CH 17

Which of the following plasma proteins is improperly matched with its function?

Gamma globulins: lipid transport. Gamma globulins are also called immunoglobulins and are part of the immune response. (Proper matches are albumin: osmotic pressure, fibrinogen: clotting, alpha globulin: transport of metal ions and fat-soluble vitamins)

What is a hematocrit?

Hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocytes in a whole blood sample. (Although the percent sign is usually omitted, the hematocrit, which in this figure is 45, is the percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood. The height of the erythrocyte layer is divided by the total height of the material.)

Which of the following is NOT a formed element in whole blood?

Albumin. Albumin is a protein that would be found in the plasma. (FE are erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)

Which leukocyte might you expect to find in higher quantities in a person experiencing allergies

Eosinophil

Higher viscosity of blood will increase the amount of stress placed on the heart while it is pumping. Viscosity of blood is highest when ________.

Hematocrit is highest

Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?

Hemocytoblast

What is the name of the protein found in erythrocytes that transports respiratory gases?

Hemoglobin (Other than water, hemoglobin makes up almost the entire contents of an erythrocyte. It can bind both oxygen and carbon dioxide.)

Which of the following does NOT stimulate erythrocyte production?

Hyperventilation

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

Kidney

Which type of leukocyte is responsible for antibody production?

Lymphocytes (B lymphocytes, which mature in the bone marrow and do not require exposure to thymosin in the thymus as T lymphocytes do, produce antibodies.)

On a blood smear slide prepared using Wright's stain, you observe a large cell with a U-shaped nucleus and pale blue cytoplasm. This cell is most likely a(n) __________.

Monocyte

What "clot buster" enzyme removes unneeded clots after healing has occurred during fibrinolysis?

Plasmin. (As healing progresses, the clot retraction process reduces the size of the clot, while plasminogen is activated into plasmin that digests the fibrin in the clot.)

Blood reticulocyte counts provide information regarding ________.

Rate of erythrocyte formation

What is a young, anucleate erythrocyte called?

Reticulocyte (Reticulocytes are a stage in erythrocyte development when the nucleus has just been lost. These are found in circulating blood, but they are typically only a small percent of total red cells.)

What is the average normal pH range of blood?

7.35-7.45

What part of the body does erythropoietin (EPO) target to increase erythropoiesis?

Bone marrow (The bone marrow, specifically red marrow, is the site of blood cell production and is stimulated by erythropoietin.)

Which of the formed elements is present in the greatest concentration?

Erythrocytes (The erythrocytes (red blood cells) make up about 45% of whole blood.)

How many oxygen molecules can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule?

Four (Each Fe2+ ion can bind to a single oxygen molecule.)

Which of these develops from lymphoid stem cells?

Lymphocytes (Both T and B lymphocytes arise from lymphoid stem cells.)

People that have a single allele (gene copy) for sickle cell anemia are typically not sick from the disease and are said to be carriers of sickle cell trait. These people will more often live in the malaria belt of sub-Saharan Africa. The most likely explanation for this is ________.

People with sickle cell trait have a better chance of surviving malaria

Which of these represents the majority of whole blood by volume?

Plasma (Plasma typically constitutes 55% of whole blood, although this value can vary somewhat.)

Digesting a clot after it is formed requires activation of what plasma protein by tPA?

Plasminogen

Which step in hemostasis involves activation of formed elements in the blood?

Platelet plug formation

Suppose that an individual injects himself with erythropoietin in order to raise his level of endurance, an act that is usually illegal in competitive sports. Which of the following could result?

Polycythemia (Erythropoietin causes an increase in release of erythrocytes, which, unless regulated, can induce polycythemia. EPO increases the hematocrit and the red cell mass and can lead to increased viscosity of the blood and an increased tendency to form clots.)

What triggers erythropoietin (EPO) production to make new red blood cells?

Reduced availability of oxygen. (Reduced oxygen delivery to the kidneys will result in the release of erythropoietin (EPO), which in turn promotes the release of more erythrocytes from the bone marrow.)

Which of the following represents a difference between extrinsic and intrinsic blood clotting pathways?

The extrinsic pathway is faster than the intrinsic pathway.

Albumin definition=

The major contributor to plasma osmotic pressure. and Makes up most of plasma protein.

Which of these is true of the materials making up the buffy coat in centrifuged blood?

They are intermediate in density between erythrocytes and plasma (Centrifugation separates materials by density. Materials in the buffy coat are intermediate in density between erythrocytes and plasma.)

What protein involved in coagulation provides the activation for the final step in clotting?

Thrombin

Mature erythrocytes lack a nucleus.

True

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

hormone production (functions are protection, regulation, distribution)

Which plasma constituent is the main contributor to clotting?

Fibrinogen (Fibrinogen comprises 4% of plasma and is an important component in the process of blood clotting.)

Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis?

Fibrinolysis (ARE phases= coagulation, platelet plug formation, vascular spasm)

Which of the following is true of the structure of an erythrocyte?

Erythrocytes can bend and twist to fit through vessels. (Erythrocytes are held in shape by flexible proteins that allow the cell to bend, twist, and cup, but that will return it to its normal shape. This facilitates the movement of erythrocytes through capillaries that are sometimes smaller than they are.

No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________.

Monocytes

From which cell do the granulocytes descend?

Myeloblast

Which cells of the myeloid stem cell pathway have accumulated granules?

Myelocytes (Three of the four pathways leading from myeloid stem cells are myelocytes and accumulate granules: eosinophilic, basophilic, and neutrophilic.)

Identify the leukocytes in the figure in order.

Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, monocyte

When a person has an acute bacterial infection, such as bacterial meningitis or appendicitis, which type of leukocyte increases in number?

Neutrophils

Which granulated leukocyte is most likely to be active during a bacterial infection?

Neutrophils

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the role of platelets in hemostatic reactions?

Platelets release the only chemical factors that can initiate coagulation. (Platelet chemicals initiate the intrinsic pathway, but tissue factors released from damaged endothelium start the extrinsic pathway for coagulation in motion.) (TRUE Platelets do not stick to intact endothelial cells. Platelets adhere to exposed collagen fibers. Platelets release chemicals that attract and bind other platelets.)

During which event of hemostasis do clotting factors (procoagulants) assist with the transformation of blood from a liquid to a gel?

The gelling of blood due to formation of insoluble fibrin occurs during the coagulation stage.

What factor stimulates platelet formation?

Thrombopoietin