CH 12,13,14
Binet's work on "Individual Psychology" with Victor Henri finally led him to conclude which of the following?
"Projective tests" showed great promise for personality research.
emphasized how a variety of nonobjective factors can systematically influence the process of perception (term)
"new look" in perception
After observing and comparing the behavior and test responses of his two daughters, Alfred Binet characterized them as the
"observer" and the "imaginer."
Motivation and Personality (author)
Abraham Maslow
Who among the following was NOT one of the leaders in establishing a new cognitive psychology in the 1950s and 1960s?
Alan Turing
a hypothetical "universal" computer that could perform any kind of calculation on any set of symbols capable of being manipulated in the Boolean sense, according to some set of formally specifiable and self-consistent rules (creator)
Alan Turing
Who were two important pioneers in the development of modern computers and artificial intelligence who worked as codebreakers in their separate countries during World War II?
Alan Turing and Claude Shannon
Who among the following was not a major influence on Gordon Allport's early career?
Alfred Adler
mental orthopedics (individual)
Alfred Binet
a computer program that reproduced formal proofs for some of the basic theorems at the heart of symbolic logic (creator)
Allen Newell and Herbert Simon
According to Jerome Bruner's theory, the three "modes" in which people learn about objects are in terms of (A) their perceptual quality, (B) doing things with them, and (C) the symbols for representing them. What is the normal sequence in which these occur, and which of these sequences should be followed in ideal teaching methods?
B, then A, then C
Which philosophical approach profoundly affected young Piaget?
Bergson's creative evolution
The opinion that "the heart has its reasons which reason knows nothing of" was famously expressed by whom?
Blaise Pascal
an early calculator consisting of a row of ten-toothed cogwheels, arranged so that each complete revolution of the wheel on the right produced a rotation of one tooth in the wheel to its left (creator)
Blaise Pascal
an analysis of the childhood biographies of eminent historical geniuses, which led to the argument that had intelligence tests been given at the time these intellectually prominent figures would have achieved high IQ scores as children (researcher)
Bärbel Inhelder
In whom did Maslow find two important allies in his effort to establish of a humanistic, third force in psychology?
Carl Rogers and Rollo May
the first serious studies of the preoperational stage of development (researcher)
Catherine Cox and Lewis Terman
a calculating machine constructed with great difficulty that could compute sums and differences of complex sequences of squared numbers (creator)
Charles Babbage
two-factor theory of intelligence (individual)
Charles Spearman
a thought experiment comparing a native speaker of a language with one who responds perfectly but "mechanically" with the aid of a complete book of rules the latter, like a computer, would not demonstrate "strong" artificial intelligence (term)
Chinese room
"A Mathematical Theory of Communication" (author)
Claude Shannon
George Miller's early exposure to __________ proved to be a turning point in his career.
Claude Shannon's information theory
Modern information theory was initiated by __________, with the concept of the __________ as its most basic unit.
Claude Shannon; bit
Who among the following was primarily responsible for establishing intelligence tests that were specifically designed for adult population?
David Wechsler
the study of adult intelligence and the creation of an intelligence test for adults (researcher)
David Wechsler
Maslow's dissertation research on monkeys and motivation supported which conclusion?
Dominance and sexuality were separate but interacting motivations, and in practice dominance usually predominated over pure sexuality.
Gordon Allport and Abraham Maslow both had significant negative early personal experiences with which of the following important psychologists?
Edward B. Titchener
Escape from Freedom (author)
Erich Fromm
What was the title of an important book written by Erich Fromm?
Escape from Freedom
What was Maslow's late term for an ideal, utopian society inhabited by self-actualized people?
Eupsychia
the observation that over the past century, as new revisions of intelligence tests have been developed, subjects have been getting "smarter" (as measured by average performance on intelligence test items) at an impressively steady rate (term)
Flynn effect
Which British psychologist anticipated cognitive psychology with a famous cross-cultural study of remembering?
Frederick Bartlett
an AI program that uses heuristics intended to be capable of solving a broad range of types of problems (term)
General Problem Solver (GPS)
Plans and the Structure of Behavior (author)
George Miller, Eugene Galanter, and Karl Pribram
Personality: A Psychological Interpretation (author)
Gordon Allport
The idea that one concept may be "contained" within another (e.g., "human" is contained within "animal") was an important aspect of which of the following?
Gottfried Leibniz's proposal for a universal language
Which one of the following was Abraham Maslow's Ph.D. dissertation supervisor at the University of Wisconsin?
Harry Harlow
a study of the lineage of the Kallikak family (researcher)
Henry H. Goddard
Terman's revision to Stern's intelligence quotient, which multiplied the fraction by 100 to eliminate decimals (term)
IQ
What did Catherine Cox's biographical study of historical geniuses suggest?
If tests had been available, virtually all of them would have achieved high IQs in childhood.
Which of the following was NOT true about the so-called "cognitive revolution"?
It adopted concepts from computer science in theorizing about internal cognitive processes.
What was one of the key limitations of the Pascaline that Leibniz went on to overcome?
It could only add and subtract.
Which of the following is NOT true about a deviation IQ?
It was intended predict deviant behavior in both adults and children.
genetic epistemology (individual)
Jean Piaget
modes of representation (individual)
Jerome Bruner
The Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies was jointly created by whom?
Jerome Bruner and George Miller
Maslow's mentors during his postgraduate experience in the "New Athens" of New York City included all of the following EXCEPT
John B. Watson
Abraham Maslow's original enthusiasm for becoming a psychologist was aroused by what?
John B. Watson's behaviorism
From which of the following figures did Maslow borrow the term "self-actualization"?
Kurt Goldstein
Which of the following psychologists introduced the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
Lev Vygotsky
Who among the following was a psychologist born in Soviet Russia who emphasized the importance of sociocultural factors in the development of intelligence?
Lev Vygotsky
zone of proximal development (ZPD) (individual)
Lev Vygotsky
The Lovelace Objection refers to which of the following?
Lovelace's view that computers could only do what they were programmed to do
The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory (author)
Noam Chomsky
a computer program capable of responding to different written letters or Morse code symbols via subroutines called "demons" that worked independently on separate aspects of the problem but all at the same time, and with successful combinations of activity being recorded in the computer's memory (creator)
Oliver Selfridge
If tests had been available, many of them would have revealed surprising deficiencies. Binet would probably have been skeptical about all of the following developments in intelligence testing EXCEPT
Piaget's discovery of the cognitive stages.
Which one of the following psychologists was a pioneer in the factor analysis of personality traits?
Raymond Cattell
The "quest for meaning" is a particularly prominent theme in which of the following?
Rollo May's existential psychotherapy
Patterns of Culture (author)
Ruth Benedict
Which of the following are Maslow's original two examples of people he regarded as self-actualized personalities?
Ruth Benedict and Max Wertheimer
Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology (author)
Sir Frederic Bartlett
proposed as a new central concept in the analysis of thinking and reasoning, based on the idea that problem solving typically begins with a first test, comparing the present situation with the desired outcome, followed by an operation to reduce the difference, and then another test (term)
TOTE unit
What did Binet find when he measured the reaction times of his young daughters?
Their responses were variable, depending on how well they paid attention to the task.
Binet's case studies of creative and extraordinarily talented individuals led him to conclude which of the following?
There was great variability in the specific ways they went about their tasks.
The concept of "flashbulb memories" was introduced and studied by whom?
Ulric Neisser
Personality and Assessment (author)
Walter Mischel
Who among the following was the first psychologist to promote the use of Binet-type intelligence tests in America?
William Stern
Which of the following best defines the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
a child's potential for immediate intellectual growth with mild coaching
Ulric Neisser's interest in cognitive psychology was stimulated by which of the following?
a childhood event that forced him to question the accuracy of his own memory
Carl Rogers effectively promoted which of the following?
a client-centered therapy stressing unconditional positive regard
As a student, Gordon Allport was influenced by his teacher Münsterberg's conception of psychology as
a dual discipline having both an objective-causal and a subjective-purposive side
The weaver Joseph Jacquard invented which of the following technologies suggested by Charles Babbage in his design for an analytical engine?
a network of binary (on or off) switches in the "mill"
Maslow's theory of human motivations is traditionally depicted with which image?
a pyramid with physiological needs at the base and self-actualization at the top
Which of the following was NOT true about the grown-up population of gifted children identified by Lewis Terman in the 1920?
a significant proportion of them became prominent in the creative arts
Gordon Allport's important collaborative projects included all of the following EXCEPT
a survey of trait names with Henry Odbert
hierarchy of needs (individual)
abraham Maslow
In Bruner's theory, the earliest mode of representation, in which a child begins by doing something with a new stimulus object, is called the
activity mode
The technology employed by Pascal in his "Pascaline" resembled which more modern mechanism?
an automobile odometer
What was "Pandemonium"?
an early computer program that used connectionist processing to "learn" how to perform pattern recognition of letters
planned but never-finished "universal machine," capable of performing virtually any type of calculation; prototype for what today we call a programmable computer (term)
analytical engine
the capacity of a mechanical device to perform operations that replicate or imitate human thought processes and other intellectual behaviors (term)
artificial intelligence (AI)
As he was beginning his self-instruction in psychology, Binet became particularly enthusiastic about which approach?
associationism
the motives to obtain affection, friendship, and a sense of membership within a social group (term)
belonging and love needs
simple switches that may be in either "on" or "off" states (term)
binary switches
the amount of information that can be conveyed by the open or closed status of a single binary switch (one or zero) (term)
bit
Developments in computer technology and artificial intelligence helped set the stage for the emergence of cognitive psychology in all of the following ways EXCEPT for which of the following?
by providing concepts and a language that were useful in describing human cognition
client-centered therapy (individual)
carl rogers
The word "personality" entered psychological terminology largely as a replacement for which older term?
character
A child's actual age (term)
chronological age
therapeutic model in which the validity of particular insights should be determined not by their conformity with the therapist's pre-existing views but by his clients themselves
client-centered therapy
in general usage, the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding, and in modern psychology the processing of information between input and output (term)
cognition
a subdiscipline of psychology focused on the study of the important mental processes that intervene between an activating stimulus and a final adaptive response (term)
cognitive psychology
"Mental orthopedics" was a program developed by Binet, intended to improve children's
concentration, attention, and intellectual levels.
A type of artificial intelligence computer program that operates by detecting patterns of activity that go on within its entire memory system is said to employ __________.
connectionist or parallel distributed processing
a computer programming strategy that detects patterns of activity that go on throughout the whole system rather than symbols in specified locations (term)
connectionist processing
What was the Logic Theorist (LT) program introduced by Newell and Simon in 1956 able to do?
construct proofs for central theorems in symbolic logic
the calculation of intelligence quotients so that they are indications of where subjects stand on normal distributions of previous results from people of their own age (term)
deviation IQ
a calculating machine that could compute sums and differences of complex sequences of squared numbers (term)
difference engine
Gordon and Floyd Allport's early work on personality was notable for what?
discussing the concept of "personality" more systematically than had been done before
the needs for self-respect and personal achievement that become salient once more basic needs are met (term)
esteem needs
a form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the quest for meaning in life as the paramount issue for modern humanity
existential psychotherapy
Hans Eysenck's personality theory emphasizes which three factors?
extraversion/introversion, neuroticism, psychoticism
What type of research methodology did Cattell use in order to create the 16PF questionnaire?
factor analysis
at one time a common term for intellectual subnormality (term)
feeblemindedness
a vividly recalled (although not necessarily accurate) image of exactly where one was and what one was doing when some particularly momentous event occurred (term)
flashbulb memory
Spearman's concept of a single common factor of generalized mental "power," applicable in some degree to all intellectual tasks (term)
genereal intelligence
defined by Terman as the intelligence level of children whose IQs were higher than 140 (term)
giftedness
contact hypothesis (individual)
gordon allport
PEN model (individual
hans eysenck
a technique for problem solving that limits the search space by relying on best guesses and shortcuts (term)
heuristics
What is Henry Murray is well known for?
his co-invention of the Thematic Apperception Test
What aroused Piaget's original interest the subject of children's intelligence?
his fascination with the question as to why children often gave incorrect answers to intelligence test items
involves changing the pre-set rules, effecting a "transformation of conceptual space" (term)
impossibilist creativity
In exploring the question of whether computers can be creative, Margaret Boden suggested that putting already familiar ideas or components together in novel but useful or interesting combinations, but according to preset rules, is an example of which of the following?
improbabilist creativity
involves putting already familiar ideas or components together in new and useful or interesting combinations, according to rules that have already been established (term)
improbabilist creativity
Neisser's conception of cognitive psychology, as presented in his original textbook of that name, particularly emphasized which of the following topics?
information processing
a field based on the idea that any communication of signal can be analyzed in terms of a fundamental unit called the bit (term)
information theory
What was the general term favored by Binet to summarize the main result of his intelligence tests?
intellectual level
term for the single score result children received on Binet and Simon's intelligence tests (term)
intellectual level
a mathematical formula developed by Stern to summarize the results of a Binet-type intelligence test and consisting of the ratio of mental age to chronological age (term)
intelligence quotient
A crucial, innovative idea of Jean Piaget's was that
intelligence varies qualitatively with age.
What was a computer program that employed heuristics and a means-ends analysis in its attempt to simulate problem solving in a generally humanlike fashion called?
logic theorist
a computer program that reproduced formal proofs for some of the basic theorems at the heart of symbolic logic (term)
logic theorist (LT)
the notion that computers can only follow predetermined and precisely defined rules and are not capable of genuine creativity; commonly expressed today as "computers can only do what they have been programmed to do" (term)
lovelace objection
In the latter part of his life Binet collaborated in the writing of a series of __________.
macabre plays with violent and ghoulish themes
a heuristic technique to limited search options, in which the most desirable end state for a problem is regularly compared to its actual current state and the distance (difference) between the two is analyzed and measured (term)
mean-ends analysis
Stern's term for the age or intellectual level at which a child tested on an intelligence test (term)
metal age
How is Carl Rogers's therapeutic technique of reflection best defined?
mirroring back what the client has said but using different words
term for three ways of conceptualizing, or mentally representing, material being taught which parallel the Piagetian stages of cognitive development (term)
modes of representation
Gordon Allport identified and promoted which of the following pairs of contrasting research styles in personality?
nomothetic and idiographic
William Stern promoted a(n) __________ psychology where a central focus was on __________.
personalistic; the individual person
Piaget's work and theories had major impact on the development of all of the following areas EXCEPT
personality psychology.
the most elemental needs, including food and shelter, whose lack of satisfaction is physically catastrophic for the individual and which dominate every other concern if unmet (term)
physiological needs
With which of the following concepts is Martin Seligman most closely associated?
positive psychology
an area of modern psychology that studies psychological health and the conditions that promote happiness
positive psychology
A child who thinks he or she gets more meat by cutting up one large piece into several smaller ones illustrates the particular inability that is characteristic of Piaget's __________ stage.
preoperational
John Searle was a philosopher who did which of the following?
proposed the Chinese room thought experiment
Which of the following techniques was used by Jerome Bruner in his program to teach children some basic mathematical ideas?
providing randomly sized handfuls of beans to be arranged into rows and columns
The practice of using psychoanalytic and other psychological concepts to interpret and illuminate an individual's life story is referred to as which of the following?
psychobiography
Newell and Simon's incorporation of means-ends analysis in their General Problem Solver inspired psychologists George Miller, Eugene Galanter, and Karl Pribram to propose what concept?
purposive behaviorism
Besides personality theory, Gordon Allport made significant contributions to the study of what?
religion and prejudice
existential psychotherapy (individual)
rollo may
the need to be protected from threats by predators, criminals, extremes of climate and temperature, or other hazardous environmental circumstances (term)
safety needs
According to Piaget's theory, a child in the __________ stage of intelligence lacks the ability to solve problems involving __________.
sensory-motor; conservation of quantity
computer programming in which specified sequences of operations are performed on specified sets of symbols, both of which have been stored in specific memory locations (term)
serialist (symbolic) processing
In a famous paper, George Miller noted that __________ cropped up frequently as the maximum number of items people can simultaneously hold or take into their consciousness.
seven
While Babbage's difference engine was capable of __________, his analytical engine, if completed, would be further capable of __________.
single tasks; any type of calculation
four major sequential steps between infancy and late adolescence, each one involving the acquisition of new strategies and ways of thinking that permit the solution of previously unsolvable problems (term)
stage theory of cognitive development
the ability of computer responses to be indistinguishable in all respects from those of intelligent humans (term)
strong AI
Following their promotion of the TOTE unit as an important psychological concept, Miller, Galanter, and Pribram referred to themselves ironically as which of the following?
subjective behaviorists
George Boole's development of an expanded form of calculation known as "Boolean algebra" was a major step in the new discipline known as __________.
symbolic logic
Which future development did Leibniz correctly predict that would later lie at the heart of artificial intelligence technology?
that binary arithmetic could be used for digital calculators and computers
Piaget believed all of the following EXCEPT
that intellectual, biological, and social development were integrated.
Claude Shannon's famous master's thesis made the case for what?
that patterns of relay circuits in "off" or "on" positions could be used to represent information in binary code
In 1651, Thomas Hobbes expressed which of the following radical opinions about the nature of human reasoning?
that reasoning processes were essentially the same as mathematical calculations
By the middle of the seventeenth century, all of the following developments had occurred that would later coalesce to create a major current in the modern field of artificial intelligence EXCEPT for which of the following?
the ability to convert the difference machine into the analytical engine
Of the following methods, which did Allport's 1937 personality textbook argue was "the most revealing of all"?
the case study method
Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts were important for their promotion of which of the following?
the conception of the brain as a "neural network" of interconnected binary switches
Which of the following best defines the Flynn effect?
the fact that people's scores on recently standardized IQ tests tend to be lower than on older ones
Gordon Allport effectively promoted all of the following concepts EXCEPT
the hierarchy of needs
Ada Lovelace was the only daughter of the poet Lord Byron, but is better known to historians as all of the following EXCEPT for being which of the following?
the inventor of an "ultimate machine"
Jerome Bruner and his students became well known for a group of studies referred to as what?
the new look in perception
Ruth Benedict was notable for which of the following?
the notion that culture could be thought of as "personality writ large"
_________ was a major controversy that preoccupied many personality psychologists in the 1970s and early 1980s.
the person-situation controversy
What was the primary reason Maslow had trouble obtaining his first full-time university position?
the prevalence of anti-Semitic attitudes at the time
a broad movement to establish humanistic psychology as an alternative to behaviorism and psychoanalysis (term)
third force
What was Binet's major purpose in developing his intelligence tests?
to accurately diagnose subnormal children
a test to assess the "intelligence" of a machine according to its ability to perform some complex task requiring genuinely intelligent behavior, in a manner outwardly indistinguishable from that of a person (term)
turing test
theory that the performance of all intellectual tasks requires both a single common factor, called general intelligence (g), and a second, specific factor (s) which is unique to the task (term)
two-factor theory of intelligence
Binet came to regard __________ as the "cholera" of psychology.
unintentional suggestion
When Alfred Binet compared the responses of adults with those of his young daughters to various kinds of test items, he found the most significant differences occurred on which type of items?
vocabulary
Abraham Maslow recalled that his own early life
was quite unhappy, leading him to wonder where his mature, "positive psychology" ever came from.
notion that computer processes might resemble and may serve as models for certain aspects of human thinking, but without accompanying attributes of a human mind, such as intentionality and subjective consciousness (term)
weak AI
concept that describes the difference between what a person is intellectually capable of on his or her own and what is possible with the mild guidance from someone who is more capable (term)
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
