Ch. 12 AP Euro
Revolt in the Netherlands
- 2 members of the council of state led an opposition against Spanish overlords, Granvelle and Margaret of Parma - Granvelle planned to reorganized the Netherlands by tightening control of Catholic hierarchy over the country - Protestants revolt when called "beggars" by Regent Margaret
Catholic wins
- Bohemian period - Danish period
Conde
- Bourbon family - sympathetic to the Huguenots
Mary, Queen of Scots
- Catholic ruler of Scotland - put under house arrest by Elizabeth I - attempts to assassinate Elizabeth, so Elizabeth executes her
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
- Coligny and 3,000 fellow Huguenots were butchered in Paris - coordinated attacks killed 20,000 Huguenots - day lived in infamy for Protestants - Catherine convinces her son, King Charles IX that a Huguenot coup (takeover) was about to happen and this was his response
Bohemian period
- Ferdinand II is king of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Emperor - Ferdinand takes religious freedom away from Protestants and their response is the "defenestration of the Prague" - Protestant Bohemians choose Fredrick V as king - Fredrick and Ferdinand fight at the Battle of White Mountain - Fredrick looses and Bohemia becomes mostly Catholic - Catholics win
Swedish-French period
- France involved now - at an international level - French, Swedish, Spanish troops invade Germany - Germany too tired, disunited, lands destroyed, one third of German population dies - France declares war on Spain - France becomes the dominant power in Europe - Protestants win
Huguenots
- French Protestants - Calvinists - derived from Besancon Hugues
Peace of Prague
- German Protestant states reach a compromise with Ferdinand; the war however, continues elsewhere
Sweden period
- Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden and a Protestant, defeats Catholic at the Battle of Breitenfeld, with help from Wallenstein - victory reverses course of the war - but Wallenstein kills Adolphus - ends civil war in Germany, but French will get involved - Protestants win
Day of Barricades
- Henry III attempted to rout (retreat) the Catholic League with a surprise attack in 1588 - his efforts failed and he had to flee from Paris
Henry IV
- Henry of Navarre - becomes current name, when he becomes a Protestant king of France - politique - converts to Catholicism - last words, "Paris is worth a Mass." - created Edict of Nantes
Danish period
- King Christian IV (Protestant) fights Ferdinand for Protestant rights - Wallenstein helps Ferdinand defeat the Protestants - Edict of Restitution is issued and only honors Lutherans and Calvinists have no rights - Panic in Protestant world - Catholics win
Coligny
- Montmorency-Chatillon family - sympathetic to the Huguenots
Puritans
- Protestants who wanted to purify the church of any "popery" - had two causes for grievances for Elizabeth I: retention of Catholic ceremony in Church of England and continuation of Episcopal system of church grievance - created Presbyterians
The Armada
- Spanish fleet (navy) - consists of 130 ships and 25,000 sailors - defeated by British navy - Sir Francis Drake shelled the port of Cadiz, causing heavy damages on Spain's ships - defeat gave heart to Protestants - one third of Spanish fleet never returned to Spain
Spanish Fury
- Spanish mercenaries, leaderless and unpaid, ran amok (riot) in Antwerp on Nov. 4, 1576, leaving 7,000 people dead in the streets - reason for the forming of the Pacification of Ghent
Protestant wins
- Swedish period - Swedish-French period
Ecclesiastical Reservation
- The terms of the Peace of Augsburg had attempted to freeze the territorial holdings of the Lutherans and the Catholics
Politique
- ruler or person in a position of power who puts the success and well-being of his or her state above all else - most successful was Elizabeth I of England
Duke of Alba
- sent by Philip II to suppress the revolt - his army of 10,000 had Spanish and papal might - hated more than Granvelle or radical Calvinists - executed thousands of suspected heretics
War of the 3 Henry
- When Henry III began to rule he found that the monarchy consisted of the Catholic League and the vengeful Huguenots. He saw this as an advantage because he thought that they would never attempt to kill a heretical and tyrant ruler like himself. He sought to steer a middle course which gained him support from a growing body of neutral Catholics and Huguenots, that had politique mindset. The Peace of Beaulieu in May 1576 granted Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom. France didn't like this Peace and within 7 months the Catholic League forced Henry III to return to the illusory (unreal) quest for absolute religious unity in France. In Oct. 1577, King Henry III truncated (shortened) the Peace of Beaulieu, which limited areas of permitted Huguenot worship. After this, Huguenot and Catholic factions returned to their accustomed anarchical (w/o gov.) military solutions. Protestants were led by Henry of Navarre. The Catholic League (with Spanish help) became dominant in Paris. On the Day of Barricades, Henry III attempted to retreat the Catholic League with a surprise attack in 1588. His effort failed, and he had to flee from Paris. Henry has the duke and cardinal of Guises assassinated, which sent France reeling again.The Catholic League led by another Guise brother, reacted with a fury similar to the Huguenot response to the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day. This forced King Henry III to form an alliance with the Protestant Henry of Navarre. As the two Henrys prepared to attack the Guises of Paris, Henry III was killed by a Dominican friar. Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV, the king of the French throne. Spain rushed troops in to support the Catholic League against the now Protestant France. But this only made Henry IV's reign stronger.
Elizabeth I
- built a true kingdom on Mary I's reign - settled religious differences by merging Protestant doctrine with Catholic ritual - true politique - created Anglican Church - didn't like Congregationalists
Fredrick, Elector of Palatinate
- devout Calvinist (converted to it) - made Calvinism the official religion of his domain - expressed his disbelief in transubstantiation by mocking it as a "fine God" - was declared the king of the Holy Roman Empire by Bohemians - conquered by Ferdinand at Battle of White Mountain
Presbyters
- elders who represent the individual congregations of Calvinists, directly shaping policy
Treaty of Westphalia
- ended all hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire - abolished the Edict of Restitution - put back Peace of Augsburg: ruler of the land determines official religion of that land - gave Calvinist recognition - Swiss Confederacy, the Netherlands, and Bavaria became independent - Bavaria is Brandenburg-Prussia and becomes the most powerful German state - written in French, instead of Latin
Duke of Guise Massacre in Vassy, France
- ended the January Edict - marked the beginning of the French wars of religion - duke of Guise surprised a Protestant congregation at Vassy in Champagne and massacred many worshippers
Peace of Saint Germain-en-Laye
- ended the third war of French wars of religion - granted Huguenots religious freedoms within their territories and right to fortify their cities - acknowledged the power of the Protestant nobility
Apology by William of Orange
- famous defiant speech to the Estates General of Holland - publicly denounced Philip II as a heathen tyrant whom the Netherlands need no longer to obey
Edict of Nantes
- formal religious settlement that gave Huguenots religious freedoms within their own towns and territories
Henry of Guise
- formed the Catholic League in 1576 - a.k.a Henry I - duke of Guise
Albert Wallenstein
- gained a great deal of territory by joining Ferdinand during the conquest of Bohemia - a brilliant and ruthless military strategist - commanded a crack army of more than 100,00 men - broke Protestant resistance (opposition) - killed Gustavus Adolphus - assassinated by Ferdinand because he had too much independence
Peace of Beaulieu
- granted the Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom - created in 1576 - in 1577, the king shortened the Peace, which limited areas of permitted Huguenot worship
Cardinal Granvelle
- head of the council of state - known as Antoine Perrenot before 1561 - planned to break down the local autonomy of the 17 Netherlands provinces by states and establish in its place a centralized royal government directed form Madrid
Philip II
- heir to Catholic and military supreme western Habsburg kingdom that is given to him by his father, Charles V - populous and wealthy Castile was his home base - heavily taxed Castilian peasantry - organized lesser nobility into a loyal and efficient national bureaucracy - focused on Mediterranean and Turkish threat - FAILS: Spanish Armada is defeated, inflation
William of Orange
- known as, "the Silent" because of his small circle of confidants - a confessed Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist - succeeded in gaining Granvelle's removal from office - leader of a broad movement for the Netherland's independence from Spain - enlisted services of "sea beggars"
Battle of Lepanto and Don John
- largest naval battle of the 16th century - over a third of Turkish fleet had been sunken or captured - 30,000 Turks died - however Ottomans maintained base in Cyprus - Mediterranean belonged to Spain - Philip's armies suppressed resistance in Portugal
Mary I
- married Philip II (symbol of militant Catholicism to English Protestants) - a.k.a Bloody Mary - very hostile to Protestants - executed many Protestant leaders for heresy - hundreds of Protestants burned at a stake or fled to Continent
Charles IX
- minor son of Catherine de Medici - monarch of House of Valois - king of France
Congregationalists
- more extreme Puritans - wanted every congregation to be autonomous (independent)
Baroque
- presented life in a grandiose, 3D display of raw energy - mainly used in Catholic churches
Edict of Restitution
- reasserting the Catholic safeguards of the Peace of Augsburg - reaffirmed the illegality of Calvinism - ordered the return of all church lands the Lutherans gained in 1552 - issued by Ferdinand
Counter-Reformation
- sponsored a centralized episcopal church system hierarchically arranged from pope to parish priest and stressing unquestioning obedience to the person at the top - the higher clergy: the pope and his bishops, were supreme
Perpetual Edict
- stated that all Spanish troops to removed from the Netherlands within 20 days
Edict of Fontainbleau
- subjected French Protestants to the Inquisition
Guises
- sympathetic to the Huguenots
Catherine de Medici
- the queen mother - became regent for her minor son, Charles IX - at the meeting of Poissy, she tried unsuccessfully to restore relations between Protestant and Catholic factions - issued January Edict: granted Protestants freedom to worship publicly outside towns and to hold synods
Pacification of Ghent
- union of 10 largely Catholic southern provinces and 7 largely Protestant northern provinces unified opposition to Spain - declared internal regional sovereignty in matters of religion - made Spain have to face a unified and determined Netherlands
Henry III
- was the last of Henry II's sons to rule France - politique - received support from a growing body of neutral Catholics and Huguenots - attempts to compromise with the warring religions to save the nation - had the Duke and Cardinal of Guises assassinated, which caused his to eventually form an alliance with Henry of Navarre
Defenestration of the Prague
- when Ferdinand of Styria revoked the religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants - the Protestants responded by throwing Ferdinand's regents out the window of a royal palace, but all the regents survived the fall
Battle of Breitenfeld
- won by Swedish king with help from the alliance of the electors of Brandenburg and Saxony - reversed the course of the Thirty Years' War - Gustavus Adolphus (military genius) helped with victory
Theodore Beza
- wrote, "On the Right of Magistrates over their Subjects", which justified the correction and even the overthrow of tyrannical rulers by low authorities - converted Jeanne d'Albert - worked with John Calvin