Ch. 15 GI
The following are normal changes of aging:
Ability to taste decreases. Process of digestion takes longer and is less efficient. Body waste moves more slowly through the intestines, causing more frequent constipation. Difficulty chewing and swallowing may occur. Absorption of vitamins and minerals decreases. Production of saliva and digestive fluids decreases.
signs and symptoms about stool
Bloody or abnormally-colored stool Hard, dry stools Diarrhea Constipation Pain with bowel movements Blood, pus, mucus, or discharge in stool Fecal incontinence
the gastrointestinal system is made up of two sections :
GI tract and accessory glands
10 systems of the human body
Gastrointestinal or digestive Urinary Reproductive Integumentary or skin Circulatory or cardiovascular Respiratory Musculoskeletal Nervous Endocrine Immune and lymphatic
Factors affecting bowel elimination
Growth and development Psychological factors Diet Fluid intake Physical activity and exercise Personal habits Medications
functions of gastrointestinal system
Ingestion of food and fluids Digestion of food Absorption of nutrients Elimination of waste products from food/fluids
colostomy
Surgically created opening through the abdominal wall into the large intestine to allow feces to be expelled.
____ water, _____ _____ and _______ enemas are considered cleansing enemas
Tap, soap studs, saline
fracture pan
a bedpan that is flatter than a regular bedpan; used for small or thin people or those who cannot lift their buttocks onto a standard bedpan.
portable commode
a chair with a toilet seat and a removable container underneath that is used for elimination; also called bedside commode.
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
a chronic condition in which the liquid contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus.
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
a chronic condition of the large intestine that is worsened by stress.
ulcerative colitis
a chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine.
malabsorption
a condition in which the body cannot absorb or digest a particular nutrient properly.
heartburn
a condition that results from a weakening of the sphincter muscle which joins the esophagus and the stomach; also known as acid reflux.
gastrointestinal tract
a continuous tube from the opening of the mouth all the way to the anus, where solid wastes are eliminated from the body.
Crohn's disease
a disease that causes the lining of the digestive tract to become inflamed (red, sore, and swollen).
diverticulosis
a disorder in which sac-like pouchings develop in weakened areas of the wall of the large intestine (colon).
tissues
a group of cells that performs similar tasks.
fecal impaction
a mass of dry, hard stool that remains packed in the rectum and cannot be expelled
rectal suppository
a medication in a cylindrical shape that is given rectally to cause a bowel movement.
specimen
a sample, such as tissue, blood, urine, stool, or sputum, used for analysis and diagnosis.
enema
a specific amount of water or other fluid, with or without an additive, introduced into the colon to stimulate the elimination of stool.
organ
a structural unit in the human body that performs a specific function.
flatulence
air in the intestine that is passed through the rectum; also called gas or flatus.
stoma
an artificial opening in the body.
fecal incontinence
an inability to control the muscles of the bowels, which leads to an involuntary passage of stool or gas.
when giving ostomy care, in which direction should the nursing assistant wash?
away from the stoma
to prevent complications after surgery, a resident who is obese may require :
bariatric warm compresses
_________ is one substance for which stool may be tested
blood
There should not be _______, _______, ________, or ______ in the stool.
blood, pus, mucus, or worms
stool is normally :
brown, soft, moist, and formed.
electrolytes
chemical substances that are essential to maintaining fluid balance and homeostasis in the body.
difficulty _________ and swallowing may occur as a person ages
chewing
an older person may be ___________ more often
constipated
before preforming an occult blood test on a stool specimen, what should the nursing assistant check?
date on testing card to make sure not expired
enemas are also ordered in preparation for a _______ _______ or _____________
diagnostic test, surgery
what is worn over a stoma to collect feces when a resident has an ostomy?
disposable pouch
the large intestine helps regulate water balance by absorbing _________ and ________ and eliminating solid waste products as feces
electrolytes, water
an enema is given when help is needed ___________ stool from the colon
eliminating
hemorrhoids
enlarged veins in the rectum that can cause itching, burning, pain, and bleeding.
which of the following is a type of elimination equipment used for people who can't lift their buttocks onto a standard bedpan?
fracture pan
diarrhea
frequent elimination of liquid or semiliquid feces.
body systems
groups of organs that perform specific functions in the human body.
a plastic container called a "____" is sometimes inserted into a toilet to collect and measure urine or stool.
hat
occult
hidden.
diverticulitis
inflammation of sacs that develop in the wall of the large intestine due to diverticulosis.
the functions of the gastrointestinal system are ___________ and ____________ of food, absorption of nutrients, and ____________ of waste products.
ingestion, digestion, elimination
Elimination
is expelling solid wastes.
peristalsis
muscular contractions that push food through the gastrointestinal tract.
surgical creation of an opening from an area inside the body to outside is called an _________
ostomy
when giving an enema, the nursing assistant should stop immediately if the resident has ________ or if the NA feels resistance.
pain
There should be no pain with _______ _______.
passing stool
feces is eliminated from the body by _________ through the anus
peristalsis
elimination habits
predict bathroom times by observing these
Digestion
prepares food for absorption into cells.
chyme
semiliquid substance made as a result of the chemical breakdown of food in the stomach.
when a resident has a colostomy, stool will generally be ______________
semisolid
during the enema, the resident should be in the _______ position
sims
most food and fluids are absorbed in the _____ _________
small intestine
stool
solid body waste excreted through the anus from the large intestine; also called feces.
feces
solid body waste excreted through the anus from the large intestine; also called stool.
a _________ is a sample used for analysis and diagnosis
specimen
the best position for bowel elimination :
squatting and leaning forward
the goals of using an oil-retention enema include lubricating the intestine, softening _____, and reducing ________ with bowel movements.
stool, straining
care facilities will have bariatric equipment avaliable, such as the following :
sturdier bedpan
urostomy
surgical creation of an opening for the passage of urine.
ostomy
surgical creation of an opening from an area inside the body to the outside.
ileostomy
surgically created opening into the end of the small intestine, the ileum, to allow feces to be expelled.
as a person ages, he may find it harder to _________ foods
taste
cells
the basic structural units of all organisms.
homeostasis
the condition in which all of the body's systems are balanced and are working at their best.
duodenum
the first part of the small intestine, where the common bile duct enters the small intestine.
constipation
the inability to eliminate stool, or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of hard, dry stool.
colon
the large intestine.
bowel elimination
the physical process of releasing or emptying the colon or large intestine of solid waste, called stool or feces.
retraining
the process of assisting residents to regain control of their bowels or bladder
digestion
the process of converting food so that it can be absorbed into the blood and used by body tissues.
defecation
the process of eliminating feces from the rectum through the anus.
elimination
the process of expelling wastes.
ingestion
the process of taking food or fluids into the body.
biology
the study of all life forms.
anatomy
the study of body structure.
physiology
the study of how body parts function.
pathophysiology
the study of the disorders that occur in the body.
absorption
the transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells.
the epiglottis blocks food from entering the ________
trachea
How may hidden (occult) blood be detected in stool?
using a microscope or special chem test
Which of the following might be increased in a resident's diet if constipation is a problem?
whole grains
How should a nursing assistant place a standard bedpan?
wider end should be aligned with the residents buttocks
