Ch. 12
b: estrogen
Studies have suggested that women who had high prenatal exposure to _______ were more likely to be classified as bisexual or lesbian. a. androgen b. estrogen c. testosterone d. thalidomide
b: hypothalamus
While there have only been a few studies of the brain structures of same and different sex-orientation, the most promising - and controversial - by LeVay have found differences in the ___________ that may be correlated with sexual orientation. a. cerebral cortex b. hypothalamus c. pineal gland d. cingulate
d: not formulated a theory.
With regard to an evolutionary explanation for female same-sex sexuality, evolutionary psychologists have a. suggested a link to the X chromosome. b. suggested a link to the Y chromosome. c. formulated an epigenetic model. d. not formulated a theory.
c: 6
A 2002 study reported in the textbook suggests that approximately what percentage of men aged 15 to 44 reported having had any same-sex sexual contact ever in their lives? a. 1 b. 2 c. 6 d. 11
a: X chromosome
Gay men are less likely to be firstborns than heterosexual mean and to have more older brothers. These findings suggest that same-sex sexuality, in males, is genetic and transmitted at least partially through the a. X chromosome. b. Y chromosome. c. Z chromosome. d. genome.
c: oxytocin
In humans the hormone ____________ facilitates both sexual behavior and pair bonding, particularly in women. a. estrogen b. testosterone c. oxytocin d. eroticyn
c: there is evidence of a moderate genetic component to same-sex orientation, and the impact of genes seems to be stronger for men than women.
In summarizing the evidence of heritability for homosexual behavior, the textbook suggests that a. there is evidence of a strong genetic component to same-sex orientation, and the impact of genes seems to be stronger for men than women. b. there is evidence of a strong genetic component to same-sex orientation, and the impact of genes seems to be stronger for women than men. c. there is evidence of a moderate genetic component to same-sex orientation, and the impact of genes seems to be stronger for men than women. d. there is evidence of a moderate genetic component to same-sex orientation, and the impact of genes seems to be stronger for women than men.
d: heteronormativity
Most, if not all, cultures view heterosexuality as the natural, correct, and normal way to be. The textbook's term for this is __________________. a. homophobia b. same sex bias c. heterophilia d. heteronormativity.
b: proceptivity
The textbook defines __________ as the motivation to initiate sexual activity. a. desire b. proceptivity c. eroticism d. turned on
a: arousability
The textbook defines _____________ as the capacity for humans to become aroused to sexual stimuli. a. arousability b. eroticity c. receptivity d. sexually interest
b: fluid
The textbook uses the term _______ for sexual orientations that change over time. a. ambidextrous. b. fluid. c. ambiguous. d. bisexual.
b: 2
A 2002 study reported in the textbook suggests that approximately what percentage of men aged 15 to 44 reported their sexual orientation as gay? a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 5
c: 11
A 2002 study reported in the textbook suggests that approximately what percentage of women aged 15 to 44 reported having had any same-sex sexual contact ever in their lives? a. 3 b. 5 c. 11 d. 16
a: 1
A 2002 study reported in the textbook suggests that approximately what percentage of women aged 15 to 44 reported their sexual orientation as lesbian? a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 5
b: cross-sex-typed
A meta-analysis of 41 retrospective studies found that adults with same-sex attractions recalled substantially more ___________ behavior in childhood than did heterosexual adults, and this was especially true for gay men. a. same-sex-typed b. cross-sex-typed c. ambiguous-sex-typed d. sexual
a: female relatives of gay men had more children than the aunts and uncles of heterosexual men.
A recent study in Italy found that a. female relatives of gay men had more children than the aunts and uncles of heterosexual men. b. female relatives of lesbian women had more children than the aunts and uncles of heterosexual women. c. male relatives of gay men fathered more children than the uncles of heterosexual men. d. male relatives of lesbian women fathered more children than the uncles of heterosexual women.
a: a larger number of older brothers.
A robust finding in a variety of studies is that gay men tend to have __________ than nongay men. a. a larger number of older brothers. b. a larger number of older sisters c. a smaller number of siblings. d. a higher frequency of siblings who are mentally ill
d: exotic becomes erotic.
According to Bem, cultures that emphasize the differences between men and women and organize social life, norms, and expectations for behavior of children and adults around a dichotomy of male vs. female end up polarizing the genders. The result is that the other gender becomes, foreign, mysterious, and a source of interest and sexual attraction. His theory is known as the a. oppositional erotic b. bipolar eroticism. c. opposites attract. d. exotic becomes erotic.
b: temperament
According to EBE theory, there is a genetic component to sexual orientation in that genes determine aspects of childhood ______________ like aggression or activity level. a. tendencies. b. temperament c. sexual dymorphisms d. behaviors
: b: H-Y antigens cannot cross the blood-brain barrier thus increasing their concentration in the fetal brain.
All of the following are pieces of evidence that support the maternal immune hypothesis as a part of the cause of same-sex attraction in males EXCEPT a. Anti-H-Y antibodies in utero have been shown to disrupt brain development, but not physical development. b. H-Y antigens cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, thus increasing their concentration in the fetal brain. c. Cytology research shows that the maternal immune response is greater to cells from male than female children. d. Newborn boys with older brothers tend to have a lower birth weight than boys with older sisters.
c: Low androgen exposure is thought to be associated with same-sex sexuality in women.
All of the following are true about androgens EXCEPT a. Testosterone and similar substances are called androgens. b. High androgen exposure during critical periods of prenatal development is thought to be associated with heterosexuality in men. c. Low androgen exposure is thought to be associated with same-sex sexuality in women. d. High androgen exposure is thought to be associated with same-sex sexuality in women.
d: LeVay's population of gay women, a control group, was larger than his population of gay men introducing statistical concerns.
All of the following have been suggested as methodological flaws in LeVay's studies correlating the hypothalamus with homosexuality EXCEPT a. AIDS is what altered the structure of the hypothalamus. b. LeVay did not ascertain the sexual orientation of his population of straight men. Some of them could have been gay. c. Perhaps being gay alters the structure of the hypothalamus; it is an effect rather than a cause. d. LeVay's population of gay women, a control group, was larger than his population of gay men introducing statistical concerns.
d: Balance ability.
All of the following show consistently high correlations with sexual orientation EXCEPT a. cross-gender behavior. b. finger length ratio. c. handedness. d. balance ability.
c: nonconformity
Bailey and colleagues found evidence that two aspects of same-sex sexuality also have a genetic component: childhood gender _______________ and adult masculinity-femininity. a. association b. conformity c. nonconformity d. ambiguity
b: maternal stress
Based on evidence from animal research, ______________ during pregnancy may feminize and demasculinize male rat progeny because of a delay in the androgen surge necessary for proper sexual development. a. fetal stress b. maternal stress c. maternal consumption of tranquilizers d. improper nutrition
a: inversion.
Early research on sexuality hypothesized that gays and lesbians had gender a. inversion. b. confusion. c. choice. d. hypo-activity
d: >95
Research suggests that ______ percent of men define their sexual identity as "heterosexual". a. 55 b. 75 c. 85 d. >95
d: >95%
Research suggests that ______ percentage of women define themselves as "heterosexual". a. 55% b. 75% c. 90% d. >95%
a: sexual orientation
Researchers today define ____________ as the prevalence of erotic arousals, feelings, fantasies, and behaviors one has for males, females, or both. a. sexual orientation b. sexual attraction c. sexual persuasion d. eroticism
d: identity
Sexual __________ includes labels people associate with their sexuality whether personally selected or socially ascribed. These would include the basic labels of gay, lesbian, bi, and straight. a. choice b. attribution c. description d. identity
b: emotional attachment
The biobehavioral model of sexual orientation suggests that there are two systems of sexual orientation controlled by two separate biological systems. One system is called sexual desire and the second system is called __________________. a. sexual receptivity b. emotional attachment c. desire for attachment d. caring
d: there is no evidence to support it.
The conclusion the textbook draws regarding the gender inversion hypothesis is that a. the evidence strongly supports it. b. the evidence weakly supports it. c. the evidence is inconclusive and research continues. d. there is no evidence to support it.
b: his mother's antibodies attack his H-Y antigens, preventing the fetal brain from developing male-typical brain structures.
The maternal immune hypothesis suggest that a male child could be predisposed to homosexuality when a. his H-Y antigens cause his mother to release too much estrogen, exposing his fetal brain to feminization. b. his mother's antibodies attack his H-Y antigens, preventing the fetal brain from developing male-typical brain structures. c. a fetus develops an immunity to the effects of maternal testosterone, preventing masculinization of his brain. d. his mother is exposed to certain vaccines that increase her immune response, preventing certain fetal structures that are central to a masculine brain from developing.
b: fraternal birth order
The observation that there is a tendency for gay men to have a larger number of older brothers than nongay men is known as the _____________ effect. a. LeVay b. fraternal birth order c. sibling d. maternal auto-immune
c: attraction
The textbook defines sexual ___________ as thoughts, feelings, wants, or desires for sexual relations or to be in a loving relationship with another person but which do not include behavior. a. arousal b. orientation c. attraction d. interests
b: Gay men have a higher rate of HIV infection than heterosexual men.
The textbook presents a number of false statements or myths about Gays, Lesbians, and Bisexuals. Each of the following is one of those myths EXCEPT a. Sexual orientation can be corrected with they proper intervention. b. Gay men have a higher rate of HIV infection than heterosexual men. c. Gay men are feminine. d. Homosexuality doesn't exist in nature (other species.)
d: There is no causal relationship between exposure to hormones prenatally and later sexual orientation.
The textbook suggests all of the following EXCEPT a. Experimentally regulated levels of male hormones appear to affect the strength, not the direction of the sex drive in men. b. Studies of hormones and sexual orientation in women have been inconsistent or contain methodological problems. c. There is no causal relationship between adult hormonal status and sexual orientation. d. There is no causal relationship between exposure to hormones prenatally and later sexual orientation.
b: It is indistinguishable from that of homosexual women in heterosexual men.
The third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH-3) is of interest in the study of sexual orientation as it is the center for a variety of sexual behaviors and experiences. LeVay's studies of the INAH-3 found all of the following EXCEPT a. It is less than half as large in heterosexual women as heterosexual men. b. It is indistinguishable from that of homosexual women in heterosexual men. c. It was indistinguishable from that of heterosexual women in gay men. d. It was half the size of that of heterosexual men in gay men.
a: No matter how hard researchers have looked, they've found no childhood events or activities that are reliably related to later bisexual, lesbian or gay attractions in adults.
There are a number of environmental theories suggesting that childhood experiences contribute to the cause of same-sex sexual attraction. The textbook concludes that a. No matter how hard researchers have looked, they've found no childhood events or activities that are reliably related to later bisexual, lesbian or gay attractions in adults. b. A good deal of evidence points to several early childhood events that may contribute to becoming gay, but not to becoming bisexual or lesbian. c. Several recent studies point to indications that early childhood experiences may contribute to one becoming lesbian, but not bisexual or gay. d. There is a good deal of sound, recent research that points to several childhood factors that likely contribute to gay, lesbian, and bisexual development.
d: no difference in circulating levels of male hormones between gay and heterosexual men.
With regard to hormonal theories of sexual orientation, research found a. that heterosexual men have higher levels of circulating male hormones than gay men. b. that gay men have higher levels of circulating female hormones than heterosexual men. c. that gay men have higher levels of circulating male hormones than heterosexual men. d. no difference in circulating levels of male hormones between gay and heterosexual men.
c: any gene that is associated with sexual orientation will only confer a predisposition rather than definitively cause same-sex orientation.
With regard to the concept of a "gay gene," the textbook concludes that a. there is strong evidence that a gene or small set of genes is responsible for a large percentage of the variance in the cause of same-sex sexual preference. b. there is weak to moderate evidence that a gene or small set of genes is responsible for a large percentage of the variance in the cause of same-sex sexual preference. c. any gene that is associated with sexual orientation will only confer a predisposition rather than definitively cause same-sex orientation. d. there is currently no evidence to support the concept of genetic component to the cause of same -sex orientation.
c: no evidence to support this theory.
With regard to the kin selection theory of same-sex sexuality from the evolutionary psychological perspective, the textbook concludes that there is a. strong evidence from several studies to support this theory. b. weak evidence from a few studies to support this theory. c. no evidence to support this theory. d. strong evidence that supports a conclusion that is the opposite of this theory.
d: proceptivity; arousability
Women have heightened __________ linked to their reproductive cycles, peaking during ovulation, but they have ___________at any time in their cycles. a. hormone production; arousability b. arousability; proceptivity c. sexual interest; sexual interest d. proceptivity; arousability