Ch. 14

a. Complete the flow chart by selecting the hypothesis and predictions that follow from the question you're trying to answer. Not all labels will be used.

-Prediction: Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce more pollen -Hypothesis 2: CO2 levels affect concentration of protein allergens in ragweed pollen -Prediction 2: Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce higher concentrations of allergens

c. What relationship between these two variables would support the researchers' hypothesis? Choose the appropriate graph line at left and drag it onto the graph's axes at right.

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a. What was the overall change in CO2 emissions for electricity generation from 1980 to 2005?

0.9 billion metric tons

According to the graph, how much warmer on average were global temperatures in the year 2000 than in the year 1900?

0.9°C

b. The largest fishery on Earth, located along the west coast of Chile, consists of __________.

1% of the ocean and provides 20% of the world's total fish catch

b. Use the data table to answer these questions about the experimental results and conclusions. Not all terms will be used.

1. Increases 2. Increases 3. Cannot tell from the data 4. Yes 5. Yes 6. No

At the end of the 21st century, the IPCC predicts global temperatures will be ____________ higher than today's, depending on how well we control our emissions.

1.0-3.7° C

According to tide gauge data, what was the approximate increase in global average sea level between 1950 and 2000?

10 cm

c. How high did sea level rise during the 20th century?

20 cm

Evidence from polar ice core analysis shows that, until now, carbon dioxide levels have never exceeded ________ ppm in the last several hundred thousand years.

300

b. What was the percent change in CO2 emissions for transportation from 1980 to 2005?

36%

a. For every metric ton of carbon dioxide emitted as a result of changes in land use (e.g. deforestation), approximately how much is emitted from industry?

4 metric tons

Roughly ________% of U.S. citizens live in coastal counties and are thus vulnerable to rises in sea level.

50

The oceans hold ________ carbon than the atmosphere.

50 times more

Over ________% of the fuel you pump into your automobile does something other than move your vehicle down the road.

85

e. Which of the following emission reduction strategies would result in the greatest overall decrease in CO2?

A 10% decrease in both electricity generation and transportation emissions

e. Which of the following policy recommendations by the two authors would most directly lower the risk of climate change?

A carbon tax that could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25%

d. Green uses the example of mandated ethanol in fuel as a case study in regulations gone wrong. How might Research, Development and Demonstration, emphasized by Schneider, have avoided the environmental problems associated with corn-based fuel ethanol?

By using data from the demonstration phase to document environmental problems and thus the need for policy revisions

What are the periodic variations in Earth's rotation and orbit around the sun that alter the way solar radiation is distributed over Earth's surface?

Milankovitch cycles

b. Due to the Indian Ocean dipole, which of the following should Australian officials plan for?

More bushfires

a. How does South Florida's geology cause problems for Miami?

The limestone bedrock allows water to move through.

a. Water currents along the coastline of Chile pull up deep water that is __________.

cold and high in nutrients

d. Increasing sulfur levels in the upper atmosphere would have the same effect as __________.

decreasing the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere

a. In 1991, the massive eruption of Mt. Pinatubo caused global temperatures to __________.

drop, because sulfur in the stratosphere reflects solar radiation

What two processes emit the most carbon in the United States?

electricity generation and transportation

a. What information is presented on the y-axis of the graph?

global surface warming, in °Celsius

Carbon-based fuels in the lithosphere ________.

have been slowly sequestered over many millions of years

a. How did emissions change in the rest of Canada after British Columbia introduced its carbon tax in 2008, as reflected by the percent change post-tax vs. pre-tax?

increase, reduction, reduction

Hydroelectric power generation ________.

is an alternative to fossil fuels that produces fewer greenhouse gases

Recent research indicates that the variation in solar output ________.

is less than any of the anthropogenic factors affecting climate change

Of the following greenhouse gases, ________ concentrations have increased by the greatest percentage since 1750.

methane

The atmosphere around Earth can cause global warming because ________.

molecules in the atmosphere are warmed by radiation from Earth and retain that heat

d. A boat floating along the eastern shore of Florida is expected to drift __________.

northward toward the New England states

a. Which of these would NOT contribute to a global increase in temperature?

planting trees

Which type of indirect evidence can substitute for direct measurements of past climate change?

proxy indicators

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is an international panel that ________.

reports on how climate change influences wildlife, ecosystems, and society

Which lifestyle choice would cause the greatest reduction in greenhouse emissions?

riding a bike

b. Switching from fossil fuels to _____ energy would significantly decrease the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

solar, nuclear, and geothermal

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change... The United States should enact laws slowing global climate change because ________.

the United States is a major source of the problem

c. Which line is not a computer-generated forecast?

the black line representing 20th century data

Which three factors have the greatest effect on Earth's climate?

the sun, the atmosphere, and the ocean

The Kyoto Protocol ________.

was intended to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases to levels lower than those of 1990

c. In which one of the following locations is the ocean current flowing from the north toward the equator?

west coast of the United States

g. Which of the following statements is supported by the graph?

All of the computer-generated forecasts predict some global warming, but reducing the level of CO2 emissions will significantly slow the rate of increase.

c. What are some of the risks involved in adding one million tons of sulfur 25 kilometers up into the atmosphere?

All of the listed choices describe the risks involved in adding sulfur to the atmosphere.

c. If U.S. population increased 32% from 1980 to 2005, how would you describe the change in per capita CO2 emissions for electricity generation?

As population increased, per capita CO2 emissions increased twice as fast.

c. Which of the following is true?

As the climate continues to change, the Indian Ocean will retain more heat than the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

c. What might explain an increase in total emissions but a decline in per-capita emissions as reflected by the percent change, post-tax vs. pre-tax?

As the total emissions increased, the total population in that region increased more significantly, resulting in a reduction in emissions per capita.

Which of these countries increased its carbon emissions since the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol?

Canada

e. Which of the following extreme events is most likely to be included in this study?

Drought

c. The late Stephen Schneider recommended a variety of strategies to address climate change. Which of his recommended strategies is similar to a strategy recommended by Green?

Dumping fees, such as a carbon emission fee

b. Green's preferred policy for addressing climate change is a shift to taxing greenhouse gas emissions. What does he describe as a benefit of this approach?

Emission taxes create economy-wide incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

b. Using the information in the graph, in which category will you point out that British Columbia made the most dramatic reductions after introducing its carbon tax in 2008?

Emissions per dollar of GDP

a. Which of the following has been most clearly associated with climate change?

Extreme dry events in the tropics.

a. Drag each of these factors into the appropriate bin.

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO WARMING: - Tropospheric ozone (O3) -Methane (CH4) from decomposition and feedlots -Carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuel combustion -Nitrogen oxides (N2O) from denitrification and fossil fuel combustion -Parts of Earth's surface with low reflectivity (low albedo) -Black carbon aerosols and soot particles FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO COOLING: -Condensed water vapor (cloud albedo) -Parts of Earth's surface with high reflectivity (high albedo)

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change... Why do environmentalists and scientists advocate stricter laws to limit power plant carbon dioxide emissions and subsidies for renewable energy?

Fossil fuel industries produce the most greenhouse gases. Submit

Why are over one-sixth of the world's people at risk for running out of drinking water?

Glaciers in many areas are melting.

b. The figure indicates a net accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere of approximately 15 billion metric tons per year. Based on the figure, what is causing this?

Human activities are sending more CO2into the atmosphere than is moving from the atmosphere to the surface.

e. Which of the following would impact the Indian Ocean dipole the most?

Increasing surface ocean temperatures.

What initiative or group is responsible for the most reviewed and widely accepted reports that we have on climate change?

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

d. How did the global surface temperature change between 1900 and 2000?

It increased by about 0.7 °C.

d. Which of the following is true?

It is possible to statistically link meteorological ingredients as well as weather events to climate change.

e. According to the Business as Usual scenario, how will the global surface temperature change in the century between 2000 and 2100?

It will increase by about 3.5 °C.

d. Now compare the change in GDP to the change in CO2 emissions from electricity generation. If GDP more than doubled from 1980 to 2005, what is the ratio of changes in CO2 emissions to changes in GDP for that period of time?

Less than 1:1, showing a slight CO2 decrease per unit of economic activity

b. Which government officials have taken action against the effects of climate change?

Local Florida city officials

Which of the following would be a possible geoengineering strategy that could be used to cool the planet?

Placement of colossal mirrors in key locations

a. Kenneth Green clearly does not support regulations as a policy tool for addressing climate change. Which of the following statements is one of his reasons?

Regulations are inefficient because pollution crosses county and state borders.

a. The Indian Ocean dipole causes which of the following effects to the sea surface?

The sea surface will be warmer along the African coast but cooler along the Australian coast.

c. Which of the following is true?

There is a very strong link between climate change the loss of Arctic sea ice.

f. Which prediction has the greatest degree of certainty?

Today's World

b. What does the yellow line represent?

Today's World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if CO2emissions cease immediately and CO2 concentrations continue at their current level.

d. You are a climate scientist studying the effects of change worldwide. Based on this research, which of the following do you expect in Africa?

Unpredictable droughts and floods due to the Indian Ocean dipole.

What is the difference between weather and climate?

Weather occurs over hours and days, and climate occurs over seasons and years.

b. Adding which of the following to this research would add to its content and complexity?

Wind

Which of the following is an adaptation response to climate change?

a Pacific island nation building higher seawalls

b. When we compare the catastrophic eruption in Sumatra 71,000 years ago and the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, we find that __________.

both eruptions caused a drop in the average temperatures across the Earth

All of the following are anthropogenic factors contributing to climate change EXCEPT:

breathing