CH 14 questions

Which of the following is a reason for imprecise person-job fits. a. Organizations hire new employees. b. Employees expect a lot of favors from their managers. c. Performance dimensions are difficult to measure in subjective ways. d. Both people and organizations change.

Both people and organizations change.

Scott is an organized, responsible, and self-disciplined employee. He is able to work on multiple projects at a time and submit them error-free within deadlines. Based on this information and according to the "Big Five" personality traits, it can be said that Scott has high levels of _____. a. emotionality b. conscientiousness c. extraversion d. agreeableness

Conscientiousness -refers to the number of things a person can effectively work on at one time.

Which of the following is the cycle of the stress process? a. General Adaptation Syndrome b. Selective perception c. Stressor Adaptive Syndrome d. Negative affectivity

General Adaptation Syndrome

Which of the following is an example of an interpersonal demand? a. Insufficient supply of stationary and other tools required to perform a task b. Individuals with conflicting personalities being required to work together c. Ambiguity about the tasks associated with a certain role d. The responsibility of making a critical work-related decision

Individuals with conflicting personalities being required to work together

Which of the following is true of stereotyping? a. It allows us to disregard minor bits of information. b. It can be efficient in certain forms. c. It depends on consensus and consistency. d. It is an individual's response to a strong stimulus.

It can be efficient in certain forms.

Which of the following is true of agreeableness? a. It is the number of things a person can effectively work on at one time. b. It allows people to have broad interests and to be curious, imaginative, and creative. c. It is the extent to which a person is poised, calm, resilient, and secure. d. It causes some people to be gentle, cooperative, and good-natured in their dealings with others.

It causes some people to be gentle, cooperative, and good-natured in their dealings with others.

Which of the following is true of attribution? a. It is formed around a framework of consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness. b. It is the process of screening out information that one is uncomfortable with. c. It is the process of categorizing people on the basis of a single attribute. d. It is higher in people with more negative affectivity.

It is formed around a framework of consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness -consensus (the extent to which other people in the same situation behave the same way) -consistency (the extent to which the same person behaves in the same way at different times) -distinctiveness (the extent to which the same person behaves in the same way in other situations)

Which of the following best describes organizational citizenship? a. It is the behavior of individuals that indicates the unwillingness to work beyond the basic standards of a job. b. It is the behavior of individuals that leads to increased turnover in an organization. c. It is the behavior of individuals that makes a positive overall contribution to an organization. d. It is the total set of work-related behaviors that an organization expects an individual to display.

It is the behavior of individuals that makes a positive overall contribution to an organization.

Which of the following best defines person-job fit? a. It is the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one person from another. b. It is the extent to which the contributions made by an individual match the inducements offered by an organization. c. It is the overall set of expectations held by an individual with respect to what he or she will contribute to an organization and what the organization will provide in return. d. It is the extent to which a person is poised, calm, resilient, and secure.

It is the extent to which the contributions made by an individual match the inducements offered by an organization.

Which of the following is true of the preparation stage of the creative process in business? a. It is the stage during which a creative person achieves a new understanding of the problem. b. It usually requires formal training and education. c. It includes the development of a product or service prototype. d. It determines the validity or truthfulness of a creative insight.

It usually requires formal training and education

_____ is the overall set of expectations held by an individual with respect to what he or she will contribute to an organization and what the organization will provide in return. a. Psychological contract b. Negative emotionality c. Self-efficacy d. Locus of control

Psychological contract

Ralph is an employee at an e-retail company. When he was still new in the company, he came to work late on a regular basis and showed a lot of negligence in his work. As a result, his manager developed a very poor impression of him. Months later, even as Ralph's work showed improvement, his manager continued to overlook his efforts. This is due to _____. a. selective perception b. stereotyping c. negative emotionality d. cognitive dissonance

Selective perception -the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs. For example, suppose a manager is exceptionally fond of a particular worker. The manager has a very positive attitude about the worker and thinks he is a top performer. One day the manager notices that the worker seems to be goofing off. Selective perception may cause the manager to quickly forget what he observed

Aiko's friends say that Aiko is always in a good mood. She is upbeat and optimistic and has an overall sense of well-being. Which of the following is true of Aiko? a. She has low risk propensity. b. She has a higher degree of positive affectivity. c. She often experiences cognitive dissonance. d. She has high levels of Machiavellianism

She has a higher degree of positive affectivity.

Which of the following is true of Type A individuals? a. They are less likely to experience conflict with other people. b. They are less likely to experience stress than Type B individuals. c. They work at a slow pace without time urgency. d. They are extremely competitive and very devoted to work.

They are extremely competitive and very devoted to work.

Which of the following is a characteristic of extraverts? a. They are willing to change their own ideas as a result of new information. b. They are gentle, cooperative, forgiving, and understanding. c. They are disorganized, careless, and irresponsible. d. They are sociable, talkative, and assertive.

They are sociable, talkative, and assertive.

Which of the following is true of performance behaviors? a. They can always be easily measured. b. They are not influenced by intuition. c. They can always be narrowly defined. d. They derive from the psychological contract.

They derive from the psychological contract.

Which of the following is true of contributions? a. They are not included in a psychological contract. b. They are what an organization provides to an individual. c. They include job security and recognition. d. They presumably satisfy various needs and requirements of an organization.

They presumably satisfy various needs and requirements of an organization. -An individual makes a variety of contributions to an organization—effort, skills, ability, time, loyalty, and so forth.

Which of the following is true of inducements? a. They refer to the competencies an employee brings to an organization. b. They refer to the business environment factors in an organization. c. They refer to what an organization provides to an individual. d. They refer to the total number of years an employee invests in a company.

They refer to what an organization provides to an individual.

The traits shared by most creative people: a. are openness and an attraction to complexity. b. are stress and dependency. c. are positive affectivity and dependency. d. are negative emotionality and an attraction to complexity.

are openness and an attraction to complexity -The traits shared by most creative people are openness, an attraction to complexity, high levels of energy, independence and autonomy, strong self-confidence, and a strong belief that one is, in fact, creative. Individuals who possess these traits are more likely to be creative than are those who do not have them

_____ are complexes of beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas, situations, or other people. a. Attitudes b. Inducements c. Perceptions d. Individual differences

attitudes

The process of observing behavior and assigning causes to it is known as _____. a. attribution b. categorization c. stereotyping d. identification

attribution

The conflict individuals experience among their own attitudes is called _____. a. risk propensity b. conscientiousness c. cognitive dissonance d. self-efficacy

cognitive dissonance -For example, a woman who has vowed never to work for a big, impersonal corporation intends instead to open her own business and be her own boss. Unfortunately, a series of financial setbacks leads her to have no choice but to take a job with a large company and work for someone else. Thus, cognitive dissonance occurs.

_____ is a skill that allows people to see similarities among situations, phenomena, or events. a. Divergent thinking b. Convergent thinking c. Vertical thinking d. Cross-functional thinking

convergent thinking

_____ is a skill that allows people to see differences among situations, phenomena, or events. a. Vertical thinking b. Divergent thinking c. Convergent thinking d. Cross-functional thinking

divergent thinking

Racial harassment is an example of: a. dysfunctional behavior. b. performance behavior. c. avoidant behavior. d. withdrawal behavior.

dysfunctional

In the creative process, _____ represents a coming together of all the scattered thoughts and ideas that were maturing during incubation. a. insight b. delight c. verification d. preparation

insight

Which of the following is true of turnover? a. It decreases when unemployment is low. b. It has no relation to the labor market. c. It can cost an organization. d. It is never desirable.

it can cost an organization -An organization usually incurs costs in replacing individuals who have quit, but if turnover involves especially productive people, it is even more costly.

_____ is an attitude that reflects the extent to which an individual is gratified by or fulfilled in his or her work. a. Positive affectivity b. Job satisfaction c. Organizational engagement d. Cognitive dissonance

job satisfaction

High levels of job satisfaction: a. lead to high levels of performance. b. are more common in Japan than in the United States. c. lead to more positive contributions. d. are not influenced by personal factors.

lead to more positive contributions -A satisfied employee also tends to be absent less often, to make positive contributions, and to stay with an organization. In contrast, a dissatisfied employee may be absent more often, may experience stress that disrupts coworkers, and may be continually looking for another job

_____ refers to a person's rigidity of beliefs and range of interests. a. Conscientiousness b. Openness c. Agreeableness d. Extraversion

openness People with high levels of openness are willing to listen to new ideas and to change their own ideas, beliefs, and attitudes as a result of new information.

_____ is an attitude that reflects an individual's identification with and attachment to an organization itself. a. Job satisfaction b. Organizational commitment c. Organizational engagement d. Cognitive dissonance

organizational commitment -A person with high levels of commitment and engagement is likely to see herself as a true member of the organization, to overlook minor sources of dissatisfaction with the organization, and to see herself remaining a member of the organization.

According to the Myers-Briggs framework, individuals of the _____ type enjoy the process and open-ended situations. a. perceiving b. sensing c. judging d. thinking

perceiving

____ is the set of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets information about his or her environment. a. Repression b. Perception c. Awareness d. Transformation

perception

_____ are the total set of work-related behaviors that an organization expects an individual to display. a. Task actions b. Role demands c. Interpersonal demands d. Performance behaviors

performance behaviors

_____ is the relatively permanent set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another. a. Image diversity b. Personality c. A psychological contract d. A collective mosaic

personality

In stage 2 of the General Adaptive Syndrome, a person: a. panics due to a stressor. b. ignores a stressor. c. resists the effects of a stressor. d. encounters a stressor.

resists the effects of a stressor

Which of the following is an example of an inducement? a. Loyalty b. Ability c. Skill d. Status

status An organization provides inducements to an individual. Some inducements, like pay and career opportunities, are tangible rewards. Others, like job security and status, are more intangible

_____ is the process of categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single attribute. a. Prototyping b. Stereotyping c. Specifying d. Detailing

stereotyping

_____ is an individual's response to a strong stimulus. a. Dissonance b. Machiavellianism c. Stress d. Attribution

stress -this stimulus is called a stressor

Julian is a top manager at a large pharmaceutical firm. His work requires him to make quick decisions, often with incomplete information. He is most likely to experience stress due to _____. a. task demands b. role demands c. physical demands d. interpersonal demands

task demands

An employee at the research division of an automobile firm has an idea for a new type of alloy for the chassis of a car. A prototype of the car that uses this alloy will be developed during the _____ stage of the creative process. a. preparation b. incubation c. verification d. insight

verification -Verification determines the validity or truthfulness of the insight. For many creative ideas, verification includes scientific experiments to determine whether the insight actually leads to the results expected. It includes the development of a product or service prototype.

_____ is a pattern of action by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly influences organizational effectiveness. a. Positive affectivity b. General adaptation syndrome c. Workplace behavior d. Job satisfaction

workplace behavior -Important workplace behaviors include performance and productivity, absenteeism and turnover, and organizational citizenship