Ch. 13

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primary groups

also called long-lasting groups, that are formed based on relationships and include significant others

secondary groups

are characterized by less frequent face-to-face interactions, less emotional and relational communication, and more task-related communication than primary groups

task-oriented groups

are formed to solve a problem, prompt a cause, or generate ideas or information

teams

are task-oriented groups in which members are especially loyal and dedicated to the task and other group members

Storming Stage of Group Development

conflict emerges as people begin to perform their various roles, have their ideas heard, and negotiate where they fit in the group's structure

Performing Stage of Group Development

groups members work relatively smoothly toward the completion of a task or achievement of a purpose

task cohesion

refers to the commitment of group members to the purpose and activities of the group

group cohesion

refers to the commitment of members to the purpose of the group and the degree of attraction among individuals within the group

synergy

refers to the potential for gains in performance or heightened quality of interactions when complementary members or member characteristics are added to existing ones

group socialization

refers to the purpose of teaching and learning the norms, rules, and expectations associated with group interaction and group member behaviors

group climate

refers to the relatively enduring tone of quality of group interaction that is experienced similarly by group members

symbolic convergence

refers to the sense of community or group consciousness that develops in a group through non-task-related communication such as stories and jokes

social cohesion

refers tot he attraction and liking among group members

interdependence

small groups exhibit this, meaning they share a common purpose and a common fate

virtual groups

take advantage of new technologies and meet exclusively or primarily online to achieve their purpose or goal

Norming Stage of Group Development

the practices and expectations of the group are solidified, which leads to more stability, productivity, and cohesion within the group

group fantasies

verbalized references to events outside the "here and now" of the group, including references to the group's past, predictions for the future, or other communication about people or events outside the group

groupthink

a negative group phenomenon characterized by a lack of critical evaluation of proposed ideas or courses of action that results from high levels of cohesion and/or high conformity pressures

secondary tension

emerges after groups have passed the forming stage of group development and begin to have conflict over member roles, differing ideas, and personality conflicts

interpersonal conflict

emerges from conflict between individual members of the group

procedural conflict

emerges from disagreements or trouble with the mechanics of group operations

substantive conflict

focuses on group members' beliefs, attitudes, values, or ideas related to the purpose or task of the group

relational-oriented groups

formed to promote interpersonal connections and are more focused on quality interactions that contribute to the well-being of group members

Forming Stage of Group Development

group members begin to reduce uncertainty associated with new relationships and/or new tasks through initial interactions that lay the foundation for later group dynamics

social loafing

meaning they contribute less to the group than other members or than they would if working alone

Adjourning Stage of Group Development

occurs when a group dissolves because it has completed its purpose or goal, membership is declining and support for the group no longer exists

small group communication

refers to interactions among three or more people who are connected through a common purpose, mutual influence, and a shared identity

primary tension

which is tension based on uncertainty that is a natural part of initial interactions


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