Ch. 12 Motivation

The need for status, reputation, and recognition are part of

esteem

Which of the following is a higher-level need based on the four content theory perspectives?

esteem

Which of the following is a need in Alderfer's ERG theory?

existence -ERG theory assumes that three basic needs influence behavior; they are existence, relatedness, and growth, represented by the letters E, R, and G.

Brady went to his boss Lynn to complain that he got the same bonus this quarter as everyone else, despite the longer hours he's been putting in and his higher level of experience and efficiency. If Lynn can't change the bonuses, she should

expect that Brady will reduce his hours

After struggling with the training, Sachin is unsure whether he can complete the end-of-year financial reporting with minimal errors in the time allotted at his new job. In this case, Sachin is low on the ______ element of expectancy theory.

expectancy -Expectancy is the belief that a particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance. You are asking yourself, "Will I be able to perform at the desired level on a task?"

The theory under which people make the choice that promises them the greatest reward if they think they can get it is

expectancy theory

It has been seven quarters since any employee has received a bonus at R & G Mills, so now the possibility of getting one does not seem to be motivating the workers any longer. In this case, management has inadvertently applied

extinction

Craig's sales manager has just told the group that all sales in the month of September will earn an extra 5% commission. The team gets right to work, being motivated by a(n)

extrinsic reward

The marketing department at State College was nearly $8,000 under budget last year due to a variety of cost-cutting measures. This year 50% of the savings were returned to the department to spend as desired, as a form of

gainsharing

Which of the following is not a practice used to create a flexible workplace?

gainsharing There is a whole class of nonmonetary incentives to attract, retain, and motivate employees. The foremost example is the flexible workplace, including part-time work, flextime, compressed workweek, job sharing, and telecommuting.

A Scanlon plan is a type of ______ compensation plan.

gainsharing -Gainsharing is the distribution of savings or "gains" to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity. -scanlon plan is the type first used in the steel industry

Which of the following is a process perspective on motivation?

goal-setting theory Three process perspectives on motivation include equity theory, expectancy theory, and goal-setting theory.

For managers, the importance of Maslow's contribution is that he showed that workers

have needs beyond that of just earning a paycheck

When using goal-setting theory to motivate employees, managers should

help workers understand and accept the goals

Anne has excelled as a consultant for a large financial institution. She loves building mutually beneficial relationships and is extremely well liked by her clients. Anne likely has a

high need for affiliation

Anders is manager for a large freight company. He has noticed low morale lately, perhaps because of the cramped quarters and lack of raises this year among workers on his shift. According to Herzberg, Anders should first concentrate on

hygiene factors

At his review last year, Ryan was promised a big raise if he met his production goals. Raises were included in today's paychecks, and despite that Ryan has met all of his goals, he only received a cost- of-living raise. In the future, Ryan's ______ will probably be

instrumentality; low ***Instrumentality is the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the outcome desired. Based on recent experience, Ryan will likely have a low level of instrumentality.

A goal that states "Attend work at least 80% of the time this quarter" has which of the following problems?

it is not challenging enough -goal theory suggests that you set specific, challenging goals

______ involves division of an organization's work and applies motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performance.

job design

The process of increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation is called

job enlargement

Janet is very aggressive at her job, and her coworkers complain that she often manipulates them and her boss in order to get ahead. She attempts to direct everything and everyone, regardless of the consequences to others or even the organization itself. Janet is expressing what type of need for power?

personal -McClelland identifies two forms of the need for power. The negative kind is the need for personal power, as expressed in the desire to dominate others, and involves manipulating people for one's own gratification.

Maslow's levels of needs, in order from lowest (most basic) to highest level, are

physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.

The use of desirable consequences to strengthen a particular behavior is called

positive reinforcement

According to the acquired needs theory, the desire to influence others is part of the need for

power

In equity theory, employees are motivated to

resolve feelings of injustice

After a series of bus accidents, one of which resulted in a critical injury to a driver, Inland Shuttle drivers received additional training and buses were retrofitted with new braking systems. This helps to satisfy which of Maslow's needs?

safety

An accounting firm provides employees with educational reimbursements if they complete job-related coursework with a B or better, which helps them meet which of Maslow's levels of needs?

self-actualization

According to goal-setting theory, which of the following is necessary for goals to create high motivation and performance?

setting goals linked to an action plan

Job ______ is the opposite of job

simplification; enlargement

When workers perceive they are being treated fairly on the job, they are most likely to

support organizational change

Gwen's job as an accounting assistant was recently modified to include reconciling of bank accounts and delivering checks to the bank, two tasks previously done by the accounting manager. This increase in responsibility would best be described as

vertical loading **Instead of the job-enlargement technique of simply giving employees additional tasks of similar difficulty (known as horizontal loading), with job enrichment employees are given more responsibility (known as vertical loading). Thus, employees take on chores that would normally be performed by their supervisors.

In using reinforcement, a manager should

clearly communicate the desired behavior

The weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced is called

extinction

Even when he started his first job, Galen was not content to be just one of the employees. His boss noticed that he often coached his coworkers about ways to improve their work, even when it wasn't his job. Galen probably has a

high need for power

______ is the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the desired outcome.

instrumentality

Arianna's management professor just told her class that the final exam is optional for students like her who currently have an A. She decides to take the exam anyway, since she likes the subject and wants to master the material. Here, Arianna is motivated to take the exam by a(n)

intrinsic reward

The process of building into a job such motivating factors as recognition and achievement is called

job enrichment

According to Herzberg's theory, the first thing managers of employees who dislike their jobs should do is to

make sure pay levels, policies, and working conditions are reasonable.

According to the job characteristics model, the core job characteristics of skill variety, task identity, and task significance combine to affect

meaningfulness of work

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, only ______ factors can make employees satisfied with their jobs.

motivating

______ is defined as the psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior.

motivation

Estefan tells one of his staff that he is taking her off of probation since she has corrected her tardiness problem. Estefan is using

negative reinforcement

The process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative is called

negative reinforcement

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, in the zone between the motivating factors and the hygiene factors, employees are

neither satisfied nor dissatisfied

Erica teaches fourth grade at a local elementary school. She significantly increased her salary by earning a master's degree in education. This is an example of

pay for knowledge

A sales commission is an example of a ______ compensation plan.

pay for performance

Gabe has a summer job hand-dying shirts that will be sold on the boardwalk. He is paid $3.50 per shirt. This is an example of a ______ compensation plan.

pay for performance -bases pay on one's results

Research shows that simplified jobs lead to

poor mental health

Theories that try to understand the thought processes by which people decide how to act are called

process perspectives

Mark's employer passes out checks at the end of each quarter, representing an equitable portion of 5% of the company's pretax profits for the previous period. This is known as

profit sharing -distribution of company profits to employees

Your boss requires you to give up your company car since you have missed your sales goals for three consecutive quarters. She is using

punishment -weakening a behavior by presenting something negative or withdrawing something positive

A simple model of motivation does not include which of the following?

reactions In a simple model of motivation, people have certain (1) needs that (2) motivate them to perform specific (3) behaviors for which they receive (4) rewards that (5) feed back and satisfy the original need

Which of the following is the best statement of a goal?

reduce production errors by 10% by the end of the quarter

According to Herzberg, which of the following is an example of a hygiene factor?

relationships

As a maintenance person for the Air Force, Craig services aircraft engines, which protects the lives and safety of military personnel and their ability to conduct missions. Craig's job has a high level of

task significance ***Task significance describes the extent to which a job affects the lives of other people, whether inside or outside the organization.

Of the following, which is a core job characteristic?

task significance -The five core job characteristics are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback

The motivating potential score is calculated as part of using

the job characteristics model -There are three steps to apply the job characteristics model. The first is to diagnose the work environment to see if a problem exists. A self-report instrument for managers to use called the job diagnostic survey will indicate whether an individual's so-called motivating potential score (MPS), or the amount of internal work motivation associated with a specific job, is high or low.

Which of the following is not an advisable criterion for an effective incentive plan?

the rewards require rarely attainable performance

According to Herzberg, which of the following is an example of a motivating factor?

the work itself

Chad was interviewing for jobs, and the HR manager at one firm told him that the company pays the total health insurance costs for a family of four. As a single man, this benefit did not seem especially important to him right now. Here, Chad is low on the ______ element of the expectancy theory.

valence aka value

______ assumes that three basic needs influence behavior and that they may be activated concurrently.

Alderfer's ERG theory

Which of the following is a need-based perspective on motivation?

Herzberg's two-factor theory -Hygiene factors: lower level needs associated with job dissatisfaction ***salary, working conditions, interpersonal relationships, company policy -Motivating factors: higher-level needs associated with job satisfaction ***achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement

McClelland's need for achievement corresponds most closely to

Maslow's self-actualization needs

The extent to which a job allows an employee to make decisions about scheduling different tasks and deciding how to perform them is called

autonomy

Vanessa runs a flower shop. She recently made some changes so that one employee answers phones and does paperwork, while another creates arrangements, and a third packages and delivers the arrangements. Previously, each employee was responsible for the order from the phone call through the delivery. Vanessa's job redesign has

decreased task identity -Task identity describes the extent to which a job requires a worker to perform all the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end.

Which of the following is a contingency factor in the job characteristics model?

desire for personal growth ***Contingency factors refer to the degree to which a person wants personal and psychological development.

When using punishment, a manager should

do it in conjunction with positive reinforcement

The theory that attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated while behavior with negative consequences tends not to be repeated, is called

reinforcement theory