CH 12 A & P

what is the function of CSF How does CSF protect brain

-cushions CNS -supports brain & spinal cord -transports nutrients, wastes & chemical messenger -Across blood-CSF barriers::: -limits movement of compunds -allows chemical compostion of blood and CSF to differ

ii. How would your life be different if you had a hypothalamic tumor that disrupted its function? Would you be hot, cold, thirsty, hungry...?

-destroys vision - affects all endocrine- causing heart problems - adrenal gland distinction destroys ability to deal with stress -always hungry and thirsty= obesity uncontrollable urination

2 White matter vs Gray matter

-regions of myelinated fibers in CNS -regions of unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies of neurons in CNS

9. What parts of the cerebrum control movement?

Cerebral cortex- primary motor cortex and pre motor cortex, Broca's area, thalamus, basal nuclei, cerebellum, and the reticular formation basal nuclei ::Gray matter (neuron cell bodies) Functions: Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone Coordination Control stereotypical motor movements Regulate intensity /inhibit unnecessary movements Regulate attention Cognition & emotion

5. How and where is CSF made? a. What cells make CSF? b. What structures make CSF? b. What structures make CSF? i. Where are these structures found? c. Where does CSF rejoin the circulatory system?

Choroid Plexus (3rd & 4th ventricles) by a combined process of diffusion, pinocytosis and active transfer. A small amount is also produced by ependymal cells. -ependymal cells -Choroid Plexus found in within cerebral ventricles and form the barrier called Blood-CDF-barrier (BCSFB). CSF reabsorved into circulation at arachnoid granulation

25. What is the general anatomy of the spinal cord? a. What is it made of? b. Where is located? c. Where does it begin? d. Where does it end (spinal cord proper)?

In cross section t has white matter on the outside and butterfly shaped pattern of gray matter on the inside. a. whits matter -mylienated axons and ... Gray matter-cell bodies and unmylinated axons b. it runs down the canal created by the cerebral foramen c. foramen magnum d. Spinal cord proper ends at L1-L2 and continues inferiority as the cauda equine

a. What is the blood-brain barrier and why does it exist? b. What cells create the blood-brain barrier?

It is a barrier created by the alas trotted wrapping tightly around the capillaries in the brain. It exists to keep unwanted substances out of the nuclear fissure. The astrocytes control what molecules enter the neural tissue. (Lipid soluble can go through cell membrane) b. astrocytes

How is the precentral gyrus arranged

It is mapped so that particular regions of the cortex control specific regions of the body

c. Where are the olfactory, visual, auditory, gustatory, primary motor and primary somatosensory cortices located (cortices are the pleural form of cortex)? 1. Generally, are they far from each specific sensory cortex?

Olfactory cortex: temporal lobe Visual cortex: occipital lobe Auditory cortex: temporal lobe Primary mirror cortex: frontal lobe Primary somatosensory cortex: parietal lobe 1. no, they are usually next to the primary sensory area

ii. What are the names of the 3 bilaterally symmetrical regions of gray matter (posterior, lateral and anterior ___________) and three regions of the white matter (columns/funiculi)?

Posterior (dorsal) horn Lateral horn Anterior ventral horn Posterior dorsal funiculus Lateral funiculus column Anterior central funiculus column Anterior= ventral Posterior= dorsal

How do these parts work together

The primary motor cortex is where the skeletal muscle command is issued (upper motor neuron of pyramidal system) If there is complex processing such as cord images activity the "plan" of the movement is initiated in the pre motor cortex and is then sent to the primary motor cortex. The thalamus, basal nuclei, and cerebellum work together in background (subconscious) to "fine-tune" motor movement. Broca's steaks like the pre motor cortex for speech

What are the association areas?

These are cortical areas that are found where the sensory areas above and they are where the sensory info is integrated, interpreted, and understood. You can perceive that you see something with your visual cortex. But you don't know what you are seeing until it's interpreted by your visual association area. Anterior Association Area -prefrontal cortex intelligence and judgment and concern complex learning recall personality Posterior Association Area -pattern recognition spatical recognition sensory grouping ceneral interpretice area language centers""wernickes area Limbic Association Areas =processes emotions related to personal/social interactions

10. Why is the anterior association area/prefrontal cortex so important to who we are (i.e., what are the functions of this area)?

This region is the sea of the Brian that houses our personality and intellect. It is also where we hold our ability to show judgement, concern for others,interpersonal skills, emotional maturity, etc. also where we do our complex learning and resource when we need to recall info. Tightly linked to limbic system (linked by emotion)

24. What is the primary function of the spinal cord?

To conduct messages from the body to the brain and from the brain to the body. Also for reflexive responses mediated through spinal cord

What are the brain ventricles (be able to name the 3 ventricles)? Which of the 3 are the largest? What do they contain?

Two Lateral, Third, and Fourth ventricles - Lateral ventricles are the largest -contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) located w/in brain paenchyma

18. What is the limbic system? a. What are the functions of the limbic system - what does it control?

a functional system that is found deep in the center of your brain w links to many diff parts of the brain

30. Motor information leaves the brain by way of descending fiber tracts. Somatic motor commands go to skeletal muscle while autonomic commands go to visceral muscle/organs. a. At least how many neurons are involved in the simplest descending somatic motor pathways? i. What are these neurons called? b. Where are the cell bodies and axons of the upper and lower motor neurons in the somatic motor pathways?

a. Two i. upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron b. upper motor neuron cell body primary motor cortex in cerebrum. Lower motor neuron cell body in spinal cord segment assoicated w structure being served

b. Name 2 primary components of the limbic system involved in both emotion and memory? c. Is this area conscious or subconscious? d. How would your life be different if your limbic system were damaged (think of its main functions to answer this question)?

b. Amygdala hippocampus hypothalamus c.??? d. You would have a difficult time making new memories also your emotional responses would not be controlled. Either you would show no emotion or too much or wrong emotion.

c. How do substances go between the blood and the brain cells? d. Can anything simply diffuse across? e. Where are there breaks in the blood-brain barrier (generally, not specifically)? i. Why do these breaks occur?

c. anything entering the neural tissue has to pass through the cells of the capillary wall and then through the astrocytes cell membrane d. no only lipid soluble things or substances that the astrocytes allow e. hese breaks occur where substances need to enter or leave the blood for a very specific reason. The breaks occur at the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland so that these organs can get their hormones into the blood! i ?????

7. What are the regions of the cerebrum from superficial to deep?

cerebral cortex ( gray matter) -cerebral white matte --corpus callosum ----white tract connceting cerebal hemipheres -basal nuclei

3. What are the major parts of the brain? Be able to understand their relative position to each other, as seen on figures 12-2c

cerebrum (2 cerebral hemispheres) diencephalon Brainstem :: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata Cerebellumm

d. What can enhance memory retention? e. What is it called when we convert short-term memories to long-term memories?

d. enthusisam/excitment rehearsal/repetition associating old info with new e. consolidation

2. Where are there enlargements and why?

enlargements in the areas of the lims - Cervical enlargement the enlargment are due to the fact there are more lower motor neuron cell bodies of the pyramidal pathways in these regions due to the fact that there is more motor activity in the areas of the limbs

13. Where are memories stored?

fact memories::: stored in cerebral cortex Skill memories:: stored in premiere cortex and cerebellum

6. There are two cerebral hemispheres - what are the lobes of each cerebral hemisphere? a. What are the major functions housed in each lobe? b. What structure separates the frontal from the parietal lobe?

four lobes: Frontal: motor function, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgement, impulse control and social and sexual behavior. Parietal: one:sensation and perception. Two integrating sensory input, primarly w/ visual system Temporal: primary auditory perception, hearing, & holds primary auditory cortex Occipital: visual processing center of mammalian brain, most anatomical region of visual cortex B. central sulcus

i. What is the function of each of these areas? Primary mirror cortex

i (primary motor) \Where conscious motor (muscle) activity is initiated ii

i. What is the function of each of these areas? Olfactory cortex

i Sensory perception of olfactory info - odorant molecules in the air (smell) ii

i. What is the function of each of these areas? Somatosensory cortex

i Sensory perception of sensations felt by the body (touch, pressure, pain) -mapped to cortex

i. What is the function of each of these areas? Auditory cortex

i Sensory perception of sound waves entering ear (hearing) ii

i. What is the function of each of these areas? Visual cortex

i Sensory perception of visual info.-photons of light bouncing off objects hitting the neurons of our retinas send info about visual images (sight) ii

iii. Sensory information travels through sensory neurons from receptors in the body's periphery. 1. Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons located? 2. Structurally, sensory neurons are _________________(multipolar, unipolar, or bipolar?). 3. Where are the axons of the sensory neurons? 4. Through which spinal root does this information travel? 5. Where do the sensory neurons synapse with interneurons? iv. What about motor information?

iii. DOrsal root 1. ??? 2. multipolar 3. ventral root and spinal nerve 4. ventral root 5. ant. ventral horn iv. ????

is CSF isolated in each ventricle or does it flow from one to another if it flows, describe (in gen) its course of flow from beginning to end

it flows from one ventricle to another -continuous w/ each other, central canal, & meninges starts in each ventrical flows down to spinal cord through central canal around spinal cord around brain and drains in arachnoid granulations

26. What structures protect the spinal cord? What are they made of (bone, connective tissue etc

vertebrae (bone) fat (adipose tissue), meninges (connective tissue)

a. Where are visual memories stored? Auditory, taste etc.

visual and auditory association area of cerebral cortex Gustatory association area of cerebral cortex

2 1. Nuclei 2. tracts

1. groups of neuron cell bodies in CNS 2.bundles of neuron axons in CNS

1. Ganglia 2. nerves

1. groups of neuron cell bodies in PNS 2.bundles of neuron axons in PNS

i. Somatic Motor: 1. What is the name of the major somatic motor pathway of which we have consciousness? 2. Where are the cell bodies of the upper motor neuron? 3. Where do the (majority of) fibers cross? 4. Where is the cell body of the lower motor neuron located?

1. pyramidal pathways also allied corticospinal pathway and direct pathway 2. primary motor cortex in cerebrumm 3. most cross over in the pyramidal of the meduall oblangata 4. in the spinal cord segment associated w the structure being served

12. What are the stages of memories? a. How long do short term memories last (relatively)? b. How long can long term memories last? c. What parts of the brain are essential in forming memories?

12.________ a. less than a minute b. The can last as long as your life time c. ->limbic system cerebral cortex ->thalamus and prefrontal cortex ->basal nuclei cerebellum and pre motor cortex form skill memories

14. What are the anatomical differences in either cerebral hemisphere - are they significantly anatomically different? a. What are the functional differences in either cerebral hemisphere - are they functionally different? i. What do we call this? b. What does each hemisphere often control? c. Which hemisphere is usually dominant? d. Does the right hemisphere control the right side of the body?

14. not diff. a. yes functionally diff. i.. called Hemispheric lateralization b.?????? c. Left d. No, L side of brain controls R. R side brain controls L side of body

15. What regions control how we speak and understand speech? a. What is the function of Broca's area? b. What is the function of Wernicke's area? c. How do these two areas work together to make speech?

15. Broca's and Wernickes a. where the motor commands for the muscles producing speech are initiated b. Where we choose the words that we will speak and also, where we understand the words that we see (read) and/or hear. c. ??????

16. How does information in one cerebral hemisphere travel to another part of the same hemisphere (name of general fiber type)? a. How does information in one hemisphere travel to the other hemisphere (name of general fiber type & name of 1 specific tract mentioned in lecture)? b. How does information travel up to the cerebral cortex and back out (name of general c. What are the basal nuclei and what is their function? i. Is this area conscious or subconscious?

16. ??? a. COmmissar all fibers- corpus collosum b. projection fibers c. are clusters of cell bodies at the base of the cerebrum and they function to provide subconscious control of skeletal muscle activities. They enhance coordination, regulate intensity of movements, and inhibit excessive movement i ?????

17. Regarding the diencephalon: a. What are the organs of this region (discussed in lecture)? b. Is this area conscious or subconscious? c. What is the major function of the thalamus? d. What are some very important functions of the hypothalamus? i. What major roles in maintaining homeostasis does the hypothalamus have?

17. a. b. c. It is a major sensory relay center almost all sensory info relays through the thalamus most info in or out of the cortex travel through the thalamus or sends a signal to our receives input from thalamus "gateway to the cortex" d. Master controller of body HOmeostasis. -controls ans and endocrine systemss -reg sleep wake cycles -reg body temp "heart" of limbic system and ans and endoc system. controls bodies physical responses to emotional situations -reg food intake through hunger drive

19. What 3 structures make up the brain stem? a. Is this area conscious or subconscious? b. As a whole, what does the brainstem control? c. If there is damage to the brainstem is this very bad? i. Can you lead a normal life? d. Are there some important reflex nuclei in the midbrain (mesencephalon)? i. What structures are involved and what do they respond to? e. In the pons, what major visceral control nuclei are located there (general name, not specific)? i. Are there fiber tracts in the pons? 1. If yes, where does information go from the pons? f. Know that there are nuclei and fiber tracts in the medulla oblongata. Specifically, which major visceral reflex centers are located in the medulla?

19. Mesensephalon (midbrain),pons, medulla oblongata a.????? b. visual and auditory reflexes, cardiovascular functions, and respiratory functions c. Yes you lose cardiovascular and respiratory control (CANNOT LIVE NORMAL LIFE) d. i. e. respiratory i. yes 1.????? f. ????

20. What is the function of the reticular activating system (RAS)? a. Where are the RAS nuclei (generally)? b. What types of sensory input does it receive? c. What type of sensory input does it NOT receive? i. How do smoke detectors work around this? d. Are you always consciously aware of every stimulus in the environment or are some stimuli filtered out?

20. To "wake up" the cerebrum and activate consciousness, enhance alertness m, and to filter sensory input. a. Brain stem and the RAS receives input from alms or all sensory systems EXCEPT olfactory b. ??? c.???? i. They make sounds and some give lights They detect smoke when they are sleeping which we cannot do because our RAS does not recurve olfactory info. Therefore smoke would not wake us during a fire. They convert the olfactory message to an auditory message d. all but smell ******

21. What is the cerebellum? a. What is the function of the cerebellum? b. Is this area conscious or subconscious? c. From where does the cerebellum receive information (what other parts of the body or brain)? d. What happens when we interfere with the cerebellum's functions - do you notice a problem? e. How is this structure involved in movement?

21. ?? a.???? b????? c. from propioceptors in mucsles tendons and joints. Also inner ear d. we are no longer coordinated alcohol inhibits cerebellum activity that is why police officers perform walk line and other coordniated tests \\ e. ?????

22. What structures protect the brain? a. What are the cranial meninges? b. What are the 3 layers and which one is the most superficial and which one is deepest? c. How do they help protect the brain?

22. cranial bones, CSF, cranial meninges a. they are CT's warppings that wrap around the brain b. outermost (superifcial) tough Dura Mater Middle : arachnoid houses CSF Deepest: Pia mater thin ( gentle) c. They are fibrous outputs and at as an outer wrapping to protect the delicate surface of the brain. Also between the layers they hold the CSF another protection fluid. The dura Mayer also forms Duran folds which dive deep into the fissures holding the brain in place!

23. Is the brain very vascular (meaning is it served by a lot of blood)? Why or why not (why would you need a large blood supply or not)?

23. Yes. The brain contains billions of neurons all of which have a huge demand for sto to drive their sodium potassium pumps so they needs a huge amount of okay hen and glucose to make all that atp . They need to get oxygen and glucose from the blood.

27. Draw the spinal cord in a transverse cross section. a. On the transverse view, where is the gray matter and the white matter? i. What is gray matter and white matter made of (which parts of the neuron are in each)?

27 >DRAW!!!!! a. gray outside (like butterfly) white outside i. gray= cell bodies and unmyelinated axons white=mylienated axons

28. Sensory information travels to the brain through ascending tracts of the spinal cord. a. How many neurons make up the sensory chain that brings sensory information to the primary somatosensory cortex? i. Where are the first order neuron cell bodies? ii. Where are the third order neuron cell bodies? iii. Where do the second order neurons synapse with the third order neurons?

28. three a. ???? i. dorsal root ganglion ii.thalamus iii. thalamus

29. This question addresses the ascending pathways that carry sensory information. a. Dorsal column-medial lemniscal (posterior column) & Spinothalamic (Anterolateral) Tracts: i. What type of information travels across these fiber tracts (combined, not individually)? ii. Where do these pathways end? iii. Are we are aware of this information? b. Spinocerebellar Tracts: i. What types of sensory information travel in the spinocerebellar tracts of the spinal cord? ii. Where does this information go (where does the pathway end)? iii. Are we are aware of this information? iv. Why are we not aware of this sensory information?

29. touch temps tire pressure vibration and pain (not all info) a.?? i. ?? ii. cerebral cortex in primary somatosensory cortex iii yes b i. proprioception (body position) ii. cerebellum iii. no bc cerebellumm is sub cortical therefore subconsious

5. What is the effector of the lower motor neuron? ii. What generally is the indirect/extrapyramidal (know the term extrapyramidal) motor system? 1. How does this system influence motor control? 2. Do we have conscious awareness of this system? 3. What brain anatomy that we have already discussed is involved in this

5. ??? ii. to fine tune motor control 1. the extra pyramidal system brain structures provide neuronal input to influence conscious motor commands to that movement smooth and refined 2. no 3. basal nuclei, cerebellum, thalamus, reticular formation

8. What is the cerebral cortex? a. Is this area conscious or subconscious? b. What is it made of?

8. It is the outer layer of the cerebrum, composed of folded gray matter a. consciousness. b. folds of neurons and axons (gray matter too) 3 Types of Functional Areas: Motor Areas (send output) Sensory Areas (receive input) Association areas (integrate information)

1. Structurally, motor neurons are _________________ (multipolar, unipolar, or bipolar?). 2. Where are the cell bodies of the motor neurons located? 3. Where are the axons of the motor neurons? 4. Through which spinal root does this information travel? 5. Where do the motor neurons synapse with interneurons?

???????MOTOR Already did sensory

11. What are the different types of memories? a. The parts of the brain that are involved in storing and creating these memories are the same regions of the cerebral cortex that either receive that sensation or coordinate the activity. b. All memories are created using components of the limbic system, in particular the amygdala and hippocampus. c. Smell fact memories are then stored in the olfactory association cortex (and perhaps the primary olfactory cortex). d. Skill memories are stored in the motor association areas as w ell as the cerebellum, basal nuclei etc.

?huh

i. In viewing a longitudinal section of the vertebral column and spinal cord: 1. Where is the spinal cord found?

runs down the center axis of our body post you through the vertebrae in the vertebral foramen 1. ???

3. What structures emerge laterally from the spinal cord?

spinal nerves