CH 13 Connect Dev Psych

What is the average age of children when Fast track, an intervention to lower the risk of juvenile delinquency and other problems, begin?

6.5 years old

In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?

He interviewed people and gave them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve

The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was ________

Kohlberg

_______ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.

Moral

According to Darcia Narváez, mature moral individuals engage in which of the following?

Moral metacognition Moral self-reflection Moral self-monitoring

_____ is the feeling of obligation to return a favor for a favor

reciprocity

_____ is an organized set of beliefs, whereas ______ refers to the degree of affiliation with an organized religion.

religion ; religiousness

Which of the following statements is false regarding religion and coping?

religiousness impairs effective coping

Based on a developmental study, which of the following statements apply to developmental changes in religiousness from ages 14 to 20?

religiousness, such as frequency of prayer, declined from 14 to 20 years of age attendance of religious services declined between 14 and 18 years of age more change occurred in attending religious services than in religiousness

According to Frankl, what are the three most distinct human qualities?

responsibility spirituality freedom

__________ stresses that children, even very young ones, are motivated to evaluate and make sense of their social world.

social domain theory

Moral ______ includes what individuals are capable of doing, what they know, their skills, their awareness of moral rules and regulations, and their cognitive ability to construct behaviors.

competence

An aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation is called _____

forgiveness

According to Ross Thompson's perspective, children are ___________ than Piaget envisioned.

less egocentric

As a result of cognitive development in adolescents, adolescents and emerging adults _______

may begin to question their own religious beliefs

Those who wish to link the ideas of religion and coping have introduced the concept of ____ making coping

mean

What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?

moral

Individuals have a moral ____ when moral notions and commitments are central to their life.

identity

Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will inevitably follow. This represents a belied in ___________.

immanent justice

Young children's moral advancements are best characterized as __________.

inconsistent

According to the World Values Survey, 18-24 year olds in less developed countries were ____ likely to be religious compared to emerging adults in more developed countries.

more

Securely attached adolescents are more inclined to adopt the religious orientation of their ______.

parents

True or False: Having callous-unemotional personality traits predicts an increased risk of delinquency in adolescent females.

False

True or False: in a recent study, populations with high risk rates as little as one teacher screen taken during kindergarten predicted whether females would have adult criminal conviction by age 25.

False

_________ is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. Young children believe in this type of justice.

Immanent justice

Which of the following accurately describe Carol Gilligan's criticisms of Kohlberg's theory?

It sees the individual standing alone independently making moral decisions It is based on a male norm It puts abstract principles above relationships

True or False: Although someone may be capable of higher moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg's levels, in real life they may not apply it.

True

True or False: In a recent study, it was reported that regular attendance at religious services for older adults resulted in them living longer.

True

True or False: Individuals who express gratitude benefit in a number of ways

True

True or False: Piaget concluded that parent-child relations are less likely than peer relations to advance moral reasoning in young children.

True

True or False: individuals who express gratitude benefit in a number of ways.

True

If a religious change is going to take place it will usually take place during _______

adolescence

Although finances are tight, Jamal contributes 10% of his income to his favorite charity. This is an act of ______

altruism

According to Piaget, what type of parenting style would most inhibit the advancement of moral reasoning in young children?

authoritarian

Which of the following aspects of the parent-child relationship does not contribute to a child's moral development?

authoritarian control

_______ morality is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.

autonomous

Cognitive factors such as low self-esteem, low intelligence, and lack of sustained attention are linked to _______

delinquency

The relationships between which three elements are highlighted in the social cognitive theorists' views on morality?

environment cognition behavior

Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level is characterized by which of the following?

expectations about social roles

Children with serious conduct problems tend to show an ________ externalizing pattern of behavior and are often impulsive, overactive, and aggressive.

externalizing

Prosocial behavior includes forgiveness and _____, or the ability to be thankful and appreciative.

grattitude

According to Freud, ______ is the foundation of moral behavior

guilt

According to recent research, which of the following are linked to delinquency?

having a learning disability lack of academic success

Children at the ________ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people.

heteronomous

Most schools do not have a plan for moral education; they provide moral education through a _______ curriculum, or a moral atmosphere.

hidden

The combination of which three of the following most contributes to conduct problems in children?

ineffective parenting genetic inheritance violent neighborhood

Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's _______ perspective of moral development and argued for a _______ perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others.

justice ; care

______ refers to actions taken by an adolescent in breaking the law or engaging in behavior that is considered illegal.

juvenile delinquency

The label ________ is applied to an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal.

juvenile delinquent

Present events draw meaning from their connection with future events; divided into goals and fulfillments

need for purpose

individual needs to be a good person; feeling that one is good at doing something or self-esteem derived from group belonging

need for self-worth

Baumeister and Vohs found that which of the following four main needs guide how people try to make sense of their lives?

need for self-worth need for values need for purpose need for a sense of efficacy

belief that one an make difference

need for sense of efficacy

can lend a sense of goodness to life and justifies certain courses of action; enables people to decide whether certain acts are right or wrong

need for values

_____ adults who reflected more on important lessons life taught them were more likely to forgive others.

older

Which of Kohlberg's levels of moral development is sometimes described as "What's in it for me?"

preconventional reasoning

Which of the following are among the most important aspects of the parent-child relationship that contribute to children's moral development?

proactive strategies conversational dialogue relational quality

Research shows that over the last several years, college-aged students are placing more value on _________

self-fulfillment and material gain

Which theory states that there are different areas of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains?

social domain

______ involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society.

spirituality

In a recent study, _____ was linked to less depressed older adults.

stronger religiosity

What is the moral branch of personality in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

superego

Darcia Narváez argues that attention should be focused on ______, which involve focusing on students' sense of purpose, social engagement, community connections, and ethics.

sustaining climates

According to Kohlberg, which of the following are true about timing of the three levels of moral development?

the levels occur in a sequence conventional reasoning begins to appear in early adolescence Only a small number of those in early adulthood reason in postconventional ways

Beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be according to what is important to an individual are ______

values