Ch 13. Trace Minerals

A common myth is that a person must eat red meat to get enough iron. There are also many plant sources of iron available. Iron derived from plant sources is called ___________ iron and is best absorbed with the consumption of vitamin C-rich foods.

Non-heme

One of the many roles of zinc in the human body is to support the work of thousands of___________ , such as enzymes and hormones.

Proteins

Which trace mineral is a component of two thyroid hormones that help regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate? a. Iodine b. Selenium c. Copper d. Manganese

a. Iodine

Which of the following occurs in the first stage of iron deficiency? a. Iron stores decline. b. Hemoglobin levels fall. c. Red blood cell count falls. d. Hemoglobin synthesis declines.

a. Iron stores decline

A deficiency can lead to Keshan disease

selenium

Iron acts as a __________ to many enzymes involved in making amino acids, collagen, hormones, neurotransmitters, and more.

Cofactor

Iron

Deficiency symptom: Anemia Toxicity symptom: GI distress

Iodine

Deficiency symptom: Goiter, cretinism Toxicity symptom: Elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), goiter

Zinc

Deficiency symptom: Growth retardation, impaired immune function Toxicity symptom: Vomiting, diarrhea, headache

Selenium

Deficiency symptom: Keshan disease Toxicity symptom: Rash, fatigue, garlic breath odor

Copper

Deficiency symptom: bone abnormalities Toxicity symptoms: Liver damage

Manganese

Deficiency symptoms: rare Toxicity symptoms: nervous system disorders

T/F: Many of the symptoms associated with iron deficiency are often mistaken for behavioral or motivational problems.

True

T/F: The trace minerals have very low daily requirements. They can be toxic at levels 2.5 to 11 times above current recommendations.

True

Red peppers, tomatoes, pink grapefruit, and watermelon are rich in ____________, which may defend against cancer and heart disease by protecting DNA from oxidative damage.

d. Lycopene

Which of the following is NOT a role of zinc? a. Zinc is a part of insulin and many enzymes. b. Zinc assists in immune function and in growth and development. c. Zinc is needed to make retinol-binding protein that transports vitamin A. d. Zinc does not influence behavior and learning performance.

d. Zinc does not influence behavior and learning performance.

Part of the protein hemoglobin

iron

A deficiency may impair taste perception

zinc

___refers to pale appearance seen in iron deficiency anemia because iron provides the primary pigment of red blood cells.

Pallor

Which of the following statements is NOT true of iodine? a. Iodine is an integral part of thyroid hormone. b. Plants of the cabbage family naturally contain goitrogens, which stimulate iodine uptake by the thyroid gland, increasing its hormone production. c. Children with a mild iodine deficiency will have goiters and perform poorly in school. d. A woman with a severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy may give birth to a child with cretinism, which is characterized by an extreme and irreversible mental impairment and stunted physical growth.

b. Plants of the cabbage family naturally contain goitrogens, which stimulate iodine uptake by the thyroid gland, increasing its hormone production.

A lack of this trace mineral may lead to a diabetes-like condition with elevated blood glucose levels

chromium

The best source is usually public drinking water

fluoride

An integral part of thyroid hormones

iodine

Which compound in coffee and tea reduces iron absorption?

Tannic acid

Which of the following statements regarding iron is NOT true? a. Vegetarians need 1.8 times more iron as compared with omnivores to make up for the low bioavailability of iron in their food selections. b. The bioavailability of iron is high in meats, fish, and poultry; intermediate in grains and legumes; and low in most vegetables, especially those containing oxalates, such as spinach. c. Foods, especially acidic foods, cooked in iron cookware take up iron salts released from the pan, and this iron source is absorbed well. d. Iron supplements are absorbed better when taken between meals or on an empty stomach with liquids (other than milk, tea, or coffee, which inhibit absorption) rather than with meals.

c. Foods, especially acidic foods, cooked in iron cookware take up iron salts released from the pan, and this iron source is absorbed well.

Because it is difficult to excrete iron once it is in the body, iron balance is maintained primarily through absorption. The iron storage protein___captures surplus iron from food and stores it in the mucosal cells of the small intestine. When the body needs iron, the storage protein releases some iron to an iron transport protein called___.If the body does not need iron, the dietary iron is carried out when the intestinal cells are shed (every three to five days) and excreted in the feces.

ferritin; transferrin

Which food provides the most selenium? a. Clams b. Brazil nuts c. Liver d. Spinach

b. Brazil nuts

Which food component is an isoflavone found in soy foods that inhibit blood vessel development and alters estrogen activity in the body? a. Lignans b. Lycopene c. Genistein d. Plant sterols

c. Genistein

All of the following statements regarding what lead does in the body are true, EXCEPT: a. Lead is chemically similar to iron, calcium, and zinc, and displaces them from some metabolic sites they normally occupy so that they are unable to perform their functions. b. Lead interacts with white blood cells, impairing their ability to fight infection. c. Lead competes with calcium in the brain so that it can signal messages from nerve cells. d. Lead competes with iron in heme, but it cannot carry oxygen.

c. Lead competes with calcium in the brain so that it can signal messages from nerve cells

Which mineral interaction, deficiency, or toxicity is NOT described accurately? a. A selenium deficiency halts the activation of the iodine-containing thyroid hormone. b. A slight manganese overload may worsen iron deficiency. c. Zinc influences the synthesis, storage, and release of insulin, while chromium enhances insulin activity. d. Iron deficiency makes the body more susceptible to lead poisoning

c. Zinc influences the synthesis, storage, and release of insulin, while chromium enhances insulin activity.