Ch 15 Absolutism
The Fronde
1648-53 uprisings triggered by royal control and taxation, nobles supported it financially
What was political power in the Dutch republic controlled by?
An oligarchy of wealthy businessmen
In the 17th century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?
Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs
Cossacks
Band of roving, aggressive warriors on outskirts of Russia, peasants joined them because their lives sucked, Nobles tried holding peasants to land as a result
Cause of War of Spanish Succession
Charles I I of Spain dies w/o an heir, leaves throne to Philip of Anjou, Louis XIV's heir. Europe does not want France to be so powerful so they fight for throne
Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?
Charles I imposed unwelcome laws and reforms on the country
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Controller general for Louis XIV. Mercantilist - more exports than imports, boosts industry through production regulations, creates guilds as quality control, trading, encouraged immigration of foreign traders, lowers domestic tariffs and raises foreigns, promotes exploration in Canada
How did Frederick William I, king of Prussia, complete work of his grandfather in establishing Prussian absolutism?
Created military state/turned country into a military community, made military mandatory for all men and had them focus on army rather than other aspects of community so he could enforce his rule and absolute control, enlisted nobility to run away
Effects of Peace of Utrecht
Ends War of Spanish Succession, French expansion. Louis doesn't get more land, French Philip can be king, but Spain and France can't unit their kingdoms, ended French expansion, Great Britain more powerful because they got the slave trade from Spanish, England gains a lot of territory in America
In return for financial support, what did Charles Í of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?
English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized
Grand Alliance members in War of Spanish Succession
English, Dutch, Austrians, Prussians
Important changes Habsburgs made in Bohemia to establish absolutist rule
Enserfed peasantry worsened - 3 days of unpaid labor, Protestantism stamped out
Primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution
Fear of the establishment of the Catholic absolutism by James II
What did Ferdinand II do in Bohemia after beating them in the 30 Year's War?
Ferdinand II reduced power of Bohemian Estates, a largely Protestant representative assembly, confiscated land holdings of Protestant nobles and gave it to foreign aristocratic mercenaries who led his armies. After 1650, bit portion of Bohemian nobility was of recent origin and successful because of Habsburgs
Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-53 know as the
Fronde
Habsburg Takeover of Hungary
Habsburgs pushed Ottomans out of Hungary, Transylvania
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?
He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's 32 districts
How did Frederick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?
He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservists
How did William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, create conflict in Britain in the 1630s?
He sought to impose a new prayer book modeled on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland
Hungarian nobility reaction to Habsburgs
Hungarians tried to revolt a lot against the Habsburgs, who eventually decided to restore traditional privileges of aristocracy in return for Hungarian acceptance of hereditary Habsburg rule
How did the plague affect peasants differently in the West than in the East?
In the West, the plague killed off enough people that the peasants could escape serfdom and get enough land to feed themselves. In the East, peasants had mostly lost the ability to own land independently, landlords restricted peasant movement
Prince Francis Rakoczy
Leader of the last rebellion by the Hungarian nobles against Habsburgs. Habsburg agreed to restore traditional privileges of aristocracy in return for Hungarian acceptance of hereditary Habsburg rule - Hungary never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state
Treaty that ends War of Spanish Succession
Peace of Utrecht
Treaty that ended 30 Year's War
Peace of Westphalia
Louis XIV and religion/views on Protestants
Revoked Edict of Nantes - forced Catholic baptism, closed schools, made pastors renounce faith, purged country of Protestantism because he felt if everyone was the same religion it would be better for absolutism
One of the largest rebellions in 17th century Russia was led by
Stenka Razin
Within the Ottoman government who staffed the top levels of bureaucracy
The sultan's slave corps
30 Year's War affects
depopulation, loss of trade and agriculture, soldiers allowed to take everything, people either fleeing or killed so trade stopped, nobles enlarge estates - serfdom
Mercantilist theory postulated that
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state
Time of Troubles
lawlessness, no ruler, hard times, follows Ivan IV's reign
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a
military dictatorship
The Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or
millets
French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the
prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France
Final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi and the resulting Treaty of
the Pyrenees
In "Two Treatises of Government" John Locke notes that
the government must obtain the consent of the majority for taxes