Ch 12 Injuries in Youth Sport

1. doubled 2. more than doubled 3. young athletes

1. # of 8-13 yr olds having a concussion has _____ in last 10 yrs 2. # of 14-19 yr olds have more than ____in last 10 yrs 3. _________ brains are more susceptible to concussion

1. overuse 2. age 3. preventable 4. Contusions(bruises), sprains (over-stressing ligaments), and strains (exerting a muscle beyond its limit) 5. football, wrestling, gymnastics, basketball, and ice hockey 6. size and skill level

1. about half of youth sport injuries are caused by ____ 2. the rate and severity of injury increase with _____. Prepubescent children are less likely to sustain injuries because they have less speed, mass, and strength (generating less force) than adult athletes 3. More than half of all youth sport injuries are ____ 4. _____, ______, and _____ are the most common injuries to youth sport athletes 5. Youth sports with the highest frequency of injury are : _____, _____, _____, ______, and ______ 6. When athletes are matched by ____ and ____, injury rates decrease

females (8x more likely than males)(one in 10 will tear it in in basketball or soccer)

ACL injuries are common in ____

14 million

About _____ kids under 14 receive medical treatment for sport injuries each year

apophysitis

All three of the overuse-type injuries related in the growth of youth athletes involve ______

eating disorders and amenorrhea

The unhealthy female athlete triad of disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and osteoporosis(poor bone health) predisposes athletes to overuse injuries. ________ and _______ increase female athletes' risk for stress fractures

1. increasing incidence of injuries that occur because of developmentally inappropriate practices in youth sport, which could be prevented (overuse injuries) 2. particular vulnerability of children and adolescents to certain types of injuries (growth plate and head injuries) 3. increase in catastrophic injuries, particularly concussions and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries

Three main aspects of injuries in youth sports:

-larger heads compared to their bodies(causing head injuries) -kids very in size and are smaller, so protective gear does not always fit them correctly -growth plates on children's long bones are vulnerable to fractures and overuse injuries -prepubescent athletes are more at risk for heat injuries due to their higher threshold for sweating and lower sweat rate -lack of mature motor skills -impulsiveness and recklessness associated with brain immaturity in teens

What are the physical differences between youth and adult athletes that make kids more vulnerable to injury...

-Type I- Straight across: no ossified bone is fractured and the growth cells within the physis are undisturbed -Type II- Above: most common; include separation of physis(type I) and a fracture out into the metaphysis -Type III- Lower: intra-articular(within joint) fractures, thru physis and epiphysis; serious -Type IV- Two/Through: more serious bc fractures run thru metaphysis, physis, and epiphysis. Thru entire growth plate and joint -Type V- "ER" Erasure of growth plate: drastic compression injuries; strong risk of bone deformity

What are the types of acute physeal injuries? S.A.L.T.E.R. harris

second impact syndrome(SIS)

a catastrophic brain injury that occurs when an athlete suffers a second head injury before fully recovering from the first

Sever's Disease

also involves apophysitis of heel, caused by repetitive stress on Achilles tendon. The heel bone grows faster than the ligaments in the leg, which become tight and overstretched, causing inflammation and pain. -foot is one of the first parts to grow full size and the heel is not very flexible -young athletes can take time off depending on pain and swelling

apophysis

an outgrowth where a tendon inserts on a growing bone. The ____(type of growth plate) contributes to growth in bone shape, but not longitudinal growth

Osgood-Schlatter

apophysitis of the knee that occurs in young athletes during their adolescent growth spurt. The rapid growth or lengthening of the bone leads to tightness in the muscle-tendon units spanning the knee -pain and soreness in front of knee -not too serious and disappears after growth spurt stops -not a threat to normal growth

Stress fracture

are skeletal defects (usually hairline cracks) that result from repeated application of a stress lower than that required to fracture a bone in a single blow or loading -Occur in the ribs of rowers and in the tibias (lower leg) and feet of runners and tennid, basketball, and volleyball players

metaphysis

area where the bone gets wider at the end

cerebrospinal fluid

brain floats in ______ during impact the brain hits the skull and causes bruising of brain and stretches and strains nerve cells

dynamic knee valgus

common body position in mant ACL injuries is _________

acceleration; deceleration

concussions caused by being struck by a moving object is _______ and caused by hitting a stationary object is ________

ligaments

connective tissue that fasten bone to bone and stabilize a joint

1. teach athletes to recognize and report even low-level aches and pains 2. one or two days per week off organized physical training, and 2-3 months off of particular sport per year 3. have single games and keep tournament play to a minimum 4. structure warm-ups including, dynamic stretching, balance, and coordinated exercises 5. use variety in practice to tax different skills and muscle groups, and use intervals of hard and easy activity to allow recovery 6. look up techniques and make sure they aren't teaching kids the wrong thing and causing injury

general strategies to prevent overuse injuries in youth sport: 1 2 3 4 5 6

physeal injuries

growth plate injuries can threaten growth or deform bones

concussion

injury in the brain from a hit, tackle, fall, or impact that results in a period of neurological impaitment

overuse injury

is a microtraumatic damage to a body part that has been subjected to repetitibve stress without sufficient time to heal or recover

apophysitis

is inflammation in the area of growing bone where the tendon attaches. It occurs due to repetitive motion and overuse during periods of rapid growth.

diaphysis

long,middle part (or shaft) of the bone

Little League Albow

refers to apophysitis (inflammation) on medial side (inside) of the elbow. This injury occurs predominantly in youth baseball players -may involve avulsion fractures, w fragments or the entire epicondyle chipped off due to overuse. Avulsion of the medial epicondyle is the most common fracture in adolescent and preadolescent overhead throwing athletes -once athlete experience this pain, coaches should immediately remove him from activity

EAP Emergency Action Plan

the _____ is an established procedure for dealing with serious injuries that occur in youth sports

physeal-epiphyseal apophyses

the ______ area is more susceptible to acute injuries such as fractures, while the _____(tendon attachment sites) typically incur more stress or overuse injuries

physis

the growth plate, or ______, is between the epiphysis and metaphysis in a growing child

epiphysis

the rounded end of a long bone

1. sudden macrotrauma, which is a single application of major force applied to a body part, such as an ankle sprain or dislocated shoulder 2. Repetitive microtrauma, in which repeated stress on a body part over a prolonged period of time overwhelms body's ability to recover and repair itself (overuse shoulder injuries in swimmers and little league elbow, and stress fractures)

two ways sport-related injuries occur in youth athletes:

knee, heel, and elbow

what are the most common sites for apophysitis in young athletes