Ch 17 MC Test

Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as

"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."

In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements?

England and Germany.

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was

Fontenelle.

Know who argued that government should not be involved in people's economic choices.

Francois Quesnay

Messiah

Handel composed this as one of his religious pieces of music.

The eighteenth century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is

Handel's Messiah.

Emile

Jean-Jaques Rousseau wrote this about education and child rearing. It said that education should foster rather than restrict children's natural instincts. It had a balance between the heart and mind and was the precursor to Romanticism.

Know which city was considered the capital of the Enlightenment.

Paris, France

Persian Letters

Voltaire wrote this to express his deep admiration for the English life (freedom of press, political freedom, and religious freedom) but it also clearly pointed out French faults.

Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with

a blank slate.

Although many European rulers desired to emulate the size and grandiosity of Versailles, they usually ...

adopted the Baroque-Rococo architectural style rather than the French classical style of Louis XIV's palace.

The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to

change the general way of thinking.

Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth century

corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.

Be able to define salons.

elegant drawing rooms in the urban house of the wealthy.

High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the

enormous impact of the publishing industry.

The Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was

evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.

Know why Enlightened thinkers are considered to be secularists.

hoped to create a new society by using reason to discover natural laws, hoped that education would create better humans and societies even though they disliked tradition religion. They advocated religious freedom and tolerance.

Be able to define French philosophes; know what social class they emerged from.

literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality. This group merged from the nobility and middle-class.

The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of

magazines for the general public.

Johann Sebastian Bach

produced religious music as a way to worship God.

The great scientists of the seventeenth century, such as Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, ...

pursued their exploration of science in a spirit of exalting God rather than in questioning and undermining religion.

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

religious intolerance.

An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was

the Marquise du Chatelet.

Be able to define Deism.

the belief in a mechanical God that is not involved with the world and lets the world run on its natural laws.

Know who James Cook is and why he is important.

was the inspiration for travel literature in the 18th century in regards to the Pacific Ocean (Tahiti, New Zealand, and Australia).

The French Physiocrats, in their belief in natural economic laws

were harsh critics of economic mercantilism.

The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe

were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities.

Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his

28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes.

Return from Cythera

Antoine Watteau wrote this to portray the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized.

The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was

Antoine Watteau.

Encyclopedia

Diderot wrote this 28-volume book to change the general way of thinking in the Enlightenment.

In his novel with its emphasis upon the heart and sentiment, Rousseau anticipated the Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century.

Emile

Know who the leader of the Physiocrats was.

Francois Quesnay, a French Court Physician.

European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by

Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire.

Principia (know who translated it to French)

Isaac Newton wrote this to explain the mathematics behind his law of gravitation. Marquise du Chatelet translated it to French.

Know who said that individuals "will forced to be free".

Jean-Jaques Rousseau (tried to harmonize individual liberty with government authority)

The Progress of the Human Mind

Marie-Jean de Condorat wrote this about how humans had completed 9 stages of history and when they reached the 10th stage, they would reach perfection.

A Serious Proposal to the Ladies

Mary Astell wrote this to inform the public that women needed a better education.

The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by

Mary Wollstonecraft.

The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was

Methodism.

The Spirit of the Laws

Montesquieu wrote this to argue that the best political system in a modern society is the one where the nobility is uninvolved.

The Marriage of Figaro

This was Mozart's most innovative composition.

For Rousseau, the "general will" was

a social consensus to which the individual must bow.

Pogroms were

instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.

Know how the work of Fontenelle announces the Enlightenment.

is the plurality of worlds; made not only for the elites but for everyone.

Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers:

novels

Be able to define Carnival.

part of the popular culture and were celebrated in the weeks leading up to Christmas. It was the opposite of Lent and was a free-for all that included anyone.

Isaac Newton and John Locke

provided inspiration for the Enlightenment through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge, governing all aspects of human society.

The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often

public and very gruesome.

Know, according to Rousseau, what he considered to be the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes.

said that the primitive man was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes was caused by private property.

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of

secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.

In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,

still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to

the social sciences.

A key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was

travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.

Know who Beccaria was and what he stood for.

wrote On Crimes and Punishments and argued that punishment should only serve as the deterrent not as the exercise in brutality. He opposed capital punishment and advocated for prisons.