CH. 12 more MC

bystander apathy

Although several people were nearby when the old man collapsed in the park, nobody immediately stepped forward to help. What term describes this failure of the observers to offer help?

obedience

Researcher Stanley Milgram wanted to understand why normal citizens would follow orders to injure or kill innocent people during World War II. He wanted to know what factors influence people to follow orders given by an authority figure. In other words, he wanted to understand which phenomenon?

just world hypothesis

Sarah was shocked by the news of her neighbor being sexually assaulted. She was even more shocked, though, that so many people, including Sarah's own mother, assumed her neighbor had provoked the attack somehow. According to this perspective, Sarah's mother is making an attribution that seems to make the world seem safer and saner.

a stereotype; prejudice

Selena thinks that all computer programmers are antisocial and boring. When she meets Mark, a computer programmer, she immediately decides that she does not like him. Selena's beliefs are ________, and not liking Mark is ________.

actor/observer bias

Sharon's daughter just got engaged to her longtime boyfriend, Ted, but Sharon is not happy about this news. Ted does not have a stable job, and he is also a bit overweight, both of which lead Sharon to believe that Ted is lazy. Sharon struggles with her weight too, but she blames this on her thyroid problem. Sharon's assessment of Ted is an example of which of the following biases?

central

Sylvia is home alone with nothing to do except watch television. She finds herself paying close attention to an infomercial, which outlines five good reasons she should purchase her own food dehydrator. Sylvia is persuaded and decides to place an order. According to the elaboration likelihood model, this infomercial's persuasion took which route?

group polarization

The Jingle Belles a cappella group is considering new members cautiously. Each new member has a big effect on the rest of the group, so tryouts are lengthy, and personality plays a role too. When considering whether to admit Destiny to the group, the current members are initially somewhat skeptical. After discussing Destiny's vocal skills and other social factors, the group becomes even more skeptical and decides not to risk adding Destiny to their roster. What is this phenomenon called?

accommodation

The Sandersons have been married for over 40 years. They are a happy couple, and they tend to overlook each other's bad behavior or respond constructively. What is this process called?

social exposure

The first time she had bubble tea, Maria thought it was weird and gross, but all of her friends loved the strange tapioca in the bottom of their drinks, so Maria decided to give it another try. What shaped her attitude toward bubble tea?

Sean's attitude toward spanking is more predictive of whether he will spank his children than his attitude toward parenthood in general.

The more specific an attitude is, the more predictive of a behavior it is. Which scenario best exemplifies this? a. Sean's past experience with being spanked as a child is more predictive of whether he will spank his own children than his own attitudes toward spanking. b. Sean's attitude toward spanking will not be very meaningful until Sean has his own children. c. Sean's attitude toward parenthood in general predicts whether he will spank his children more accurately than does any specific attitude. d. Sean's attitude toward spanking is more predictive of whether he will spank his children than his attitude toward parenthood in general.

passionate; companionate

Alyssa and Orlando's first year together was intense and arousing. Three years later, their relationship involves deep caring and intimacy. Alyssa and Orlando's relationship has moved from ________ love to ________ love.

bystander apathy.

Flora's car breaks down, leaving her stranded on the highway in the middle of rush hour. As more and more cars drive past her, Flora is surprised that no one stops to help her. The fact that other drivers fail to help Flora is most likely explained by

groupthink

Group leaders should refrain from expressing strong opinions at the beginning of discussions. Leaders should also encourage their teams to consider alternative ideas and treat dissenters respectfully. In this way, leaders can prevent which of the following from happening?

Happy couples express concern for each other even when disagreeing.

Happy couples express concern for each other even when disagreeing. a. Happy couples express concern for each other even when disagreeing. b. Happy couples are able to mentally withdraw from their relationship. c. Happy couples attribute good outcomes to situations. d. Happy couples are realistic, not idealistic.

door-in-the-face

Jacob needs a few extra bucks to fill his gas tank. His dad doesn't like giving him money, so although Jacob only needs about $20, he asks his dad for $50. The plan works perfectly: his dad scoffs at the request for $50, but he hands over $20 without his usual balking. Which technique has Jacob used?

Jamie will be more successful if her arguments are memorable.

Jamie wants to persuade her parents to let her go to Europe with her school choir. Which statement about persuasion is most accurate?

She will not change her stereotype and she will categorize Patrick as a subtype.

Jane believes that all student athletes are stupid. One of her classmates, Patrick, has the highest GPA in her class and is also the star of the track team. How is Jane's stereotype for student athletes likely to change given her knowledge of Patrick?

self-fulfilling prophecy

Janelle's college adviser discouraged her from taking computer science because those classes tend to be difficult. Even though Janelle had an interest in programming, she began to doubt herself and worried that she would be unable to succeed in difficult, analytical courses. Her adviser's expectations had the potential to turn into which type of outcome?

Her attitude toward Johnny is complex.

Jenna knows that Johnny doesn't treat her right. She also knows she can find someone who will treat her better. But for some reason, she keeps dating Johnny anyway. Which of these is true about Jenna?

Matt, the boy who lives down the hall who she sees every

Margo is a new college student. According to research, with whom is Margo most likely to become friends?

prejudice

Maya and her family moved into a new house over the summer, and she dreaded having to start at a new school, where she would have to interact with girls whom her old friends had despised. However, after a few weeks in the new school, Maya realized that both groups of girls were pretty similar. Maya's experience dispelled her

discrimination

Michelle is the department head of an African studies program at a local college. When Carmen, a Latina student, wants to enroll in the program, Michelle refuses to let her and tells her it was designed for African American students. Michelle's unwillingness to admit Carmen to the program is most likely the result of

passionate; companionate

Neil and Gretchen recently started dating, and they feel an overwhelming urge to be together all the time and to have sex as often as possible. Armando and Jenny have been married for several years, and they each feel lucky to be married to their best friend. Neil and Gretchen are experiencing __________ love, while Armando and Jenny's relationship has evolved into __________ love.

peripheral

New Smoke wants to market its cigarettes to young adults, so it decides to create an ad using an attractive celebrity couple. By using well-known, high-status people to influence its audience and deliver its message, the company is using the ________ route of persuasion to increase cigarette sales.

the mere exposure effect.

Nnameke met the woman who lives in the apartment next to her once. For some reason, Nnameke's first impression of the woman was negative. However, after months of occasionally bumping into each other and exchanging small talk, Nnameke starts to like her neighbor very much. The change in Nnameke's attitude is most likely due to

increased activity in the dopamine reward systems

Passionate love is associated with changes in what brain structures?

deindividuation

Patti is fairly reserved and tends to be a wallflower, but last night, while at a rock concert, she felt her inhibitions disappear, and she danced right along with the rest of the crowd. What process affected Patti?

just world hypothesis.

Paul was recently attacked when he was walking home from a bar. Jenna believes that Paul must have done something to deserve or provoke the attack. Jenna's explanation is an example of the

deindividuation

Payton and his friends wear matching jerseys at the football game. When his friends start yelling curses at the players, Payton starts cursing, too, even though normally Payton rarely yells or curses at anyone. Payton's yelling in this case is best explained by

passionate

Phillipe and Pima have been in a relationship for 2 months. They both feel an intense sense of longing to be with each other, as well as strong sexual desire that has not begun to diminish. According to Hatfield and Berscheid, they are experiencing __________ love.

There are many bystanders

According to years of research, people witnessing someone in need are less likely to help when which of these is true? a. The need for help is clear. b. There is little personal cost in helping. c. There is a lack of anonymity. d. There are many bystanders.

College roommates who are most similar at the beginning of the year are most likely to become good friends. High school students tend to be friends with people of the same sex, race, and year in school. People with similar levels of attractiveness tend to like each other more than people who are dissimilar.

Accuracy concerning relationships include:

social loafing

At a meeting of the American Association of Knitting Enthusiasts, five people are elected to a committee to create a mission statement. Devin spends the entire committee meeting looking at her cell phone and texting and contributes nothing to the work. She is sure the other four will get the work done fine without her. Devin's behavior is most likely the result of

If there are fewer bystanders, someone is more likely to help the victim

Austin and Hallie just witnessed a serious accident where a cyclist crashed while riding through the park. The couple was shocked that none of the nearby people in the crowded park rushed over to help. According to the psychologists who first described the phenomenon of bystander apathy, which factor should increase the chances of the victim receiving help from others?

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Bowen has been stuck in traffic all morning, and she's late for an important appointment. Then a man in a blue car has the nerve to cut her off. Bowen honks her horn, pounds her steering wheel, and yells out the window. Which of these explains why Bowen has begun to display road rage?

deindividuation

Brenda is usually a very reserved young woman. When she goes out with her friends one night, her friends start dancing wildly on the dance floor. Brenda joins the group, begins to lose her self-awareness, and starts dancing wildly even though it would normally embarrass her. In this situation, Brenda's actions are best explained by

justification of effort

Carl's first job was as a camp counselor. The hours were grueling and the pay was practically nothing. Carl spent most of the summer broke, miserable, and wondering why he'd accepted the job. However, 10 years later, his outlook was different. He remembered this job fondly and considered it a worthwhile life experience. Which effect describes his shift in thinking?

What is beautiful is good.

Casey is jealous of his sister Yvette, who seems to get special treatment because she is very physically attractive. Yvette always breezes through airport security, and whenever she gets pulled over for speeding, she is able to talk her way out of getting a ticket. From which stereotype does Yvette benefit?

lowballing

Cassie is going to join a gym because new membership is very cheap. When she gets there, she discovers that there are added costs for towels, classes, and lockers. Although the final price is much higher than she originally believed, she still signs up. The gym has just used the ________ strategy to get Cassie to buy a membership.

implicit attitudes

Cassie often tells her friends that males and females should equally share parental responsibilities, but she unconsciously feels that women are better parents. Even though she's not aware of it, this causes Cassie to work harder at being a good stay-at-home mother. It seems that Cassie's behavior is being influenced by __________ about the roles that women have in the family.

compliance

Cedric walks into his boss's office and says, "I have a conflict next Thursday. Can I please have the day off?" His boss thinks it over for a minute and then agrees to give Cedric the day off. The boss's willingness to agree to a specific request is an example of

implicit

Craig said he had forgiven Josh for a past disagreement, but whenever Josh goes out with the group, Craig seems to stay at home. Which of Craig's attitudes toward Josh likely remains negative?

self-fulfilling prophecy.

Danielle is placed into a remedial mathematics class in her school even though she is sure that her skills should have qualified her for a regular math course. Her new remedial math teacher communicates that he does not expect Danielle to perform well in class. As a result, she does not try very hard and gets very low grades in the class. Danielle's performance in her math class most likely has been affected by a(n)

the fundamental attribution error

Dominic just saw a red truck rear-end a little white sedan at a stoplight. When a teenage driver stepped out of the truck, Dominic felt sure that the teen either had been careless, had been texting while driving, or both. Dominic's bias can be explained by which of the following?

dopamine

Donna is madly in love with Harry. Whenever they are together she has a very strong sexual yearning for him, and when they're apart she longs to be with him. Brain imaging studies show that this sort of passionate love is associated with activity in the __________ reward system

cognitive dissonance

Dr. Barker is an experienced medical professional, but he is also a smoker. In order to reduce the inevitable __________, he probably needs to change his behavior and quit smoking, because it will be very difficult for him to change his attitude and stop believing that smoking is bad for his health.

Carly, who is the same age and race as Francesca

During her first week in college, Francesca wondered which people in her hall she would befriend. Which one of the following is Francesca most likely to befriend? a. Tina, whose admirable personality characteristics are apparent b. Devon, who is older and appears to be from a much wealthier family c. Carly, who is the same age and race as Francesca d. Nancy, who is a bit older and much more attractive than Francesca

central; peripheral

During the election for a new city mayor, Sheila, one of the candidates, held several news conferences to explain in detail how she would address the important issues that the city was facing. Another candidate, Novia, bought TV advertisements that showed local celebrities supporting her for mayor. According to the elaboration likelihood model, Sheila was attempting to use persuasion by the ________ route and Novia was using persuasion by the ________ route.

social norms.

Expected standards of conduct, which influence behaviors, are known as

He will favor Nolan because he belongs to the ingroup.

John and Nolan are huge fans of the New York Knicks basketball team, whereas Brad is a fan of the Brooklyn Nets. Which of the following is John most likely to do?

First she will ask her mother if she can borrow the car to go out. Then, after her mother agrees, she will request to stay out past curfew.

Kaitlyn's friends were planning to go to a movie around 11 that night, which is past Kaitlyn's curfew. To get permission to stay out late, Kaitlyn plans to use the "foot in the door" strategy. What might she do?

companionate

Leo and Penny have been in a committed relationship for years. They trust each other and share their secrets. However, there is no desire in the relationship. This relationship is an example of ________ love.

Lynn became glad she had chosen Dennis, who had some notable strengths. When she thought about the other candidates, their weaknesses were at the front of her mind.

Lynn wasn't sure which job candidate to hire, since they all had a handful of strengths and weaknesses. After choosing Dennis, however, she experienced postdecisional dissonance. In other words, what might have happened?

companionate

Marcia and Stanley have been married for many years. Each feels that their relationship is based on trust, intimacy, respect, and friendship. They both feel a strong commitment to care for and support each other. Marcia and Stanley are most likely experiencing __________ love.

peripheral

Tonya knows that people seeing her billboard will be busy driving, talking, or otherwise distracted. Instead of outlining thoughtful reasons for why people should call her real estate firm, she decides to limit the billboard to a picture of a beautiful house with an attractive, happy family standing out front. In the terminology of researchers Petty and Cacioppo, which route will the information on the billboard target?

behavior

Using only a few seconds of security camera footage, Detective Mata observes thin slices of __________ and uses them as powerful cues for forming impressions of suspects.

foot-in-the-door

Victor has not started his paper, which is due tomorrow. He asks his friend Christy if she will write the first sentence. Then he asks her to write the next sentence. Next, he asks if she will write the next paragraph. Finally, he asks her to outline the whole paper and she agrees. Victor has just used the ________ technique to get Christy to help him.

social facilitation

When Cody arrived at the gym, it was relatively empty. She started riding a stationary bike at a leisurely pace. After a few other people sat down on nearby bikes, however, she began to speed up her pace and push herself a bit more. What is this phenomenon called?

thin slice of behavior

When Flint walks into class, he sees two girls laughing in the corner and gesturing at another girl and he perceives that they are making fun of her. He immediately thinks the two girls are mean-spirited people. This brief period of observation that was the basis for Flint's judgment is called

conformity

When Urie is out with his friends, he smokes cigarettes because they all smoke cigarettes and regularly offer him one. Even though he does not like smoking and would prefer not to smoke, Urie wants to be like the others in his group so he'll be accepted. Urie's behavior is most likely being affected by

sincere; unkind.

When college students were asked which personal characteristics they found to be the most positive and most negative in a friend or romantic partner, the most positive trait was being __________ and the most negative trait was being

actor/observer bias.

When he falls on the sidewalk during the winter, Jeremiah thinks, "This ice is brutal!" When he sees his friend Ed fall on the same icy sidewalk a few hours later, he laughs and says, "You are really clumsy!" Ed's attitudes in these cases reflect the impact of the

bystander apathy.

When running through the airport, Collin trips and spills all of his stuff out of his backpack. Lots of people see Collin trip and fall, but no one helps Collin pick up any of his stuff or checks to see if he is okay. The fact that others do not help in this case is best explained by

social facilitation.

When the presence of others leads to enhanced performance, it is an example of

snap judgment

When walking home from work, Eric noticed a group of men standing near the intersection. Eric decided to take a different route home either instinctively or because of which of the following?

a. intelligent

Which of the following is NOT one of the top five qualities that college students rate as the most positive characteristic in people they would want to be friends or romantically involved with? a. intelligent b. honest c. sincere d. loyal

c. Ricardo tells people that he believes in being honest, yet he regularly steals small things from the grocery store.

Which of the following is an example of a complex attitude? a. Victoria dresses in conservative outfits even though her sister likes to dress in skimpy and revealing clothing. b. Samuel believes that the government should have less say in people's lives and tells others to vote for candidates who believe in a smaller government. c. Ricardo tells people that he believes in being honest, yet he regularly steals small things from the grocery store. d. Tito's opinions of rock bands tends to be very consistent with those of his friends, and he enjoys knowing that they have something in common.

People will behave according to their roles in a situation.

Which of the following is illustrated in the Stanford prison study?

good hygiene

Which of the following traits is considered attractive across all cultures

Jess didn't initially like the tiny green beans, but they keep showing up at mealtime, and Jess no longer minds eating them.

Which of these scenarios explains how mere exposure has shaped Jess's attitude toward edamame?

Nobody at Emily's new office wore sandals or denim, so she decided not to either.

Which of these scenarios is an example of normative influence on behavior? a. Nobody at Emily's new office wore sandals or denim, so she decided not to either. b. Emily pulled up to the mall parking lot late in the evening and saw a lot of people headed out of the doors. She assumed the mall was already closed, so she headed home. c. Outside her window, people walking on the street were all wearing coats and hats, so Emily made sure to dress warmly too. d. Emily noticed a number of cars slowing down and pulling over to the side of the road, so she pulled over too, in case an emergency vehicle needed to pass.

justification of effort

Which phenomenon may explain why some people want to join a fraternity or sorority badly enough that they will endure weeks of humiliation and physical discomfort to gain membership?

Gottman

Which researcher identified four interpersonal styles that lead to difficulties and, often, breakups between couples who are romantically involved? a. Gottman b. Berscheid c. Hatfield d. Sternberg

When John cooked Sheila a romantic dinner, Sheila immediately wondered whether John was making up for a bad deed.

Which scenario is an example of the type of attribution Sheila would make if she and John were in an unhappy marriage?

Rupert and Sean had always been rivals in school. It didn't help that they played on different club hockey teams. However, after being paired together for a science project, they realized they had a lot in common and became friends.

Which story most accurately demonstrates what social psychologists know about the roles of competition and cooperation in prejudice?

the fundamental attribution error.

While standing in line at the pharmacy, Mitrell notices that a woman walks in, picks up an allergy medication, and cuts in front of everyone who is waiting to pay. She walks up to the register, drops a $10 bill on the counter, and walks out. Mitrell assumes that this woman is very rude, but he does not know that there is a child in her car who is having an allergy attack. Mitrell's judgment in this situation reflects

proximity

Yerrendrina has just moved away to go to college, and she feels that her relationship with her boyfriend at home won't last because of the distance. She knows that she isn't going to see him very often and fears that they will drift apart. Yerrendrina is worried that their relationship is going to be affected by a change in