Ch 12 assignment

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Which of the following plants was the main organism for Mendel's genetic experiments?

Pea plants

Which of the following conditions is inherited due to a dominant allele?

Juvenile glaucoma

Which of these traits exhibit a dominant mode of inheritance?

Mid-digital hair Polydactyly Hypercholesterolemia

Juvenile glaucoma is a hereditary disease that causes blindness due to the degeneration of nerves in which of the following?

Optic nerve

A 9:3:3:1 ratio is obtained in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross when alleles assort from one another.

independently

albinism

lack of melanin pgimentation

A cross in which only a single trait is considered is called a(n) cross or single factor cross.

monohybrid

An experimental cross where only a single characteristic is considered (for example, flower color) is called

monohybrid

In order to determine the likelihood of having a flipped coin come up on heads three times in a row, you would use the

multiplication rule

An example of a cross is using pollen from a green-seeded pea plant to fertilize a yellow-seeded pea plant and then using pollen from a yellow-seeded pea plant to fertilize a green-seeded pea plant.

reciprocal

Traits that exhibit continuous variation are also called

quantitative traits

Place the three stages of Mendel's experiments in the correct order from first (on top) to last.

1. Allowing plants to self-cross to ensure they are true-breeding 2. Reciprocal crosses between true-breeding varieties 3. allowing hybrid offspring to self-fertilize

When performing a monohybrid cross, Mendel noticed that not all individuals in the F2 generation were true breeding. What proportion were not?

1/2 of the F2 individuals exhibiting the dominant form were not true breeding.

In a certain plant, fruit color is affected by an epistatic interaction between two genes. The fruit is red in the presence of at least one dominant allele of either or both gene A or gene B, and white when there are no dominant alleles present. What proportion of the offspring of a cross of AaBb x AaBb plants is expected to be red?

15/16

One of the parents in a dihybrid cross has the genotype AABb. How many types of gametes can this parent produce?

2

What was the ratio that Mendel observed between dominant and recessive traits in the F2 offspring of a monohybrid cross?

3 dominant:1 recessive

In pea plants, the allele T encodes for tall plants, while the allele t encodes for dwarf plants. If a true-breeding tall pea plant is crossed with a true-breeding dwarf pea plant what are the expected genotypes of the offspring?

All Tt

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main stages that Mendel conducted his experiments in?

Back crosses between F1 and P individuals

In a typical monohybrid cross, all of the offspring in which generation will exhibit a single trait without blending?

F1

What type of experiment involves mating two individuals with different characteristics to each other? One individual provides females gametes, while the other provides male gametes.

Hybridization

Which of the following are examples of environmental effects on phenotype?

The number of seeds eaten by a bird affects its weight. The amount of sunlight experienced by a sunflower affects the number of seeds produced.

Choose statements that correctly refer to components of Mendel's five-element model (please note that the answers use the modern term gene instead of factor).

The presence of an allele doesn't ensure that it will be expressed. Alternative forms of genes are called alleles. Parents transmit genes to offspring. The two alleles remain discrete.

Which of these are not reasons that Mendel chose to study the garden pea: Short generation time Lots of varieties They were inexpensive to buy Earlier investigators had used the garden pea They can self-fertilize Long generation time

They were inexpensive to buy Long generatio time

Mendel's data and observations did support the independent assortment hypothesis.

True

True or false: Mendel found that plants exhibiting the recessive trait were usually not true-breeding.

True: Mendel found that plants exhibiting the recessive trait were always true-breeding.

color blindness is

a recessive trait

Mendel's observations supported the independent___hypothesis

assortment

When continuous traits are graphed in the form of a histogram with the phenotype on the X-axis, and the frequency of individuals with that phenotype on the Y-axis, a ____-shaped curve results.

bell

Prior to the work of Mendel, inheritance was viewed as resulting from

blending of traits from an offspring's parents

sickle cell anemia

defective hemoglobin

huntington disease

degeneration of nervous system

An____cross follows the simultaneous inheritance of two different characters.

dihybrid

When the interaction of genes alters genetic ratios, this is called .

epistasis

polydactyly

extra fingers and toes

An individual's total set of alleles for a particular trait is called his/her

genotype

Type A -

have galactosamine

Type B -

have galactose

If the offspring from a testcross contain only heterozygotes, the genotype of the unknown parent must be

homozygous dominant

Pedigree analysis is typically used for studying:

human traits that follow simple inheritance patterns

hemophilia

inability of blood to clot properly

The appropriate time to use the product rule is when dealing with events that are:

independent

In the monohybrid crosses performed by Mendel, the F1 plants always displayed ____.

one trait

This analysis is appropriate for studying traits, such as genetic diseases, that follow simple Mendelian patterns:

pedigree

The physical appearance or other observable characteristic of an individual is called his/her .

phenotype

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a___allele because this mutation has more than one effect on the phenotype.

pleiotropic

cross-fertilization

pollen collected from a white flower introduced into a purple flower with male parts removed

reciprocal fertilization

pollen from a white-flowered plant is used to fertilize a purple-flowered plant, while pollen from a purple-flowered plant is used to fertilize a white-flowered plant

Quantitative traits are usually

polygenic

Human height is an example of a trait that has a continuous distribution of phenotypes. Human height is therefore an example of

polygenic inheritance

Continuous phenotypic variation results from

polygenic inheritance and independent segregation of genes

To calculate the probability that if a woman has four children, they will all be girls, you should use the

product rule

An_______can be used to predict the outcome of a simple genetic cross.

punnett square

self-fertilization

takes place within an individual flower if it is not disturbed

In order for Mendel's simple ratios to hold true, the following assumption must be made:

that the traits are inherited independently

In Mendel's experiments, he observed a 3:1 ratio between dominant and recessive traits in

the F2 generation of monohybrid crosses.

Which of the following is NOT a component of Mendel's five-element model (please note that the answers use the modern term gene instead of factor)?

the two alleles are usually the same

Reasons why Mendel chose to study with pea plants

they had short generation time, lots of varieties, earlier investigators had used the garden pea, and they can self-fertilize

Prior to the 20th century, the two main ideas that provided the basis for most thinking about heredity were

traits are transmitted directly from parents to offspring and heredity occurs within species

A hybridization experiment involves mating

two individuals with different characteristics to each other

The probability of genotypes in an independently assorted dihybrid cross is based on the probabilities of

two monohybrid crosses

multiplication rule

used for independent events

addition rule

used for mutually exclusive events

A Punnett square has rows and columns which represent gametes made by males and females. At the intersection of each row and column we combine the corresponding gametes to produce the genotype of a potential .

zygote or offspring


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