CH 12 MNGMT - 301

Applying the job characteristics model requires which of the following?

-Diagnosing the work environment to see whether a problem exists -Determining whether job redesign is appropriate -Considering how to redesign the job

What three types of justice are the components of organizational justice?

-Distributive -Interactional -Procedural

The concept of fitting jobs to people is based on what ideas?

-Employees are underutilized. -Employees want more responsibility, challenges, and variety.

What key ideas can be drawn from equity and justice theories?

-Employees need a way to appeal decisions. -Organizations should foster a climate for justice.

Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives?

-Expectancy theory -Goal-setting theory -Equity theory

According to equity theory, which of the following would be characterized as inputs?

-Experience -Training -Effort

Which of the following are core job characteristics in the Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model?

-Feedback -Autonomy -Task significance -Skill variety

Which of the following are nonmonetary ways in which the flexible workplace can be used to motivate employees?

-Flextime -Work-life balance -Vacations & sabbaticals

What theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives?

-Herzberg's two-factor theory -Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory -McClelland's acquired needs theory

What strategies are recommended to add meaningfulness to your life?

-Integrate your natural strengths into your work life. -Seek out activities you love doing. -Look for ways to help others.

Which of the following are ways that motivation plays a role in an organization?

-It keeps workers engaged and producing quality work. -It encourages employees go beyond the call of duty. -It helps good people remain in the organization.

What are the two means by which jobs are fitted to people?

-Job enrichment -Job enlargement

Equity theory is focused on explaining how people work to achieve which of the following?

-Justice -Fairness

What are three types of learning opportunities?

-Learning and development -Tuition reimbursement -Studying co-workers

Which statements about Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory are correct?

-Managers should first focus on meeting level 1 and level 2 needs. -Maslow's theory is popular with managers. -Maslow's theory shows that workers need more than a paycheck.

Which statements about motivation are true?

-Multiple contextual and personal factors create motivation. -Motivation can only be inferred from a person's behavior.

Match the need in McClelland's theory with its correct description.

-Need for Achievement - The desire to excel, to do something better or more efficiently, to solve problems, to achieve excellence in challenging tasks -Need for Affiliation - The desire for friendly and warm relations with other people -Need for Power - The desire to be responsible for other people, to influence their behavior or to control them

What are the needs identified by McClelland as the basis for motivation?

-Need for affiliation -Need for achievement -Need for power

Regarding Maslow's theory of needs, which statements are true?

-Needs are met in order from the bottom to the top of the hierarchy. -Actions are aimed at fulfilling the deprived needs. -Needs at the lowest level in the hierarchy must be met before an individual will seek to achieve needs at higher levels.

What are the stages of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation?

-Performance to outcomes -Effort to performance

In equity theory, the outputs received from an organization include which of the following?

-Praise -Pay -Rewards

What are the three major elements of Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model?

-Psychological states -Work outcomes -Core job characteristics

Which types of reinforcement are intended to weaken a behavior?

-Punishment -Extinction

What does the technique called scientific management seek to do?

-Reduce the number of tasks a worker performs -Raise employee productivity -Increase employee efficiency

According to self-determination theory, what are the innate needs that people need to satisfy to achieve psychological growth?

-Relatedness -Autonomy -Competence

Which of the following would be characterized as motivating factors by Herzberg's two-factor theory?

-Responsibility -Achievement

What are the three critical psychological states identified by the job characteristics model?

-Responsibility for work outcomes -Knowledge of actual results of the work -Meaningfulness of work

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, in order for Josephina to seek fulfillment of her love needs, she must first satisfy which of the following needs?

-Safety -Physiological

Which of the following would be characterized as hygiene factors in Herzberg's two-factor theory?

-Salary -Working conditions

What are characteristics of motivating goals according to goal-setting theory?

-Specific -Achievable -Challenging

Goals motivate us through the following mechanisms:

-Strategies -Effort -Persistence -Attention

Which statements about employees who are motivated by a need for power are true?

-They enjoy being in control of events and people. -They like being publicly recognized for their responsibilities.

What are characteristics of the best incentive compensation plans?

-They link rewards to performance. -They are agreed on by both employees and managers.

According to equity theory, how might employees respond if they feel their rewards are inadequate?

-They may leave the situation. -They may try to change the outputs. -They may change the object of comparison.

According to the concept of goal orientation, there are two basic reasons why people try to achieve a goal, depending on the individual's personality. What are those reasons?

-To demonstrate competence and receive approval -To develop competence by learning new skills

Which of the following would be considered extrinsic rewards?

-a new company car -a raise

Which of the following would be considered intrinsic rewards?

-a sense of pride after your team accomplishes its goal -feeling satisfied with the result of your hard work on a project

Which of these represent levels of needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

-love -safety -self-actualization -physiological -esteem

Which are principal perspectives on motivation?

-reinforcement -job design -content -process

One model of motivation starts with an unfulfilled need. List the rest of the steps in the correct order, with the first step at the top.

1) motivation 2) behaviors 3) rewards 4) feedback

Which of the following is the BEST example of an effective goal for an employee?

Increase sales by 10% during the next quarter

Which of the following focuses on five core job characteristics that affect the psychological states of an employee, which in turn affect work outcomes?

Job characteristics model

The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace is called ______.

McClelland's acquired needs theory

Which statement about incentive compensation plans is true?

No one plan will boost the performance of all employees.

Tyler works for a large financial services firm. Each time he earns a professional certification in his field, he is rewarded with an increase in his salary. Which type of compensation plan does this describe?

Pay for knowledge

Hillary knows she needs a full-time job so she can buy groceries and clothing for her three children. Which level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs does this describe?

Physiological

Merilee is a seamstress in a garment factory, and she is paid $10 for each skirt she produces. What compensation plan does this describe?

Piece rate

Which perspectives on motivation are concerned with the thought progression that leads to people deciding how to act?

Process perspectives

What type of incentive compensation plan involves the distribution of a portion of the company's profits to employees?

Profit sharing

"Consequences influence behavior" best describes which theory of motivation?

Reinforcement theory

What Tamika loves about her job is that every day brings new challenges, and she can use different talents and abilities to complete her job tasks. This is an example of which core job characteristic?

Skill variety

Asked to describe what was most meaningful about his job at the senior citizen center, Marc answered, "I make a difference every day to the lives of elderly people in our community." This is an example of which element of the job characteristics model?

Task significance

Which core job characteristic refers to the degree to which the individual perceives that the job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside of the organization?

Task significance

The job diagnostic survey (used in connection with the job characteristics model) measures an individual's motivating potential score (MPS). What is the MPS designed to reveal?

The amount of internal work motivation associated with a specific job

Which answer best describes flourishing?

The extent to which our lives contain positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement

True or false: When punishing an employee, it is best to give out disciplinary action as soon as possible after the undesirable behavior.

True

True or false: When using expectancy theory to motivate workers, managers should ask questions to determine what rewards the employees value.

True

A survey showed that while most employees were pleased with the company's advancement opportunities and merit system, they were dissatisfied with factors such as pay scale and sharing an office with someone they disliked. These results exemplify which theory of motivation?

Two-factor theory

Carin is a manager who likes to delegate important tasks to capable employees and allows them to make most of the key decisions related to those tasks. Carin is focused on fostering ______ among her employees.

autonomy

Elaine surpassed her sales goal and earned a small cash award for her strong performance. This is an example of a ______.

bonus program

Cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives are called ______.

bonuses

Louisa is a real estate salesperson. When she sells a house, she earns a sales ______ equal to 6 percent of the sales price of the house.

commission

According to equity theory, when people believe there is equity, they will ______.

continue their current behavior

Dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the two components of job ______.

design

The basic lesson of Herzberg's research is that ______.

employers should attempt to eliminate job dissatisfaction before addressing job satisfaction

Managers should be concerned with motivation because it is tied to worker ______.

engagement

Jasmine previously handled only accounts payable, but she now handles accounts receivable as well. This is an example of job ______.

enlargement

To increase variety and motivate workers, Grant Industries increases the number of tasks in each job on the assembly line. This practice is known as job ______.

enlargement

Jaleel believes that if he studies hard for the next test, he will earn a high score. In terms of motivation theory, this is an example of ______.

expectancy

Juanita believes that if she works hard, her efforts will lead to strong performance. Juanita has a high level of ______.

expectancy

When a supervisor no longer gives bonuses for selling a particular product, employees are less likely to try to sell that product. This is a type of reinforcement called ______.

extinction

When little Josef would throw himself on the floor, screaming and kicking, his mother ignored him. Consequently, Josef has stopped throwing tantrums. This is an example of ______.

extinction

Raises and other monetary incentives are examples of ______ rewards.

extrinsic

A person evaluates whether the selected behavior has satisfied the need and whether it should be used again during the ______ stage.

feedback

The Scanlon plan is an example of ______, which distributes company savings to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased productivity.

gainsharing

The distribution of savings to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity is known as ______.

gainsharing

With regard to higher-level needs, managers should ______.

give employees a chance to meet these needs in a way that supports the organization's goals

When rewarding an employee for a behavior, you should ______.

give rewards as soon as possible

Simply giving employees additional tasks of similar difficulty is known as ______ loading.

horizontal

The satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, that a person receives from performing a task is known as a(n) ______ reward.

intrinsic

Self-determination theory is largely focused on ______.

intrinsic rewards and motivation

The sense of belonging to and serving something that you believe is bigger than the self is referred to as ______.

meaningfulness

To be successful, an incentive compensation plan must be ______.

measurable

Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ______ pay.

merit

The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior ______.

modification

The goal of an incentive compensation plan is to ______.

motivate employees to work harder for more money

According to Herzberg, ______ factors are more frequently associated with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and love of the work itself.

motivating

The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called ______.

motivation

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called ______.

needs

"I'll take out the garbage," Jan tells husband. "Just stop bugging me about it." This situation exemplifies ______.

negative reinforcement

According to reinforcement theory, turning in your monthly expense report on time so that your supervisor will not nag you for it is an example of ______.

negative reinforcement

The process of strengthening the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated by removing a negative consequence when the behavior is performed is known as _________.

negative reinforcement

Patrick's company allows employees to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price. This is referred to as a stock ______.

option

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, ______ power is expressed in an individual's desire to dominate others.

personal

Contingency factors refer to the degree to which individuals want ______.

personal and psychological development

A pay-for-performance plan in which employees are paid according to their productivity is referred to as ______.

piece rate

A manager tells his employee, "If you exceed your sales quota, I will give you a bonus." In reinforcement theory, this is an example of ______.

positive reinforcement

To encourage Mikayla to help around the house, her mother offers to pay her $1 each time she makes her bed in the morning and puts her laundry in the hamper. This is an example of ______.

positive reinforcement

The distribution to employees of a percentage of the company's profits is known as ______.

profit sharing

Keir's boss calls him into her office to berate him for coming in late for the third time this week. This is an example of ______.

punishment

In equity theory, people compare their ______.

ratio of inputs and outputs to the ratio of others in similar jobs

Anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited is known as ______.

reinforcement

Sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales in the form of a ______. Multiple choice question.

sales commission

People with a high need for affiliation ______.

seek social approval

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by the three innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness, is known as the ______ theory.

self-determination

According to equity and justice theories, organizational decisions ______.

should include input from the employees they will affect

According to the job characteristics model, the extent to which a job requires the job holder to use a wide range of different talents and abilities is known as ______.

skill variety

With ______, certain employees are given the right to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price.

stock options

A goal that goes beyond what a person is actually expected to achieve is a ______ goal.

stretch

Jakob thought he would enjoy his job as a web designer, but it turns out that he is responsible only for updating web pages and not for creating them, too. According to the jobs characteristics model, Jakob has low ______.

task identity

Laura's manager is retiring in six months, and Laura really wants to be promoted to succeed her. In terms of expectancy theory, Laura has a high ______ in regard to her promotion.

valence

Giving employees more responsibility, such as in job enrichment, is referred to as ______ loading.

vertical

According to psychologist Martin Seligman, the combined effect of positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement constitutes ______.

well-being

One survey found that about half of U.S. adults would be willing to take a 10% pay cut if it meant ______.

working at a job they found meaningful

Which guidelines should be followed when giving positive reinforcement?

-Be clear about what behavior is desired. -Give rewards as soon as possible.

When analyzing the pay scale of her staff, Nanci saw that several equivalent positions in the department were paid at various rates. She felt that they needed to be balanced. Which aspect of equity theory is Nanci taking into consideration?

Outputs

What type of compensation plan ties employee pay to the number of job-relevant skills or academic degrees they earn?

Pay for knowledge

When punishing an employee, you should ______.

consider combining punishment with positive reinforcement

The model of motivation called equity theory is based on which of the following ideas?

Employees want to see fairness in how they are rewarded for task performance.

What theory asserts that motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation?

Expectancy

There is one main theory as to what motivates people, and this theory is accepted by most people.

False

True or false: Money is the best motivator.

False

In terms of the goal-setting theory, what is necessary for employees to know if they are on the right track when working on a project?

Feedback

What is an example of an intrinsic reward?

Feeling independent

What is the modern way of designing jobs?

Fitting jobs to people

How does McClelland view needs?

Needs are something that we learn from our culture.

What statement about stretch goals is true?

Stretch goals increase willingness to take risks.

When Jose compares his input/output ratio with that of his co-workers, he is satisfied that he is being treated fairly. What is Jose most likely to do as a result?

Support organizational change

Which core job characteristic describes the extent to which a job requires the worker to perform all of the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end?

Task identity

What statement is true about people who have a performance goal orientation?

They are less likely to take on new challenges.

What is true of people who are motivated by the need for achievement?

They want fair and balanced feedback, both negative and positive.

True or false: According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, employers should first eliminate dissatisfying elements in the work place and then focus on adding incentives to motivate workers.

True

True or false: Pay for performance allows different salaried employees to get different pay raises and other rewards.

True

Telecommuting, or enabling employees to work at home while keeping in touch with their employers and coworkers via email, phone, and other electronic technologies, is one example of ______.

a work-life benefit

Leslie likes working on tasks that are challenging but still within her abilities. Leslie is most likely motivated by a need for ______.

achievement

Darius works in sales. For him, the most important thing is to build satisfying personal relationships with his co-workers and clients. Darius is primarily motivated by a need for ______.

affiliation

Most effective managers ______.

are motivated by a high need for power

A college professor who is required by the department chair to use a certain textbook and has no input into the number or types of assignments given to the class would likely have low ______.

autonomy

Jobs with high ______ allow workers to set their own schedules and decide how to perform the necessary tasks.

autonomy

The economic or protective potential of employee experience, actions, and knowledge is referred to as ______.

human capital

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, ______ are associated with job dissatisfaction.

hygiene factors

In expectancy theory, valence represents the

importance a worker assigns to the possible outcome or reward

In equity theory, the education, experience, and skills that individuals contribute to their organizations are examples of ______.

inputs

Power that is used as a means to further organizational goals is known as ______ power.

institutional

Jerry is confident in his ability to perform a new set of tasks, but he does not think he will be adequately rewarded for mastering the new knowledge. According to expectancy theory, he has low ______.

instrumentality

Keri is confident that, if she exceeds her sales quota for the year, she will be promoted to regional manager. This is an example of the ______ element of the expectancy theory.

instrumentality

One of the key take-aways from expectancy theory is that a manager should ______.

link rewards to levels of employee performance

Scientific ______ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.

management

If students arrive late to Professor Clarkson's class, their participation grade is automatically docked five points. This is an example of ______.

punishment

Which theory suggests that employees can be motivated by objectives that are specific and challenging but achievable and that have rewards tailored to individual needs?

Goal-setting theory

Marie has been given a goal to sell five cars by the end of the weekend. During the workday, she approaches every potential customer and makes an effort to engage with them and make a sale. When customers seem unsure about buying a car, she points out the car's best features and talks about the great deal she can give the customers if they buy. Marie is demonstrating what motivational mechanism of goal setting?

Goals increase your persistence.

Which theory proposes that work satisfaction originates from motivating factors, and dissatisfaction originates from hygiene factors?

Herzberg's two-factor theory