Ch 18,23,24,25,26
who developed the binomial system of nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus
The first kingdom to be recognized beyond plantae and animalia was
protista
Breeds of dogs such as German shepherds occur as a result of
artificial selection
The ______ are zooflagellates that are very primitive and may give biologist clues as to the evolutionary relationships between the prokaryotes and the protist
Diplomads
Backpackers diarrhea a common infection between campers and hikers is caused by
E coli
My mitochondria have disc shaped cristae and I am often used as an indicator of organic pollution such as sewage
Euglenoids
The island where Charles Darwin observed variation among organisms and compared them to those organisms found on the mainland were the?
Galapagos Islands
Ancestors of _______ represent an intermediate state in eukaryotic evolution when cells each had two haploid nuclei but fusion had not occurred
Giardia
in ciliates macro-nuclei control______
all cell functions except reproduction
when a cell reproduces by developing a bulge that enlarges and separates from the mother cell it is reproducing by
budding
the protein coat of a virus is called
capsid
Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a hosts immune system by means of a
capsule 1 slime layer
What does natural selection allow a population to do
change genetic traits for the organism to survive
in paramecium, the surface of the cell is covered with thousand of short hairlike
cilia
A chain of round bacteria would be called
cocci
The bacterium that causes botulism disease is harmless until it?
contains a certain prophage DNA
When populations with separate ancestors adapt in similar ways to similar environmental constraints, it is referred to as
convergent evolution
the commercially important unicellular protists that are used in filters, polishes, and other industrial processes
diatoms
what is a temperate bacteriophage
do not always destroy their host
which classification level would contain the greatest number of species
domain
adaptation
evolutionary modification that improves an organisms chances of survival and reproductive success in a given environment
the study of organisms and there relationships to one another is
evolutionary systematics
members of alveolates are characterized by the presence of
flattened vesicles
what is a taxon
formal grouping of organisms at any given level such as species,genus,phylum
Pelicanus is the
genus name
_______ conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characterisitcs
lysogenic
pseudopodia are used by amoeba for ingesting food as well as
movement
are autotrophs found in the kingdom animalia
no
is Anas Platyrhychos correct
no
what is a virulent phage
only have lytic lifecycles
The genetic code demonstrates, the universality of living things because it is common to virtually all
organisms
The original 2 kingdoms that were established to organize living organisms were
plantae and animalia
green algae is thought to have given rise to which kingdom
plants
within bacteria small circles of DNA called _______ exist in addition to the bacterial chromosome
plasmids
Viral infections in humans spread via the circulatory sysytem. Viral infections in plants spread from cell to cell by
plasmodesmata
the 5 stages of lytic infection are attachment, penetration,________ assembly, release
replication
How do retroviruses differ from other RNA viruses
retro are RNA viruses that have a DNA polymearse called reverse transcriptase
human, and other mammals ranging from mice to elephants would be considered
shared ancestral
heterkonts are characterized by having
single posterior flagellum in flagellate cells
which classification level would be the least inclusive
species
How do viral proteins damage host cells
they alter permeability of the plasma membrane, or inhibit synthesis of host nucleic acids or proteins
What are homoplastic features(homoplasy)
traits required from convergent evolution and not inheritance
Symbiotic association in which one partner benefits and the other is unaffected is
Commensalism
Name the steps of Darwins concept of natural selection
1- overproduction 2- variation 3- resources limit population growth 4- differential reproductive success
how many species have been described and named to date
1.9 million
most biologist recognize how many domains
3
How do euglenoids reproduce
Binary fission
the classification level of phylum is immediately above the level of
Class
an organism which gains nourishment from dead organisms
decomposer
Members of this group have both plant like and animal like characteristics makin classification difficult
Chromaveolates
Name the group that contains the organism trypanosomiasis which causes African sleeping sickness
Excavates
what is the evolutionary history of a group of related species
Phylogeny
_____ make up the base of the food web in aquatic ecosystems
Plankton
Organs or parts of organs that are seemingly nonfunctional and degenerate, often undersized or lacking some essential art is known as
Vestigial
Most protist are found in what type of environment
Wet
members of this group are typically multi-cellular and have phycoerythrin and phycocyanin as their accessory photosynthetic pigments
algae
malaria is caused by an ________ which is carried to a host by a _______
apicomplexan, mosquito
list 2 kingdoms that contain decomposers
archaebacteria and fungi
bacteria may reproduce by
binary fission, budding, fragmentation
name 3 shapes of bacteria
cocci, bacilli, spirillium
in fresh water ciliates, special organelles called ______control water regulation
contractive vacuole
individuals in this group often have intracellular shells of interlocking plates
dinoflagellates
Name 2 geological activities that are common in areas where tectonic plates meet
earthquakes and volcanoes
______ are dormant structures formed by bacteria in response to adverse environmental conditions
endospores
closely related or similar genera are grouped into a single
family
Most bacterial cells keep from bursting in a hypotonic environment by
having a cell wall high concentration of dissolved solutes
brown algae lack true roots but have similar structures called _______ that anchor them to substrate
holdfasts
Bird and insect wings are both adapted for flight but they are from 2 very separate ancestors.________ structures
homoplastic/homologous
name some sources of variation in a population
mutations and adaptations
Fungi may be differentiated from plants because fungi are
not photosynthetic
viroids cause a variety of plant diseases and are composed only of
nucleic acids/ proteins
A virus that infects a bacterium is called a
phages
if biologist classifies organisms based on number of similarities between taxa without considering homolapsy and homologous features the ____ system is being used
phenetics
Evolution is a genetic change in a ______ that occurs over time
population
mad cow disease is an example of an infection caused by a
prion
in the 6 kingdom system protozoa are classified as
protista
members of phylum _______ typically move with one or more flagella
protista
the specificity of viruses to different types of cells is due to ______ sites on the host cell
receptor
the pheetic approach to systematics is based primarily on
shared characters
a _____ character is a trait which has evolved relatively recently
shared derived
who penned an essay stating that populations have the capability to outgrow their food supply resulting in disease, famine, competition
thomas Malthus
the symbiotic dinoflagellates which live in the bodies of marine invertebrates are
zooxanthellae
Who proposed that the earth's geological features formed slowly over time, creating long periods for evolution
Lyell
Symbiotic association in which one partner lives on or in another
Parasitism
how might the scientific name for the bullfrog be abbreviated
R. catesbiana
gram positive bacteria would stain_____ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of _______ in their cell walls
violet, peptidoglycan
a ______ consists of short segment of a nucleic acid with a protein coat
virus