CH. 12 psychology
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
the other race effect occurs when we assume that other groups are ______ homogeneous than our own group
more
Couples are more likely to meet _____ than they were in the past.
online
Twenty-five percent of heterosexual couples have met:
online.
the bystander effect states that a particular bystander is less likely to give aid if
other people are present
Using the Asch procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when:
participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers.
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another is to _____ love as deep affectionate attachment is to companionate love.
passionate
celebrity endorsements in advertising often lead consumers to purchase products through _________ route persuasion
peripheral
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
Dr. Perez is studying prejudice and discrimination. She is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.
social
The branch of psychology that studies how people think, feel, and behave in interpersonal situations is called _____ psychology.
social
People tend to exert less effort when working with a group than they would alone, which is called ______________ ______________.
social loafing
attitudes
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression
frontal lobe
Studies have revealed diminished activity in the _____ in the brains of violent criminals.
frontal lobes
When those who feel frustrated become angry and aggressive, this is referred to as the ___ ___ ____.
frustration aggression principle
Pit bulls have a reputation for aggressive behavior, are frequently involved in dogfighting, and have acted aggressively toward people. This BEST demonstrates _____ influences on aggression.
genetic
When like-minded people discuss a topic, and the result is the strengthening of the prevailing opinion, this is called __________
group polarization
Louis is an expert on psychometrics and assessment; however, three of the clinicians disagree on his choice of scales. Louis decides to change his opinion for the good of the group. This BEST illustrates:
groupthink
When a group's desire for harmony overrides its realistic analysis of other options, ______________ has occurred.
groupthink
Which social psychological phenomenon is probably MOST relevant to the United States' controversial 2003 decision to invade Iraq?
groupthink
In _____ cultures, people are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error, while in _____ cultures, they are less likely to commit the fundamental attribution error.
individualist; East Asian
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the:
just-world phenomenon
One way of resolving conflicts and fostering cooperation is by giving rival groups shared goals that help them override their differences. These are called __________ goals.
superordinate
David T. Lykken's saying of "we could avoid two-thirds of all crime simply by putting all able-bodied young men in cryogenic sleep from the age of 12 through 28" demonstrates the understanding that _____ and _____with age.
testosterone levels; aggressiveness decrease
companionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
discriminate
to differentiate; to make a clear distinction; to see the difference
_____ is an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group.
Prejudice
equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
Evidence of a biochemical influence on aggression is the finding that
a higher than average level of the hormone testosterone is associated with violent behavior in males
role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Tyler is with three of his friends at a restaurant. One of his friends yawns, then another friend does so, and then finally Tyler yawns. Research suggests that Tyler and his friends who also mimicked the yawn may show increased levels of:
empathy.
which of the following strengthens conformity to a group?
finding the group attractive
We tend to agree to a larger request more readily if we have already agreed to a small request. This tendency is called the ___ - ___ - ___ - ___ phenomenon.
foot in the door
When the temperatures go up in the summer, the rates of violent crimes increase. This is BEST explained in terms of the:
frustration-aggression principle
informational social influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
Sara and a colleague are having dinner together. While they wait on their order, a Muslim family enters the restaurant and the woman is wearing a Hijab. Sara's colleague leans closer to her and says "I am not sure how she expects to eat with all of that junk covering her face." Her colleague is demonstrating:
prejudice.
Belief is to _____ as behavior is to _____.
stereotype; discrimination
Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
social psychologists
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
Internet dating has existed for about _____ years.
20
stereotype
A generalized belief about a group of people
conformity
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
_____ is any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.
Aggression
_____ is the unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
Altruism
GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
The classic electric shock study of obedience is associated with:
Milgram.
Olivia, a 21-year-old university student, is quiet, relaxed, reflective, and politically liberal. Research suggests that she would MOST likely become a good friend of
Philip, who is reflective and quiet.
Carl Wilkens was a missionary living in Kigali, Rwanda, in 1994 with his family when militia began killing members of an ethnic minority group, the Tutsi. Wilkens was encouraged to leave the area but refused. After evacuating his family, he stayed and contested the 800,000-person genocide. When the militia came to kill him and his Tutsi servants, Wilkens' Hutu neighbors deterred them. Despite repeated death threats, he spent his days running roadblocks to take food and water to orphanages and to negotiate, plead, and bully his way through the bloodshed, saving lives time and again. Wilkens was exemplifying:
altruism.
passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
social-responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
reciprocal norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team. Before the game started, Lavinia and Carla were each convinced that her team was the better one. The girls' beliefs BEST illustrate:
an ingroup bias.
norm
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior.
prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
Discrimination is BEST described as:
an unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group of people and its members
Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that:
animals can be bred for aggressiveness.
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
Feelings, often influenced by one's beliefs, that predispose one to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events are called:
attitudes.
According to _____ theory, people explain behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.
attribution
Discrimination is to _____ as prejudice is to _____.
behavior; attitude
Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of:
beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action.
When people adjust their own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, they are exhibiting _____.
conformity
The adage that "familiarity breeds contempt" is _____ by research on the _____ effect.
contradicted; mere exposure
social scripts
culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations
The fact that support for interracial dating has dramatically increased represents a(n) _____ in _____ prejudice.
decrease; explicit
in a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity, a person sometimes loses self consciousness and self control. this phenomenon is called
deindividuation
The aspect of pornographic films that most directly influences men's aggression toward women seems to be the
depictions of sexual violence
social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
When one follows orders or behaves similarly to one's friends, one is demonstrating the power of social:
influence.
The social group to which a person belongs is called the _____, and the social group to which a person does not belong is called the _____.
ingroup; outgroup
A conference of social scientists studying the effects of pornography unanimously agreed that violent pornography
leads viewers to be more accepting of coercion in sexual relations
Studies show that parents of delinquent young people tend to use beatings to enforce discipline. This suggests that aggression can be
learned through observation of aggressive models
Josh and Donna are discussing the latest release by their favorite band. "I didn't like it at first, but now that I've played it a few times, I love it!" Donna states. Donna's remark exemplifies the _____ effect.
mere exposure
The more familiar a stimulus becomes, the more we tend to like it. This exemplifies the __________ __________ effect.
mere exposure
Our enemies often have many of the same negative impressions of us as we have of them. This exemplifies the concept of __________-__________ perceptions.
mirror image
Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she is angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he is hostile. This couple's experience BEST illustrates:
mirror-image perceptions.
If we encounter a person who appears to be high on drugs, and we make the fundamental attribution error, we will probably attribute the person's behavior to
moral weakness or an addictive personality
Compared with nongaming individuals, people with extensive exposure to violent video gaming display _____ desensitization to violence, and they are _____ likely to help an injured victim.
more; less
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
While Wendy disagrees with her boss, she laughs at her joke anyway to gain her approval. Wendy's behavior illustrates:
normative social influence
Today, almost all Americans are willing to vote for a qualified female presidential candidate. In 1937, the corresponding proportion was MOST nearly:
one-third
After vigorous exercise, you meet an attractive person, and you are suddenly seized by romantic feelings for that person. This response supports the two-factor theory of emotion, which assumes that emotions, such as passionate love, consist of physical arousal plus
our interpretation of that arousal
The correlation between temperature and the likelihood that Major League Baseball batters will be hit by pitched balls is:
positive.
Social facilitation is MOST likely to occur in the performance of _____ tasks.
simple, well-practiced
Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of:
stereotypes
Prejudice toward a group involves negative feelings, a tendency to discriminate, and overly generalized beliefs referred to as
stereotypes
in Milgram's experiments, the rate of compliance was highest when
the "learner" was at a distance from the "teacher"
self disclosure
the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
In 1964, Kitty Genovese was brutally stabbed to death in front of her apartment building. It took the assailant approximately 30 minutes to kill Genovese. Police reports showed that, although 38 neighbors witnessed the event, no one helped or called the police. This incident can be BEST explained by:
the bystander effect
Mrs. Chen fell on a busy city sidewalk and broke her leg. Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground, most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance. Their oversight BEST illustrates one of the dynamics involved in:
the bystander effect
People feel happier in the presence of happy people than in the presence of depressed people. Based on the textbook's discussion, which factor BEST explains this phenomenon?
the chameleon effect
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
During the Korean War, many U.S. prisoners of war were held in war camps run by Chinese communists. Without using brutality, the captors secured the prisoners' collaboration in various activities. Some did simple tasks to gain privileges while others completed radio appeals and false confessions or divulged military information. When the war ended, 21 prisoners chose to stay with the communists. More returned home convinced that communism was a good thing for Asia. The Chinese captors were able to accomplish this by using:
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
A tendency to overestimate the extent to which a stranger's violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality BEST illustrates:
the fundamental attribution error.
The common tendency in individualistic cultures to ascribe the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external or situational factors, is called:
the fundamental attribution error.
Tim's new roommate Jaxon leaves dirty laundry all over his room, and Tim assumes Jaxon must be a slob. Tim ignores the fact that Jaxon is currently studying for finals and working 30 hours per week. Tim is demonstrating:
the fundamental attribution error.
The concept of a superordinate goal is BEST illustrated by:
the intent of management and labor to produce a fuel-efficient automobile that will outsell any car on the market.
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group
other-race effect
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
The excitement that lingers after a frightening event can often facilitate passionate love. This is BEST explained by the _____ theory.
two-factor
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Nearly _____ percent of all homicides in the United States are alcohol related.
60
A stereotype is BEST described as a:
A generalized belief about a group of people
_____ can be defined as a cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group even though they may not always reflect reality.
A stereotype
ingroup
"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.
Which comment is MOST likely to be made by the leader of a group characterized by groupthink?
"We have been united on matters in the past, and I hope that will continue."
outgroup
"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
The MAOA gene _____ the breakdown of the neurotransmitters dopamine and _____.
aids; serotonin
Attitude is to action as _____ is to _____.
prejudice; discrimination
The reward theory of attraction MOST clearly reflects the intellectual legacy of:
B. F. Skinner.
_____ route persuasion uses evidence and argument to motivate careful thinking, whereas _____ route persuasion uses superficial cues to trigger emotion-based judgments.
Central; peripheral
This person proposed cognitive dissonance theory.
Festinger
Which group is MOST likely to experience hate crimes in the United States?
LGBTQ people
_____ is revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
Self-disclosure
_____ psychologists investigate how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Social
_____ psychologists investigate human cognition, emotion, and behavior in relation to other people.
Social
Siblings Josh and Jackie share the use of their parents' second car. They constantly argue over who gets the car for each night of the weekend. If a mediator were brought in to settle the dispute, which approach might the mediator first apply?
The mediator would lead each sibling to think about the other's underlying needs and goals.
An advertising agency is developing advertisements to promote a political candidate. One ad is a radio spot airing during drive time, when listeners are stressed, distracted, and impatient. Another advertisement is a print ad to appear in national newspapers and business magazines. With respect to persuasion, how do these different types of ads relate to the central and peripheral routes?
The radio spot will rely on the peripheral route, while the print ad will rely on the central route.
People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as the _____ effect.
bystander
When people act in a way that is not in keeping with their attitudes, and then change their attitudes to match those actions, ______________ ______________ theory attempts to explain why.
cognitive dissonance
a happy couple celebrating their 50th wedding anniversary is likely to experience deep _______ love, even though their _________love has probably decreased over the years
companionate; passionate
Sharing our opinions with like-minded others tends to strengthen our views, a phenomenon referred to as ____________ _____________.
group polarization
Janie is amazed how Jim can recognize and identify people who are of Asian ethnic groups, while she really struggles with this type of identification. One can assume from this example that Jim:
has more experience interacting with Asian people.
Researchers have found that a person is most likely to conform to a group if
the person admires the group's status
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression
In explaining one's own behavior or the behavior of those one knows well, one often attributes that behavior to _____, indicating that one is _____ to the fundamental attribution error.
the situation; not susceptible
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
