Ch. 18 Cardiovascular system

Which chamber of the heart has the highest probability of being the site of a myocardial infarction? A. Left atrium B. Right atrium C. Left ventricle D. Right ventricle

C. Left ventricle

Which chamber of the heart sends oxygenated blood to the aorta to the systemic circuit?

Left ventricle

The left side of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pump. True or False

True

Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing? A. P wave B. QRS complex C. T wave

P wave Yes, the P wave represents atrial depolarization, which leads to atrial contraction.

What causes the aortic semilunar valve to close? A. greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle B. higher ventricular pressure than aortic pressure C. equal ventricular and aortic pressures

A. greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle

By what mechanism would an increase in venous return increase stroke volume? A. increased end diastolic volume B. increased end systolic volume C. increased contractility D. decreased end diastolic volume

A. increased end diastolic volume

Describe the pressures in the atria and ventricles that would cause the opening of the AV valves. A. Pressures in the atria and ventricles would be equal. B. Pressure in the ventricles would be greater than in the atria. C. Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles.

C. Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles.

Which of the following is NOT a vein that returns blood to the right atrium of the heart? A. Superior vena cava B. Coronary sinus C. Pulmonary vein D. Inferior vena cava

C. Pulmonary vein

Consider the following characteristics of the cells found in muscle tissue. Which feature is shared by both cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle? A. Triads B. Intercalated discs C. Striations D. Branched cells

C. Striations

Which of the following is correct about the filling of the ventricles? A. The majority of the ventricular filling is caused by contraction of the atria B. Most blood flows passively into the ventricle through open AV valves

B. Most blood flows passively into the ventricle through open AV valves

Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles? A. Purkinje fibers B. SA Node C. AV Node D. Bundle branches E. AV bundle (bundle of his)

C. AV Node

How would an increase in the sympathetic nervous system increase stroke volume? A. Increased end systolic volume B. Decreased end diastolic volume C. Increased contractility D. Increased end diastolic volume

C. Increased contractility

Which of the following terms refers to a lack of oxygen supply to the heart muscle cells? A. Embolism B. Functional syncytium C. Ischemia D. Infarction

C. Ischemia

What separates the parietal and visceral pericardium? A. Epicardium B. Myocardium C. Pericardial cavity D. Fibrous pericardium

C. Pericardial cavity

In what direction does blood flow through the heart? A. from ventricles to atria B. from a region of high volume to a region of low volume C. from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure D. from a region of high oxygen content to a region of low oxygen content

C. from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure

Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit? A. Right atrium B. Right ventricle C. Left atrium D. Left ventricle

D. Left ventricle The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the entire body (systemic circuit)

In an ischemic heart, the affected cardiac muscle cells are likely to have an altered ______. A. Number of Z discs B. Number of Desmosomes C. Number of slow Ca+2 channels D. Resting membrane potential

D. Resting membrane potential

Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk? A. Right atrium B. Left ventricle C. Left atrium D. Right ventricle

D. Right ventricle The right ventricle pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk to the lungs.

Which heart chamber sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs? A. Left ventricle B. Right atrium C. Left atrium D. Right ventricle

D. Right ventricle The right ventricle sends the deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk

Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart? A. Purkinje fibers B. Av bundle (bundle of his) C. SA node D. AV node

SA Node

The structure that prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium is the?

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Most of the increase in left ventricular volume takes place during what phase of the cardiac cycle? A. Ventricular filling B. Isovolumetric relaxation C. Ventricular ejection D. Atrial contraction

A. Ventricular filling

Which functional feature best describes the manner in which cardiac muscle contracts? A. (Autorhythmicity) promotes the spontaneous contraction of the cardiac muscle cells B. Nerve fibers must stimulate cardiac muscle cells for them to contract C. Only some motor units contract in cardiac muscle D. Refractory periods in cardiac contractions are relatively short

A. (Autorhythmicity) promotes the spontaneous contraction of the cardiac muscle cells

Into what vessel does the left ventricle eject blood? A. Aorta B. Pulmonary trunk C. Pulmonary veins D. Superior vena cava

A. Aorta

How would a decrease in blood volume affect both stroke volume and cardiac output? A. Decreased stroke volume and no change in cardiac output B. Increased stroke volume and increased cardiac output C. Decreased stroke volume and decreased cardiac output D. No change in stroke volume and decreased cardiac output

A. Decreased stroke volume and no change in cardiac output

The layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep are: _____ A. Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium B. Epicardium, endocardium, and myocardium C. Endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium D. Myocardium, endocardium, and epicardium

A. Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood via the pulmonary circuit? A. Left atrium B. Right atrium C. Right ventricle D. Left ventricle

A. Left atrium

Which layer of the heart wall contracts and is composed primarily of cardiac muscle tissue? A. Myocardium B. Visceral layer of the serous pericardium C. Epicardium D. Endocardium

A. Myocardium

Which of the following does NOT deliver blood to the right atrium? A. Pulmonary veins B. Coronary sinus C. Inferior vena cava D. Superior vena cava

A. Pulmonary veins

The presence of an incompetent tricuspid valve would have the direct effect of causing _______. A. Reduced efficiency in the delivery of blood to the lungs B. Reduced efficiency in the delivery of blood to the myocardium C. Reduced efficiency in the delivery of blood from the lungs to the heart D. Reduced efficiency in the delivery of blood from the head to the heart

A. Reduced efficiency in the delivery of blood to the lungs

Into which chamber of the heart do the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus return deoxygenated blood? A. Right atrium B. Right ventricle C. Left ventricle D. Left atrium

A. Right atrium

Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior Vena Cavae? A. Right atrium B. Right ventricle C. left atrium D. Left ventricle

A. Right atrium The right atrium receives unoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit

The vessel that carries oxygen rich blood to tissues is the?

Aorta

Increased pressure in the ventricles would close what valve(s)? A. semilunar valves only B. AV valves only C. both semilunar and AV valves

B. AV valves only

What does the ECG wave tracing represent? A. Contraction of the heart B. Electrical activity in the heart

B. Electrical activity of the heart (Yes, the ECG waves show the depolarization and repolarization in various areas of the heart)

Which of the following is equivalent to the ventricular volume during isovolumetric relaxation? A. Maximum ventricular volume (MVV) B. End systolic volume (ESV) C. End diastolic volume (EDV) D. Stroke volume (SV)

B. End systolic volume (ESV)

What causes normal heart sounds? A. Pressure of blood in the ventricles B. Heart valve closure C. Cardiac muscle contraction D. Opening of heart valves

B. Heart valve closure

Which chamber of the heart sends oxygenated blood to the aorta to the systemic circuit? A. Left atrium B. Left ventricle C. Right atrium D. Right ventricle

B. Left ventricle

Which statement regarding cardiac muscle structure is accurate? A. Cardiac cells possess few mitochondria B. Myofibrils of cardiac muscle tissue vary in diameter and branch extensively C. Cardiac cells are long, cylindrical, and multinucleate D. Cardiac muscle cells are independent of one another both structurally and functionally

B. Myofibrils of cardiac muscle tissue vary in diameter and branch extensively

Cardiac tamponade results in ineffective pumping of blood by the heart because the excessive amount of fluid in the pericardial cavity will ____. A. Prevent the visceral layer of the serous pericardium from properly surrounding the heart B. Prevent the heart from filling properly with blood C. Prevent proper oxygenation of the blood D. Interfere with the ability of this fluid to lubricate the serous membranes

B. Prevent the heart from filling properly with blood

Which of the following is NOT a difference between the left and right ventricles? A. The left ventricle pumps blood to the systemic circuit, while the right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit B. The left ventricle receives a smaller percentage of coronary blood supply than the right ventricle C. The left ventricle is a more powerful pump than the right ventricle D. The walls of the left ventricle are thicker than the walls of the right ventricle.

B. The left ventricle receives a smaller percentage of coronary blood supply than the right ventricle Since the demands on the left ventricle are so great, it receives the highest percentage of the coronary blood supply.

The ______ valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. A. Mitral B. Tricuspid C. Pulmonary semilunar D. Aortic semilunar

B. Tricuspid The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle

The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps? A. Three pumps B. Two pumps C. One pump

B. Two pumps The right side of the heart pumps to/from the lungs (pulmonary circuit) and the left side of the heart pumps to/from the rest of the body (the systemic circuit)

What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing? A. Atrial repolarization B. Ventricular depolarization C. Atrial depolarization D. Ventricular repolarization

B. Ventricular depolarization

Which of the following would increase cardiac output to the greatest extent? A. Decreased heart rate and decreased stroke volume B. Increased heart rate and increased stroke volume C. Decreased heart rate and increased stroke volume D. Increased heart rate and decreased stroke volume

B. increased heart rate and increased stroke volume Cardiac output= heart rate x stroke volume

Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling (two phases of the cardiac cycle) take place during? A. ventricular systole B. ventricular diastole

B. ventricular diastole

Lung capillaries—> pulmonary veins—> left atrium—> mitral/bicuspid valve

Blood path from the lungs (oxygen-rich blood returning to the heart)

Which phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting after ventricular filling. A. isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric contraction B. ventricular ejection, isovolumetric contraction, isovolumetric relaxation C. isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation D. ventricular ejection, ventricular relaxation, isovolumetric contraction

C. isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation

The __________ carries oxygen-poor venous blood of the coronary circulation into the right atrium

Coronary sinus

Which of the following is NOT a difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle? A. The plasma membranes of cardiac muscle cells interlock, but skeletal muscle fibers are independent B. Cardiac muscle cells quickly die in the absence of oxygen; skeletal muscle cells are better able to adapt to oxygen deficiency C. Cardiac muscle cells contain more mitochondria than do skeletal muscle cells D. Cardiac muscle does not use the sliding filament mechanism for contraction; skeletal muscle does

D. Cardiac muscle does not use the sliding filament mechanism for contraction; skeletal muscle does Both skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated, and both utilize the sliding filament mechanism for contraction

What is the source of ATP for cardiac muscle contraction? A. Glycolysis B. Stored ATP C. Creatine phosphate D. Cellular respiration

D. Cellular respiration

Which of the following would increase heart rate? A. Decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system B. Increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system C. Acetylcholine D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which of the following is the outer most covering of the heart? A. Parietal layer B. Visceral layer C. Epicardium D. Fibrous pericardium

D. Fibrous pericardium

What structures connect the individual heart muscle cells? A. Trabaculae carneae B. Chordae tendineae C. Anastomoses D. Intercalated discs

D. Intercalated discs

Into which chamber do the pulmonary veins send blood? A. Right atrium B. Left ventricle C. Right ventricle D. Left atrium

D. Left atrium

Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins? A. Right ventricle B. Left ventricle C. Right atrium D. Left atrium

D. Left atrium The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins

Which of the following is equivalent to the ventricular volume during isovolumetric contraction? A. The minimum ventricular volume (MVV) B. The end systolic volume (ESV) C. The stroke volume (SV) D. The end diastolic volume (EDV)

D. The end diastolic volume (EDV) (Isovolumetric contraction occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole when the ventricular volume is at its maximum value - the end diastolic volume [EDV]. Because no volume changes occur during isovolumetric contraction, ventricular volume remains at this value throughout the phase.)

Which valve is located between the right atrium and ventricle? A. Pulmonary semilunar valve B. Mitral valve C. Aortic semilunar valve D. Tricuspid valve

D. Tricuspid valve

Right atrium—> Tricuspid valve—> right ventricle—> pulmonary semilunar valve—> pulmonary trunk—> pulmonary arteries

Flow through the right side of the heart

Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood via the pulmonary circuit?

Left atrium

Aorta —> smaller systemic arteries —> systemic capillaries —> systemic veins —> right atrium through the tricuspid valve this is a partial blood flow pathway

Partial blood flow pathway

The ________ carries oxygen-poor venous blood from above the diaphragm from areas of the upper body and extremities into the right atrium

Superior vena cava

The capillaries receiving blood flow from the left side of the heart are?

Systemic capillaries

The structure that is located anatomically between the aorta and the left ventricle is the?

aortic semilunar valve

The ___________ carries oxygen-poor venous blood from below the diaphragm from the areas of the lower body and extremities into the right atrium

inferior vena cava

Into which chamber of the heart do the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus return deoxygenated blood?

right atrium