Ch. 18-19 Review-The Age of Imperialism

Tanzimat

'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient.

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

Young Turks

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Opium War

A conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain's opium trade in China

Which of the following expresses the relationship between the number of European settlers in colonies in Africa, Asia, and Oceania and the extent of racial segregation and discrimination in the imperialism of the 19th century?

Colonies with a large European settler population experienced more racial discrimination and

Taiping Uprising

Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan, bloodiest war

Crimean War

War fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of the British Empire, French Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Duchy of Nassau on the other.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Sino-Japanese War

A war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory

Which of the following characterizes the responses of societies facing the threat of European colonial rule in the 19th century?

Accommodation for those who saw colonial rule as advantageous and resistance for those who viewed colonial rule as oppressive.

How were Ethiopia's and Siam's (Thailand) interactions with European imperialism similar?

Both avoided the colonization to which their neighbors succumbed.

In what respect were Qing China and the Ottoman Empire similar in the 19th century?

Both were semi-colonies within the informal empires of Europe.

What elements of the modernizing process did colonial rule convey on the colonies?

Communication and transportation infrastructure

Describe the motives for imperialism.

Desire to gain power, to compete with other European countries, to expand territory, to exercise military force, to gain prestige by winning colonies, and to boost national pride and security.

Sepoys

Indian troops who served in the British army

How did the spread of Western education affect colonial society?

It created a new elite who saw themselves as a modernizing vanguard in the regeneration of their societies. In both, colonial conquest grew out of earlier interaction with European trading firms.

Which was the only country outside Europe and North America to launch its own Industrial Revolutions successfully?

Japan

In what way was Japan in a better position than China or the Ottoman Empire in its encounter with Western imperialism?

Japan was of less interest to the Western powers. Which of the following reflects the combination of foreign and Japanese elements characteristic of Meiji reforms in the late nineteenth century.

What was a result of the reform program launched by the Japanese leadership in the late 19th Century?

Japanese colonialism matched or exceeded the brutality of European colonialism.

Which of the following characterizes Japanese colonial policies in Taiwan and Korea in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Japanese colonialism matched or exceeded the brutality of European colonialism.

Which of the following resulted from the employment of colonial subjects in European-owned plantations, mines, construction projects, and businesses?

Migration of colonial subjects to work sites overseas.

Explain the connection between the spread of Christianity and education.

Missionaries would set up schools everywhere they went, so people would convert so that they could receive this education.

Young Ottomans

Movement of young intellectuals to institute liberal reforms and build a feeling of national identity in the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the nineteenth century.

What is nationalism and how is it related to imperialism?

Nationalism and itself are both good and bad. It implies that peoples have a belief in self determination; they have united and decided which nation they are. Imperialism refers to the diplomatic policy of expansionism in which nations rule and influence other nations.

Give examples of resistance to imperialism

Resisted colonial rule by boycotting European goods, organizing political parties and pressure groups, publishing anti colonial newspapers and magazines, and pursuing anti colonial policies through churches and religious groups.

David Livingstone

Scottish missionary and explorer who discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (1813-1873)

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Who were the first British settlers in Australia?

The British colony of New South Wales, under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip.

What contributed to the weakening of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century?

The Ottoman economy was disrupted by inflation, caused by the influx of precious metals into Europe from the Americas and by an increasing imbalance of trade between East and West. Inflation also weakened the traditional industries and trades.

What could countries with a sphere of influence in China do within their respective spheres?

The Spheres of Influence in China was when different European nations had control over prosperous Chinese ports and had control of trade in that region disregarding the rights of the Chinese people. European nations began to obtain Spheres of Influence in parts of coastal China. The European nations would divide and rule parts of Chinese ports ignoring the rights of the citizens.

Which of the following was a consequence of 19th century European imperialism on colonial societies?

The integration of colonial economies into a global network of exchange centered in Europe.

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

British Raj

The name for the British government's military rule of India between 1858 and 1947.

What did the United States expect to gain by sending a naval fleet to Japan in 1853?

The opening of Japanese ports for trade.

How was the Sepoy Mutiny a turning point in Indian history?

The rebellion proved to be an important watershed in Indian and British Empire history. It led to the dissolution of the East India Company, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India, through passage of the Government of India Act 1858.

Sepoy Mutiny

The revolt against the British by many different groups across India 1857 but led particularly by some of the disgruntled Indian soldiers working for the British. It caused the British government to take over more direct control of India from the British East India Company.

Which of the following contributed to China's problems in the 19th century?

The state's failure to maintain flood control and public security.

What advantages did Europeans have that gave them an advantage in their interactions with people in Africa, Asia, and Oceania?

The superior organization and discipline of European militaries

How did the leadership that emerged after the Meiji Restoration in Japan respond to the threat of Western imperialism?

They used Western models to transform Japan. In what way was Japan in a better position than China or the Ottoman Empire in its encounter with Western imperialism.

Which of the following characterizes the goal of the Tanzimat reforms initiated by the Ottoman leadership in the mid-19th century?

To establish an economic, social, and legal base for a strong centralized state.

Sick Man of Europe

Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period, Crimian war was fought in the result of fear of what would happen if the Ottoman Empire fell?

The capitulations between European countries and the Ottoman Empire were similar to the

unequal treaties between European countries and China.