Ch. 13- T & Q's

Huguenots

Huguenots were French Protestants inspired by the writings of John Calvin (Jean Calvin in French) in the 1530s, who became known by that originally derisive designation by the end of the 16th century. The majority of Huguenots endorsed the Reformed tradition of Protestantism.

Compare and contrast the political consequences of the spread of Protestant ideas in the Netherlands and France.

The political consequences of the spread of Protestant ideas in the Netherlands and France were that the Netherlanders had a hard time abiding by law binding contracts while France was a bit easier to calm down.

Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII, and Marquess of Pembroke in her own right.[5] Henry's marriage to Anne, and her subsequent execution by beheading, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation.

Anticlericalism

Anticlericalism was the opposition of the clergy in the roman catholic church. The critics mainly focused on three things: clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, and clerical pluralism (the practice of holding more than one church office at a time. The complaints of immorality were directed at priests who were drunkards, gamblers, indulged in fancy dress, and neglected the rule of celibacy. The complaints of ignorane were directed at barely liturate priests who would barely mumble the latin words of the mass by rote and without understanding their meaning. The complaints of pluralism were because there were priests that would hold multiple offices in the church but would rarely be there.

Catherine of Aragon

Catherine of Aragon was the Queen of England from June 1509 until May 1533 as the first wife of King Henry VIII; she was previously Princess of Wales as the wife of his elder brother Arthur. The daughter of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, Catherine was three years old when she was betrothed to Prince Arthur, heir apparent to the English throne. They married in 1501, and Arthur died five months later. In 1507, she held the position of ambassador for the Spanish Court in England, becoming the first female ambassador in European history.

Charles V (HRE)

Charles V was the High Ruling Emperor and he ruled from 1519 to 1556. Charles had fell heir to a vast and diverse collection of States.He was Ruler of the Spanish Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, and Habsburg Netherlands He had been raised Catholic and so he opposed the Protestant Reformation. He called the Diet of Worms in 1521 where he demanded that Martin Luther take back his ideas but Luther refused unless he was convinced by Biblical evidence or plain reason.

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, the childless Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, his second wife, who was executed two and a half years after Elizabeth's birth. Anne's marriage to Henry VIII was annulled, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Her half-brother, Edward VI, ruled until his death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to Lady Jane Grey and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, Elizabeth and the Roman Catholic Mary, in spite of statute law to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside and Mary became queen, deposing Lady Jane Grey. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.

Henry VIII

Henry VIII was a large part of the Reformation in England. He wanted a wife because his first one was his older brother's widow and could not give him a son. He tried to get the pope to annul the marriage but Charles V's troops basically had the pope as their prisoner and his current wife was Charles' aunt so Charles wouldn't let his aunt to be declared a fornicator and his cousin a Bastard. Henry then removed the English Church removed from papal jurisdiction got a divorce and married the woman he loved at the time. When she failed to deliver a son twice he charged her with adulterous incest and had her beheaded. Henry's third wife gave him the son he wanted but died in childbirth. Henry went on to have three more wives. Henry closed English Monasteries and Convents mainly because he wanted their wealth and the property was resold. the redistribution of property strengthened the upper class. Most people accepted Henry's changes but some did not fully convert. Ireland remained mostly catholic.

Henry of Navarre/ Henry IV

Henry of Navarre/ Henry IV was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 to 1610 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. He was the first French monarch of the House of Bourbon, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Baptised as a Catholic but raised in the Protestant faith by his mother Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, he inherited the throne of Navarre in 1572 on the death of his mother. As a Huguenot, Henry was involved in the French Wars of Religion, barely escaping assassination in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, and later led Protestant forces against the royal army

Ignatius of Loyola

Ignatius of Loyola was a Spanish knight from a local Basque noble family, hermit, priest since 1537, and theologian, who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and, on 19 April 1541, became its first Superior General. Ignatius emerged as a religious leader during the Counter-Reformation. Loyola's devotion to the Catholic Church was characterized by absolute obedience to the Pope.

Indulgence

In the beginning of the twelfth century people started believing more and more in purgatory. Purgatory was believed to be a place where your soul would go to make further amends for your earthly sins. Both earthly penance and time in purgatory could be shortened by drawing on the "treasury of merits" which was said to be a collection of all the virtuous acts of Christ, the apostles, and the saints. An indulgence was a piece of parchment or paper signed by the pope or another church official that substituted an act from the treasury of merits for penance or time in purgatory.

Johann Tetzel

Johann Tetzel was a Roman Catholic German, Dominican friar and preacher. In addition, he was a Grand Inquisitor of Heresy to Poland, and later became the Grand Commissioner for indulgences in Germany. Tetzel was reputedly known for granting indulgences in exchange for money, which allow a remission of temporal punishment due to sin, the guilt of which has been forgiven, a position heavily challenged by Martin Luther.

John Calvin

John Calvin was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism, aspects of which include the doctrine of predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God in salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation. In these areas Calvin was influenced by the Augustinian tradition. Various Congregational, Reformed and Presbyterian churches, which look to Calvin as the chief expositor of their beliefs, have spread throughout the world.

John Knox

John Knox was a Scottish clergyman, theologian, and writer who was a leader of the Protestant Reformation and is considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination in Scotland. He is believed to have been educated at the University of St Andrews and worked as a notary-priest. Influenced by early church reformers such as George Wishart, he joined the movement to reform the Scottish church. He was caught up in the ecclesiastical and political events that involved the murder of Cardinal Beaton in 1546 and the intervention of the regent of Scotland Mary of Guise. He was taken prisoner by French forces the following year and exiled to England on his release in 1549.

Martin Luther

Martin Luther (1483-1546) propelled a series of movements we now call the Reformation. Luther was sent to school at considerable sacrifice to his father and after earning a masters degree he felt a religious calling and joined the Augustinian Friars which was a religious group that preached to, taught, and assisted the poor. He was ordained a priest in 1507, then from 1512 to his death he served as a professor of the scriptures at the new University of Wittenburg. He pis understanding of Christianity was "Faith alone, Grace alone, Scripture alone" or "Faith is the free gift of Gods grace not the result of human Effort. God's word is revealed only in Scripture, not in the traditions of the church. Luther was troubled when he heard that people thought that once they bought an indulgence they no longer needed repentance. In 1517 he wrote to Archbishop Albert on the matter and enclosed in Latin his ninety-five theses on Indulgences. He stated that the selling of indulgences undermined the seriousness of the need for repentance.

How did protestant ideas and institutions spread beyond German-speaking lands?

Martin Luther understood the power of the printing press and so he let his works be published and they were published in the vernacular. In Scandinavia the Ruler Christian III converted from the Catholic Church and so did much of the clergy and common people. In England their ruler Henry VIII also converted much of his nation but for him it was not out of religious calling but out of greed, and lust for a new wife.

Mary Queen of Scots

Mary Queen of Scots was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567 and Queen consort of France from 10 July 1559 to 5 December 1560. Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France, Francis. He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen consort of France, until his death in December 1560.

Mary Tudor

Mary Tudor was the Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death. Her executions of Protestants led to the posthumous sobriquet "Bloody Mary". She was the only child of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon to survive to adulthood. Her younger half-brother Edward VI (son of Henry and Jane Seymour) succeeded their father in 1547.

Phillip II of Spain

Phillip II of Spain was King of Spain (1556-98), King of Portugal (1581-98, as Philip I, Filipe I), King of Naples and Sicily (both from 1554), and during his marriage to Queen Mary I (1554-58) King of England and Ireland. He was also Duke of Milan. From 1555, he was lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands. His empire included territories on every continent then known to Europeans, including his namesake the Philippine Islands. During his reign, Spain reached the height of its influence and power.

Poltiques

Poltiques were were those in a position of power who put the success and well-being of their state above all else. During the Wars of Religion, this included moderates of both religious faiths (Huguenots and Catholics) who held that only the restoration of a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse, as rulers would often overlook religious differences in order to have a strong country.

Protestant

Protestants were all non-Catholic Western European religious groups. They believed that salvation was achieved by faith alone, not works, authority of the church resided only in the bible, for a doctrine or issue to be valid it had to have a religious basis, the church was not a fixed person or place but an invisible fellowship of all believers, everyone should serve on an individual calling, not all agreed on what communion was but the Colloquy brought them together on almost ever other matter.

What reforms did the Catholic Church make, and how did it respond to Protestant reform movements?

Some of the reforms the Catholic Church made were the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. It also involved political activities that included the Roman Inquisition.

Book of Common Prayer

The Book of Common Prayer was written in 1549 and it described the order for all services and prayers of the church in England. It was a product of the English Reformation following the break with Rome. Prayer books, unlike books of prayers, contain the words of structured services of worship. The work of 1549 was the first prayer book to include the complete forms of service for daily and Sunday worship in English.

Catholic Reformation

The Catholic Reformation was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648). The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements: Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration, Religious orders, Spiritual movements, Political dimensions. Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. It also involved political activities that included the Roman Inquisition.

Council of Trent

The Council of Trent was held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento (Trent) and Bologna, northern Italy, was one of the Roman Catholic Church's most important ecumenical councils. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation. Four hundred years later, when Pope John XXIII initiated preparations for the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II), he affirmed the decrees it had issued: "What was, still is."

Edict of Nantes

The Edict of Nantes was signed probably on 30 April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time. In the edict, Henry aimed primarily to promote civil unity.[1] The edict separated civil from religious unity, treated some Protestants for the first time as more than mere schismatics and heretics, and opened a path for secularism and tolerance. In offering general freedom of conscience to individuals, the edict offered many specific concessions to the Protestants, such as amnesty and the reinstatement of their civil rights, including the right to work in any field or for the state and to bring grievances directly to the king. It marked the end of the religious wars that had afflicted France during the second half of the 16th century.

French Religious Wars

The French Religious Wars was a period of civil infighting, military operations and religious war primarily fought between Roman Catholics and Huguenots (Reformed, i.e. Calvinist Protestants) in the Kingdom of France. It involved several minor territories around it, like the Kingdom of Navarre, and occassionally spilled beyond the French region (i.e. War with Spain, 1595-1598). Approximately 3,000,000 people perished as a result of violence, famine and disease in the deadliest European religious war behind the Thirty Years' War.

Holy Office

The Holy Office is a building in Rome which is an extraterritorial property of Vatican City. It houses the curial Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. The palace is situated south of St. Peter's Basilica near the Petriano Entrance to Vatican City. The building lies outside the confines of Vatican City at the south-eastern corner of the city-state. It is one of the properties of the Holy See in Italy regulated by the 1929 Lateran Treaty signed with the Kingdom of Italy. As such, it has extraterritorial status.

Jesuits

The Jesuits are a male religious congregation of the Catholic Church. The members are called Jesuits.[1] The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents. Jesuits work in education (founding schools, colleges, universities and seminaries), intellectual research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, and promote social justice and ecumenical dialogue.

Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559). Henry II of France and Philip II of Spain were in reality absent, and the peace was signed by their ambassadors. The Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis was signed between Henry II of France and Philip II of Spain on 3 April 1559, at Le Cateau-Cambrésis, around twenty kilometers south-east of Cambrai.[12] Under its terms, France restored Piedmont and Savoy to the Duke of Savoy, and Corsica to the Republic of Genoa, but retained Saluzzo, Calais and the Three Bishoprics: Metz, Toul, and Verdun.[13] Spain retained Franche-Comté, but, more importantly, the treaty confirmed its direct control of Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and the State of Presidi, and indirectly (through dominance of the rulers of Tuscany, Genoa, and other minor states) of northern Italy. The Pope was also their natural ally. The only truly independent entities on Italian soil were Savoy and the Republic of Venice. Spanish control of Italy lasted until the early eighteenth century. Ultimately, the treaty ended the 60 year, Habsburg-Valois wars.

Union of Utrecht

The Union of Utrecht was a treaty signed on 23 January 1579 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, unifying the northern provinces of the Netherlands, until then under the control of Habsburg Spain. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Twelve Years' Truce in 1609.

Witch Hunts

The Witch Hunts were search for people labelled "witches" or evidence of witchcraft, often involving moral panic or mass hysteria. The classical period of witchhunts in Early Modern Europe and Colonial North America falls into the Early Modern period or about 1450 to 1750, spanning the upheavals of the Reformation and the Thirty Years' War, resulting in an estimated 35,000 to 1,000,000 executions.

What were the causes and consequences of religious violence, including riots, wars, and witch- hunts?

The causes of the religious riots were the common people were fed up with constantly being robbed and taxed. The results were that the Peasants got stomped on by the nobility. It is estimated that around seventy-five thousand peasants were killed in the year 1525 due to this. On the bright side though once everything calmed down the nobles did return many fields, forests, and meadows to the peasants for general use.

What were the central ideas of the reformers? Why were they appealing to different social groups?

The central ideas of the reformers were that the Bible is the ultimate authority in the church, only faith and God can save you and everyone in the church was equal. They were appealing to people of all social groups because it was simpler, based off the scriptures, it was what the Humanists had been calling for, and it did not make the common people pay for the churches wealth.

The Peace of Augsburg

The peace of Augsburg took place in 1555 and was a temporary settlement within the Holy Roman Empire of the religious conflict arising from the Reformation. Each prince was to determine whether Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism was to prevail in his lands. Dissenters were allowed to emigrate, and the free cities were obligated to allow both Catholics and Lutherans to practice their religions. Calvinists and others were ignored. Under a provision termed the ecclesiastic reservation, the archbishops, bishops, and abbots who had become Protestant after 1552 were to forfeit their offices and incomes

Peasants revolt

The peasants were revolting against being robbed constantly (the rich would take their land, heavily tax them, and take their best horses and cows when a wealthy family member died) by the rich and wanted to separate the church from the state. Originally Martin Luther supported the peasants because he agreed with the ideas they were fighting for such as the separation of church and state, equality in the church, and them not getting robbed constantly. The peasants lost his support when they became violent. The peasants fought brutally against the nobility but were ultimately stomped on, around seventy-five thousand peasants were killed during the revolt in 1525. As a result though many fields, forests, and meadows were returned for common wealth.

How did the political situation in Germany shape the course of the Reformation?

The political situation in Germany shaped the course of the Reformation because in Germany there were many priests and monks who began to develop different theories on what the bible told them to do and then others would adopt their line of thought and more and more people strayed further and further away from the Catholic Church.

Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants

This was tract written by Martin Luther when he stopped supporting the peasants.It stated that "I had no occasion to condemn the peasants, because they promised to yield to law and better instruction, as Christ also demands (Matt. 7:1). But before I turn around, they go out and appeal to force, in spite of their promises and rob and pillage and act like mad dogs. From this it is quite apparent what they had in their false minds, and that what they put forth under the name of the gospel in the "Twelve Articles" was all vain pretense. In short, they practice mere devil's work, and it is the arch-devil himself who reigns at Muhlhausen, indulging in nothing but robbery, murder, and bloodshed; as Christ says of the devil in John 8.44, "he was a murderer from the beginning." Since, therefore, those peasants and miserable wretches allow themselves to be led astray and act differently from what they declared, I likewise must write differently concerning them; and first bring their sins before their eyes, as God commands"

Thomas Cranmer

Thomas Cranmer was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See. Along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of Royal Supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm.

Thomas Cromwell

Thomas Cromwell was an English lawyer and statesman who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII of England from 1532 to 1540. Cromwell was one of the strongest and most powerful advocates of the English Reformation. He helped to engineer an annulment of the king's marriage to Queen Catherine of Aragon so that Henry could lawfully marry Anne Boleyn. Henry failed to obtain the Pope's approval for the annulment in 1534, so Parliament endorsed the king's claim to be Supreme Head of the Church of England, giving him the authority to annul his own marriage.

Ulrich Zwingli

Ulrich Zwingli was a Catholic Priest who in 1519 declared that he would no longer teach from the prescribed readings of the Catholic Church but instead read the New Testament "from A to Z". Zwingli attacked the Catholic Church on indulgences, Mass, the institution of Monasticism and clergical Celibacy.