

erthrocyte hemolysis

Rhodopsin

is a protein combined with retinal; under goes bleaching process: converting cis to trans-Retinal. Allowing the nerve impulse to be sent to the brain about what you're seeing.

Vitamin E Toxicity

rare; but it could act as a blood thiner, hemorrhagic effects