Ch 13 The Roaring Life of the 20s
Sacramental wine
Intended for church services
Louis Armstrong
Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.
fundamentalism.
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
The Hot Five included
Louis Armstrong, Johnny St. Cyr, Johnny Dodds, Kid Ory, and Lil Hardin Armstrong
Prohibition Bureau
Set up to enforce the law against the distilling and sale of liquor, was understaffed, underpaid, graft-ridden, and ineffective.
. Support for Prohibition came largely from the rural ___ __ ___, areas with large populations of native-born Protestants.
South and West
The church-affiliated Anti-Saloon League had led the drive to pass the Prohibition amendment. The _________________________, which considered drinking a sin, had helped push the measure through
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
The flapper
Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion
Margaret Sanger
opened the first birth-control clinic in the US in 1916, founded the American Birth Control League in 1921 and fought for the legal rights of physicians to give birthcontrol information to their patients
Edna St. Vincent Millay
wrote poems celebrating youth and a life of independence and freedom from traditional constraints
Gertude Ederle
In 1926, at the age of 19, Gertrude Ederle became the first woman to swim the English Channel. Here, an assistant applies heavy grease to help ward off the effects of the cold Channel waters
During the 1920s, African Americans set new goals for themselves as they moved north to the nation's cities. Their migration was an expression of their changing attitude toward themselves—an attitude perhaps best captured in a phrase first used around this time,
"Black is beautiful."
When the spirited Zora Neale Hurston was a girl in Eatonville, Florida, in the early 1900s, she loved to read adventure stories and myths. The powerful tales struck a chord with the young, talented Hurston and made her yearn for a wider world. After spending time with a traveling theater company and attending Howard University, Hurston ended up in New York where she struggled to the top of African-American literary society by hard work, flamboyance, and, above all, grit. "I have seen that the world is to the strong regardless of a little pigmentation more or less," Hurston wrote later. ___________________
"I do not weep at [being N***]—I am too busy sharpening my oyster knife." Hurston was on the move, like millions of others. And, like them, she went after the pearl in the oyster—the good life in America.
Harlem Renaissance
, a literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture.
Sinclair Lewis
, the first American to win a Nobel Prize in literature, was among the era's most outspoken critics. In his novel Babbitt, Lewis used the main character of George F. Babbitt to ridicule Americans for their conformity and materialism.
By 1914, about __________ and 230 had been swallowed up by huge national chains, giving readers more expansive coverage from the big cities. _______ flourished during the 1920s. Many of these magazines summarized the week's news, both ________. By the end of the 1920s, ten American magazines—including Reader's Digest (founded in 1922) and Time (founded in 1923)—_____________.
600 local papers had shut down foreign and domestic boasted a circulation of over 2 million each.
Andrew "Rube" Foster
A celebrated pitcher and team manager, Andrew "Rube" Foster made his greatest contribution to black baseball in 1920 when he founded the N**** National League. Although previous attempts to establish a league for black players had failed, Foster led the league to success, earning him the title "The Father of Black Baseball."
Clarence Darrow
A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.
Langston Hughes
A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote "The N**** Speaks of Rivers" and "My People" and was the movement's best-known poet. Many of his 1920s poems described the difficult lives of working-class African Americans. Some of his poems moved to the tempo of jazz and the blue
Al Capone
A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.
Zora Neale Hurston
African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance
Lindbergh's accomplishment paved the way for others. In the next decade, ____ was to undertake many brave aerial exploits, inspired by Lindbergh's example.
Amelia Earhart
According to figures, 51.2 % of Americans lived in communities with populations of 2,500 to more than 1 million. Between 1922 and 1929, migration to the cities accelerated, with nearly 2 million people leaving farms and towns each year.
America changed dramatically in the years before 1920, as was revealed in the 1920 census_____________
Jazz was born in the early 20th century in New Orleans, where musicians blended instrumental ragtime and vocal blues into an exuberant new sound. In 1918, Joe "King" Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band traveled north to Chicago, carrying jazz with them. In 1922, a young trumpet player named Louis Armstrong joined Oliver's group, which became known as the Creole Jazz Band. His talent rocketed him to stardom in the jazz world. Famous for his astounding sense of rhythm and his ability to improvise, Armstrong made personal expression a key part of jazz. After two years in Chicago, in 1924 he joined Fletcher Henderson's band, then the most important big jazz band in New York City. _____
Armstrong went on to become perhaps the most important and influential musician in the history of jazz. He often talked about his anticipated funeral.
Eighteenth Amendment (1920)
Banned the making, selling, and transporting of alcoholic beverages in the US
THE MOVE NORTH
Between 1910 and 1920, in a movement known as the Great Migration, hundreds of thousands of African Americans had uprooted themselves from their homes in the South and moved north to the big cities in search of jobs. By the end of the decade, 5.2 million of the nation's 12 million African Americans—over 40 %lived in cities. Zora Neale Hurston documented the departure of some of these African Americans.However, Northern cities in general had not welcomed the massive influx of African Americans. Tensions had escalated in the years prior to 1920, culminating, in the summer of 1919, in approximately 25 urban race riots
Fundamentalists were skeptical of some scientific discoveries and theories; they argued that all important knowledge could be found in the ___
Bible.
Volstead Act
Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.
Spirit of St. Louis
Charles Lindbergh's plane
Life in booming cities was different from the slow-paced life in America's small towns. ____was an industrial powerhouse, home to native-born whites and African Americans, immigrant Poles. At night people crowded into ornate movie theaters and vaudeville houses offering live variety shows
Chicago
__ became notorious as the home of Al Capone, a gangster whose bootlegging empire netted over $60 million a year. Capone took control of the Chicago liquor business by____ his competition
Chicago killing off
In the mid 1920s, the_____ was one of a number of fashionable entertainment clubs in Harlem. Although many venues like the ______ were segregated, white audiences packed the clubs to hear the new music styles of black performers such as Duke Ellington and Bessie Smith.
Cotton Club Cotton Club
Causes of prohibition. • Various religious groups thought drinking alcohol was sinful. • Reformers believed that the government should protect the public's health. • Reformers believed that alcohol led to crime, wife and child abuse, and accidents on the job. • During World War I, native-born Americans developed a hostility to German-American brewers and toward other immigrant groups that used alcohol
Effects of prohibition. • Consumption of alcohol declined. • Disrespect for the law developed. • An increase in lawlessness, such as smuggling and bootlegging, was evident. • Criminals found a new source of income. • Organized crime grew.
The _________ became one of the most influential jazz bands during the Harlem Renaissance. Henderson, the band's founder sits at the drums, with Louis Armstrong on trumpet
Fletcher Henderson Orchestra
______________________ In the South and West, preachers led religious revivals based on the authority of the Scriptures. One of the most powerful revivalists was Billy Sunday, a baseball player turned preacher who staged emotional meetings across the South. In Los Angeles, Aimee Semple McPherson used Hollywood showmanship to preach the word to homesick Midwestern migrants and devoted followers of her radio broadcasts. In the 1920s, fundamentalism gained followers who began to call for laws prohibiting the teaching of evolution
Fundamentalism expressed itself in several ways.
Anti-Saloon League
National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.
At the beginning of the 1920s, ____, with a population of 5.6 million people, topped the list of big cities. Next came Chicago, with nearly 3 million, and Philadelphia, with nearly 2 million. Another 65 cities claimed populations of 100,000 or more, and they grew more crowded by the day
New York
Babe Ruth
New York Yankees slugger Babe Ruth smashed home run after home run during the 1920s. When this legendary star hit a record 60 home runs in 1927, Americans went wild.
Prohibition (18th amendment)
Often referred to as "the Noble Experiment", this piece of legislation banned the production, sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Its roots can be found in the temperance movement of the late 1800s Progressive Era. It became increasingly unpopular and was eventually repealed. However, it did lower the amount of drinking within the United States.
By the mid-1920s, only 19 percent of Americans supported Prohibition. The rest, who wanted the amendment changed or repealed, believed that___________
Prohibition caused worse effects than the initial problem
ORGANIZED CRIME
Prohibition not only generated disrespect for the law, it also contributed to organized crime in nearly every major city.
The __________ grounded in a literal, or nonsymbolic, interpretation of the Bible was known as fundamentalism.
Protestant movement
Scopes Trial (1925)
Tennessee legal case involving the teaching of evolution in public schools. Scopes, a biology teacher, was tried for teaching Darwinism in public school. Clarence Darrow was one of Scopes' attorneys, while William Jennings Bryan, a leading Christian fundamentalist, aided the state prosecutor. Darrow put Bryan on the stand and sharply questioned Bryan on the latter's literal interpretation as appropriate for science class. Bryan was humiliated and died a few days after the trial. Scopes was convicted.
F. Scott Fitzgerald who coined the term "Jazz Age" to describe the 1920s. In This Side of Paradise and ____________, he revealed the negative side of the period's gaiety and freedom, portraying wealthy and attractive people leading imperiled lives in gilded surroundings
The Great Gatsby
. W. E. B. Du Bois and James Weldon Johnson helped these young talents along, as did the Harvard-educated former Rhodes scholar Alain Locke. In 1925, Locke published ______, a landmark collection of literary works by many promising young African-American writers
The New N****
Science and Religion Clash
This battle raged between fundamentalist religious groups and secular thinkers over the validity of certain scientific discoveries.
Charles A. Lindbergh
United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)
Aimee Semple McPherson
United States evangelist (born in Canada) noted for her extravagant religious services (1890-1944)
Helen Wills
dominated women's tennis, winning the singles title at the U.S. Open seven times and the Wimbledon title eight times. Her nickname was "Little Miss Poker Face
Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington
a jazz pianist and composer, led his ten-piece orchestra at the Cotton Club. In a 1925 essay titled "The N**** Spirituals," Alain Locke seemed almost to predict the career of the talented Ellington.
To obtain liquor illegally, drinkers went underground to hidden saloons and nightclubs known as speakeasies—so called because when inside, one spoke quietly, or "easily," to avoid detection. Speakeasies could be found everywhere—in penthouses, cellars, office buildings, rooming houses, tenements, hardware stores, and tearooms. To be admitted to a speakeasy, one had to present a card or use a password. Inside, one would find _______________
a mix of fashionable middle-class and upper-middle-class men and women.
double standard
a set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women
This theme of _______ ______ can be seen in much of the popular culture of the 1920s. Education and entertainment reflected the conflict between traditional attitudes and modern ways of thinking.
adolescent rebelliousness
Billy Sunday
an evangelist who preached against the evils of drinking, predicted a new age of virtue and religion.
Marcus Garvey
an immigrant from Jamaica, believed that African Americans should build a separate society. His different, more radical message of black pride aroused the hopes of many. In 1914, Garvey founded the Universal N**** Improvement Association (UNIA). In 1918, he moved the UNIA to New York City and opened offices in urban ghettos in order to recruit followers. By the mid-1920s, Garvey claimed he had a million followers. He appealed to African Americans with a combination of spellbinding oratory, mass meetings, parades, and a message of pride
Under the leadership of James Weldon Johnson he organization fought for legislation to protect African-American rights. It made ______ one of its main priorities. In 1919, 3 _____ were introduced in Congress, although none was passed. The NAACP continued its campaign through ____ organizations that had been established in 1892 by Ida B. Wells. Gradually, the number of_____ dropped. The NAACP represented the new, more militant voice of African Americans
antilynching laws antilynching bills antilynching lynchings
The birthrate had been declining for several decades, and it dropped at a slightly faster rate in the 1920s. This decline was due in part to the wider availability of ____________.
birth-control information
In the 1920s, Harlem became the world's largest_________, with residents from the South, the West Indies, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Haiti. James Weldon Johnson described Harlem as the capital of black America.
black urban community
Zelda Sayre and F. Scott Fitzgerald married one week after Scott published his first novel, and Zelda continued to be the model for Scott's independent, unconventional, ambitious female characters. He even copied from her letters and other writings. Ironically, Zelda's devotion to her marriage and to motherhood stifled her career ambitions. Nevertheless, she became a model for a generation of young American women who wanted to ______________
break away from traditions and forget the hardships of the war years.
Prohibition's fate was sealed by the government, which failed to _______.
budget enough money to enforce the law
A booming____ economy opened new work opportunities for women in offices, factories, stores, and professions. The same economy churned out time-saving appliances and products that reshaped the roles of housewives and mothers.
industrial
public schools in the 1920s—teaching the children of new immigrant families was a challenge. The years before WWI had seen the largest stream of immigrants in the nation's history—close to 1 million a year. Unlike the earlier English & Irish immigrants, many of the new immigrants spoke no English. By the 1920s their
children filled city classrooms. Determined teachers met the challenge and created a large pool of literate Americans. Taxes to finance the schools increased as well. School costs doubled between 1913 and 1920, then doubled again by 1926. The total cost of American education in the mid-1920s amounted to $2.7 billion a year.
The agricultural world that millions of Americans left behind was largely unchanged from the 19th century—that world was one of small towns and farms bound together by conservative moral values and close social relationships. Yet small-town attitudes began to lose their hold on the American mind as the __ rose to prominence
city
George Gershwin
composer who merged traditional elements with American jazz, thus creating a new sound that was identifiably American.
This clash over evolution, the Prohibition experiment, and the emerging urban scene all were evidence of the changes and conflicts occurring during the 1920s. During that period, women also experienced __ as they redefined their roles and pursued new lifestyles.
conflict
Early in the decade, Americans engaged in new leisure pastimes such as working ______________ a Chinese game whose playing pieces resemble dominoes.
crossword puzzles and playing mahjong,
By 1930, 10 million women were earning wages; however, few rose to managerial jobs, and wherever they worked, women earned less than men. Fearing competition for jobs, men argued that women were just temporary workers whose real job was at home. Between 1900 and 1930, the patterns of ___ ___ ___ for women in the business world were established.
discrimination and inequality
At first, saloons closed their doors, and arrests for drunkenness declined. But in the aftermath of World War I, many Americans were tired of making sacrifices; they wanted to enjoy life. Most immigrant groups did not consider _____ a sin but a natural part of socializing, and they resented government meddling.
drinking
The Harlem Renaissance represented a portion of the great social and cultural changes that swept America in the 1920s. The period was characterized by _____________. Most of the social changes were lasting. The economic boom, however, was short-lived.
economic prosperity, new ideas, changing values, and personal freedom, as well as important developments in art, literature, and music
During the 1920s, developments in _________________had a powerful impact on the nation.
education and mass media
Bessie Smith
female blues singer, was perhaps the outstanding vocalist of the decade. She recorded on blackoriented labels produced by the major record companies. She achieved enormous popularity and in 1927 became the highest-paid black artist in the world.
Tunney defeated the legendary Dempsey. So suspenseful was the brutal match that a number of radio listeners died of heart failure. The "______" was just one of a host of spectacles and events that transformed American popular culture in the 1920s.
fight of the century
In the mid1920s, people turned to__________________ by the mass media.
flagpole sitting and dance marathons. They also flooded athletic stadiums to see sports stars, who were glorified as superheroes
Zelda Sayre
high-spirited beauty who would become the only Mrs. Fitzgerald
In the city, lonely migrants from the country often ached for ___.
home
In an age of sensationalism, excess, and crime, Lindbergh stood for the______ the nation seemed to have lost.
honesty and bravery
speakeasie
illegal place where one could drink alcohol
Newspaper circulation rose as writers and editors learned how to hook readeers by
imitating the sensational stories in the tabloids
Reformers had long considered __ a prime cause of corruption
liquor
During the 1920s, morals loosened only so far. Traditionalists in churches and schools protested the new casual dances and women's acceptance of smoking and drinking. In the years before World War I, when men "courted" women, they pursued only women they intended to marry. In the 1920s, however, casual dating became increasingly accepted. Even so, a double standard granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women—required women to observe stricter standards of behavior than men did. As a result, __________________
many women were pulled back and forth between the old standards and the new
In the years before World War I, when men "courted" women, they pursued only women they intended to marry. In the 1920s, however, casual dating became increasingly accepted. Even so, a double standard required women to observe stricter standards of behavior than men did. As a result, _____________.
many women were pulled back and forth between the old standards and the new.
Attitudes toward ________ changed as well. Many middle-class men and women began to view marriage as more of an equal partnership, although both agreed that housework and child-rearing remained a woman's job
marriage
Both playwrights and composers of music broke away from the European traditions of the 1920s. Eugene O'Neill's plays, such as The Hairy Ape, forced Americans to reflect upon_________.
modern isolation, confusion, and family conflict.
Many young women became more assertive. In their bid for equal status with men, some began s_____________________actions that would have ruined their reputations not many years before. They danced the fox trot, camel walk, tango, Charleston, and shimmy with abandon.
moking cigarettes, drinking in public, and talking openly about sex—
During the 1920s, many people had _______ to enjoy it
money and the leisure time
Even before the introduction of sound, __________________________. The first major movie with sound, The Jazz Singer, was released in 1927. Walt Disney's Steamboat Willie, the first animated film with sound, was released in 1928. By 1930, the new "talkies" had doubled movie attendance, with millions of Americans going to the movies every week.
movies became a national pastime, offering viewers a means of escape through romance and comedy
Bootlegger
named for a smuggler's practice of carrying liquor in the legs of boots,who smuggled it in from Canada, Cuba, and the West Indies
The fast-changing world of the 1920s produced____roles for women in the workplace and new trends in family life.
new
Many African Americans who migrated ___ moved to Harlem, a neighborhood on the Upper West Side of New York's Manhattan Island.
north
Claude McKay
novelist, poet, and Jamaican immigrant, was a major figure whose militant verses urged African Americans to resist prejudice and discrimination. His poems also expressed the pain of life in the black ghettos and the strain of being black in a world dominated by whites.
social & technological innovations simplified household labor & family life. Stores overflowed with ready-made clothes, sliced bread, and canned foods. Public agencies provided services for the elderly, public health clinics served the sick, and workers' compensation assisted those who could no longer work. These innovations and institutions had the effect _________________________________________
of freeing homemakers from some of their traditional family responsibilities. Many middle-class housewives, the main shoppers and money managers, focused their attention on their homes, husbands, children, and pastimes.
At the turn of the century, New York's Harlem neighborhood was __________________. Enterprising African-American realtors began buying and leasing property to other African Americans who were eager to move into the prosperous neighborhood. As the number of blacks in Harlem increased_____________. Harlem quickly grew to become the center of black America and the birthplace of the political, social, and cultural movement known as the Harlem Renaissance.
overbuilt with new apartment houses , many whites began moving out
Like many other urban neighborhoods, Harlem suffered from ____ _____ ___. But its problems in the 1920s were eclipsed by a flowering of creativity called the Harlem Renaissance
overcrowding, unemployment, and poverty
The job of enforcement of the 18th involved;
patrolling 18,700 miles of coastline as well as inland borders, tracking down illegal stills monitoring highways for truckloads of illegal alcohol, overseeing all the industries that legally used alcohol to be sure none was siphoned off for illegal purposes. The task fell to approximately 1,500 poorly paid federal agents and local police—clearly an impossible job.
In 1922, after explorers opened the dazzling tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen, consumers mobbed stores for ________________.
pharaoh-inspired accessories, jewelry, and furniture
James Weldon Johnson
poet, lawyer, and NAACP executive secretary—the organization fought for legislation to protect African-American rights.
Marcus Garvey also lured followers with ___________. Further, Garvey encouraged his followers to ______________ His idea struck a chord in many African Americans, as well as in blacks in the Caribbean and Africa. Despite the appeal of Garvey's movement, support for it declined in the mid-1920s, when he was convicted of mail fraud and jailed. Although the movement dwindled, Garvey left behind a powerful legacy of newly awakened black pride, economic independence, and reverence for Africa
practical plans, especially his program to promote African-American businesses return to Africa, help native people there throw off white colonial oppressors, and build a mighty nation.
Georgia O'Keeffe
produced intensely colored canvases that captured the grandeur of New York.
Founded in 1909, The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) urged African Americans to ______ W. E. B. Du Bois, a founding member of the NAACP, led a parade of 10,000 African-American men in New York to protest such violence. Du Bois also used the NAACP's magazine, The Crisis, as a platform for leading a struggle for civil rights.
protest racial violence.
Although major magazines and newspapers reached big audiences, ________ was the most powerful communications medium to emerge in the 1920s. Americans added terms such as "airwaves," "radio audience," and "tune in" to their everyday speech.
radio
Graham McNamee
radio's most popular announcer
Magazines, newspapers, and advertisements promoted the image of the flapper, Although many young women donned the new outfits and flouted tradition, the flapper was more an image of _________ than a widespread reality; it did not reflect the attitudes and values of many young people.
rebellious youth
In 1914, approximately 1 million American students attended high school.By 1926, that number had____
risen to nearly 4 million, an increase sparked by prosperous times and higher educational standards for industry jobs. Prior to the 1920s, high schools had catered to college-bound students. In contrast, high schools of the 1920s began offering a broad range of courses such as vocational training for those interested in industrial jobs.
As their spheres of activity & influence expanded, women experienced greater equality in marriage. Marriages were based increasingly on romantic love & companionship. Children, no longer thrown together with adults in factory work, farm labor, and apprenticeships, spent most of their days at _______________________________.
school and in organized activities with others their own age. At the same time, parents began to rely more heavily on manuals of child care and the advice of experts.
radio networks had created something new in the United States—the ____________ hearing the news as it happened. The wider world had opened up to Americans, who could hear the voice of their president or listen to the World Series live.
shared national experience of
City dwellers read & argued about current scientific& social ideas. They judged one another by accomplishment more often than by background. City dwellers also tolerated drinking, gambling, and casual dating— worldly behaviors considered shocking and sinful in ____.
small towns
Although the media glorified _________, the Golden Age of Sports reflected common aspirations. Athletes set new records, inspiring ordinary Americans. When poor, unknown athletes rose to national fame and fortune, they restored Americans' belief in the power of the individual to improve his or her life.
sports heroes
Although women had worked ____ during the war, afterwards employers who believed that men had the responsibility to support their families financially often replaced female workers with men
successfully
Roaring Twenties
the decade of the 1920's which got this nickname because of the times prosperity and excitement
Paul Robeson
the son of a one-time slave, became a major dramatic actor. His performance in Shakespeare's Othello, first in London and later in New York City, was widely acclaimed. Subsequently,he struggled with the racism he experienced in the US and the indignities inflicted upon him because of his support of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party. He took up residence abroad, living for a time in England and the Soviet Union
The Volstead Act established a Prohibition Bureau in the Treasury Department in 1919, but the agency was ____
underfunded.
Despite the feats of real-life heroes, America's thirst for entertainment in the arts and on the screen and stage seemed _____in the 1920s.
unquenchable
Above all, the Harlem Renaissance was a literary movement led by _______ who expressed a new pride in the African-American experience.
well-educated, middle-class African Americans
Ernest Hemingway
wounded in World War I, became the best-known expatriate author. In his novels The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms, he criticized the glorification of war. He also introduced a tough, simplified style of writing that set a new literary standard, using sentences a Time reporter compared to "round stones polished by rain and wind."
