Ch. 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves

Another term for trigeminal neuralgia is tic douloureux.

True

During the middle of the 20th century, a drastic procedure termed prefrontal lobotomy was used to treat a variety of mental illnesses.

True

Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of

Parkinson disease.

The presence of many large, highly-branched Purkinje cells in a sample of brain tissue indicates that it came from the ____.

cerebellar cortex

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the ______.

cerebellum

The third and fourth ventricles are linked by a slender canal designated as the

cerebral aqueduct.

A neural cortex is found on the surface of the

cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum.

Nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the mesencephalon are the

cerebral peduncles.

The highest levels of information processing occur in the

cerebrum

A person who has difficulty comprehending and using written language suffers from the disorder known as ________.

dyslexia

The _____ connects the two sides of the thalamus.

interthalamic adhesion

Stimulation within the _______ of the hypothalamus produces the sensation of hunger

feeding center

Each lateral ventricle communicates with the third ventricle through a(n)

interventricular foramen.

The folds of the surface of the cerebellum are called ________.

folia

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

hypothalamus

The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the

hypothalamus.

Parkinson disease is the result of

inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons.

Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the

medulla oblongata.

The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the

medulla oblongata.

The cerebellum and pons develop from the

metencephalon.

The pons exchanges information with the cerebellum over the __________.

middle cerebellar peduncle

The tract that links the cerebellum with the pons is the

middle cerebellar peduncle.

As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the functions of each successive level become

more complex

After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the

occipital lobe.

The visual cortex is located in the

occipital lobe.

Droopy eyelids and double vision can result from injury to the ________ nerve.

oculomotor

The only sensation that is received directly by the cerebrum is

olfaction

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the

olfactory bulb.

The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the

internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries.

Damage to the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to

play the piano.

The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem are located in the

pons

Which of these is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain?

pons cerebrum mesencephalon diencephalon prosencephalon (NOT)

Ependymal cells work to

remove waste products from CSF. surround the capillaries of the choroid plexus. secrete CSF into the ventricles.

Hydrocephalus or "water on the brain" may

result from excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid or from blockage of circulation of CSF.

The mesencephalon contains the headquarters of the ________, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention.

reticular activating system

What contains a spiderweblike network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows?

subarachnoid space

Injury to this center in the mesencephalon may lead to Parkinson's disease.

substantia nigra

Examination of a tissue sample from the central nervous system reveals many darkly pigmented cells. This tissue probably came from the

substantia nigra.

Which antibiotic enters the CNS without difficulty because it easily crosses the blood-brain barrier?

sulfadiazine

The tectum of the mesencephalon contains the

superior and inferior colliculi.

The ________ receive visual input from the lateral geniculates.

superior colliculi

Damage to the corpora quadrigemina would interfere with ____.

visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck

The medulla oblongata regulates

blood pressure and respiration.

There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves.

12

The choroid plexus produces CSF at a rate of about

500 mL/day .

The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue.

97 percent

________ is a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read.

Aphasia

________ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve.

Bell palsy

The right hemisphere is usually the dominant hemisphere.

False

The ventricle associated with the pons and medulla oblongata

Fourth

The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are

III, IV, and VI.

Which of these statements about the medulla oblongata is false?

It encloses the fourth ventricle. It relays sensory and motor information. It lies between the cervical cord and the pons. None of these statements about the medulla oblongata is false.

Which of the following is a property of the blood-brain barrier?

It is absent in portions of the hypothalamus. Astrocytes surround the CNS capillaries. The capillary endothelial cells are interconnected by tight junctions. It is generally permeable to lipid-soluble compounds. All of the above

Which of these statements about the medulla oblongata is true?

It is part of the brain stem. It connects the brain and spinal cord. It contains centers for respiration. All of these statements are true of the medulla oblongata

A person with a damaged visual association area may be

able to see letters but unable to associate them into words.

Which of the following is a property of the mamillary bodies?

all of the above

The general interpretive area

allows us to interpret what is read or heard.

Tic douloureux is

also called trigeminal neuralgia. a disorder of the maxillary and mandibular branches of nerve V. characterized by almost totally debilitating pain. triggered by contact with the lip, tongue, or gums. all of the above

Which of the following is not a component of the limbic system?

amygdaloid body hippocampus cingulate gyrus globus pallidus (NOT) fornix

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the blood circulation at the

arachnoid granulations

The white matter of the cerebellum forms the ___.

arbor vitae

The nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus...

are in the medulla and relay somatic sensory information to the thalamus

Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas.

association

The cells that cover the outer surfaces of CNS capillary endothelial cells are the ______.

astrocytes

The cells that cover the outer surfaces of CNS endothelial cells are the

astrocytes.

The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by stroke or temporarily affected by drugs or alcohol. The resulting disturbance in motor control is known as

ataxia.

At the optic chiasm

axons from the nasal halves of each retina cross.

Within each hemisphere, deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle, you will find the

basal nuclei.

Higher-order functions

combine both conscious and unconscious information processing. can be adjusted over time based on experience. involve complex interactions among areas of the cortex. all of the above

The corpus callosum is composed of

commissural fibers.

Which of the following is not a property of the limbic system?

contains cerebral and diencephalic components links conscious functions of the cerebral cortex with unconscious functions of the brain stem located between the border of the cerebrum and diencephalon functions in emotions, learning, and memory functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather (NOT)

The white structure that separates the cerebral hemispheres is the _____.

corpus callosum

Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem?

diencephalon

As CSF circulates, ________ between it and the interstitial fluid of the CNS is unrestricted between and across the ependyma.

diffusion

The hemisphere of the brain that performs analytical tasks is called the ________ hemisphere.

dominant

Unfocused "impressions" such as thirst originating in the hypothalamus are known as _____.

drives

A(n) ________ is a printed record of the brain's electrical activity over a period of time.

electroencephalogram

Specialized ________ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus.

ependymal

Two large venous sinuses, the sagittal sinuses, lie within a dural fold called the ________.

falx cerebri

The dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the

falx cerebri.

Bob is struck on the left side of the head and is knocked unconscious. When he recovers consciousness, he can hear individual words but cannot understand the meaning of phrases or sentences. This implies damage to his

general interpretive area.

A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected?

hypoglossal

Stimulation of the reticular formation results in

increased consciousness.

The reflex movement of the head toward a loud noise is directed by the mesencephalon. Which nuclei accomplish this?

inferior colliculi

The medulla oblongata relays auditory information to the

inferior colliculi.

The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

infundibulum

Cerebrospinal fluid

is secreted by ependymal cells.

Male brains are typically ________ compared to female brains.

larger

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the subarachnoid space through the

lateral and median apertures.

In most cases, the general interpretive center and the speech center are located in the ________ cerebral hemisphere.

left

After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe.

left frontal

The putamen and globus pallidus are frequently considered to be subdivisions of the

lentiform nucleus.

Terry suffers from dissociation of memories from their emotional content as the result of an automobile accident. What system of the brain is probably damaged?

limbic system

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the

longitudinal fissure.

The ________ relay auditory information to the auditory cortex.

medial geniculates

Cardiovascular centers located in the ________ adjust the heart rate, the strength of cardiac contractions, and the flow of blood through the peripheral tissues.

medulla oblongata

What structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface of the brain?

pia mater

The layer of the meninges that closely follows every gyrus and sulcus is the

pia mater.

The primary motor cortex is the surface of the

precentral gyrus.

Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

provides ATP for impulse transmission

The regions of the mesencephalon that issue subconscious motor commands that affect upper limb position and background muscle tone are the

red nuclei.

Damage to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus leads to which problem?

reduced ability to regulate body temperature

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?

secretes oxytocin controls autonomic centers regulates body temperature produces ADH all of the above

The thin partition that separates the first and second ventricles is the

septum pellucidum.

During embryonic development, which of the following secondary brain vesicles will form the cerebrum?

telencephalon

The cerebrum develops from the embryonic __________.

telencephalon

The auditory cortex is located in the

temporal lobe

Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the

thalamus.

Which of the following help to protect the brain?

the blood-brain barrier the CSF the cranial meninges the bones of the skull all of the above

The cardiovascular reflexes are based in the

the medulla oblongata.

The respiratory rhythmicity center is located in

the medulla oblongata.

Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)?

vagus and glossopharyngeal

The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the ______.

vermis

Which of the following symptoms would you associate with damage to the spinal accessory nerve?

weakness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle