Ch. 19 Biology study guide

Scientists now classify all living things into 6 kingdoms. Which of the following groups of organisms is classified into the greatest number of kingdoms?

organisms that are microscopically small and each made of a single cell

From the 1700s to the present, scientists have revised the Linnaean classification scheme many times. Which are the two most significant reasons for these revisions? Select two answer choices.

to incorporate microscopic organisms into the classification scheme to group organisms according to evolutionary relationships

The cladogram shown represents the evolutionary relationship among five modern species, as well as five derived characters of the lineages. Although derived characters may be lost, none of the derived characters shown in the cladogram were lost in the five modern species. Sort the statements according to whether or not they are supported by the cladogram. a. Can be concluded from the cladogram b. Cannot be concluded from the cladogram the number of times that each derived character evolved

A

The cladogram shown represents the evolutionary relationship among five modern species, as well as five derived characters of the lineages. Although derived characters may be lost, none of the derived characters shown in the cladogram were lost in the five modern species. Sort the statements according to whether or not they are supported by the cladogram. a. Can be concluded from the cladogram b. Cannot be concluded from the cladogram the order in which the five derived characters evolved

A

The cladogram shown represents the evolutionary relationship among five modern species, as well as five derived characters of the lineages. Although derived characters may be lost, none of the derived characters shown in the cladogram were lost in the five modern species. Sort the statements according to whether or not they are supported by the cladogram. a. Can be concluded from the cladogram b. Cannot be concluded from the cladogram which of the five derived characters is shown by the lizard

A

Scientists now use domain Eukarya to group together the kingdoms of eukaryotic species, which include plants, animals, protists, and fungi. Which statement about the evolution of eukaryotes supports the grouping of the kingdoms into domain Eukarya?

All eukaryotic species descended from a common eukaryotic ancestor.

The cladogram shown represents the evolutionary relationship among five modern species, as well as five derived characters of the lineages. Although derived characters may be lost, none of the derived characters shown in the cladogram were lost in the five modern species. Sort the statements according to whether or not they are supported by the cladogram. a. Can be concluded from the cladogram b. Cannot be concluded from the cladogram the order in which the five modern species evolved

B

The cladogram shown represents the evolutionary relationship among five modern species, as well as five derived characters of the lineages. Although derived characters may be lost, none of the derived characters shown in the cladogram were lost in the five modern species. Sort the statements according to whether or not they are supported by the cladogram. a. Can be concluded from the cladogram b. Cannot be concluded from the cladogram whether the wallaby shows derived characters not listed in the cladogram

B

A scientist is studying the classification of three species of birds, labeled Bird A, Bird B, and Bird C. According to a field guide on birds, Birds A and B are very closely related, while Bird C is a more distant relative. However, the scientist concludes that the field guide is wrong, and that Birds A and C are the closest pair of relatives. Which finding would provide the STRONGEST evidence in support of the scientist's conclusion?

Birds A and C share more genetically derived characters with one another than with Bird B.

What best describes the role of genes in evolutionary classification?

Certain genes are derived characters that can be used to define clades.

Which is an example of binomial nomenclature in the Linnaean system of taxonomy?

Felis catus

Members of domain Archaea and domain Bacteria share many characteristics. In which two characteristics are archaea different from bacteria? Select two answers.

Habitat, because many archaea live in extreme environments that lack oxygen. Cell structures, because archaea use different types of cell walls and cell membranes

The diagram is a cladogram that shows evolutionary relationships among several vertebrate groups. Groups of reptiles are shaded. Does the shaded region of the diagram represent a clade?

No, because birds evolved from the common reptile ancestor, but birds are excluded from the shaded region.

All birds have a variety of traits including feathers, a backbone, and reproduction with an amniotic egg. Are all of these traits derived characters for the clade Aves, which is the clade that represents birds?

No, because some of the traits evolved before birds and were passed to other clades, including amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.

All mammals have a spine, or backbone, made of vertebrae. Is the trait of a backbone made of vertebrae an example of a derived character in mammals?

No, because the trait evolved in a vertebrate ancestor and was passed to all vertebrates, and not mammals only.

Maureen is constructing a model of the tree of life. She begins with three main branches for the three domains. Then she draws smaller branches that show evolutionary lineages. For the model to accurately represent the number and diversity of species in the domains, how should Maureen draw the smaller branches?

Smaller branches should be included in all three domains, and most should represent single-celled organisms.

A young child classifies animals into 26 groups according to the alphabet. For example, the first group of animals in this scheme includes ants, antelope, apes, and other animals that have common English names beginning with the letter A. How do the taxa that scientists use to classify animals differ from the child's classification scheme?

Taxa are based on biological relationships, not language.

How could the cladogram shown here be expanded or revised to show the tree of all life?

The cladogram is a small part of the tree of all life. Each branch of the cladogram should be revised by adding additional branches that lead to other species or groups of species. The base of the cladogram should also be extended, and new branches should be added there as well. Many derived characters can be added.

Describe how to interpret the cladogram. Include one example of an evolutionary relationship that the cladogram shows.

The cladogram shows the evolution of species over time, from the most ancient species at the bottom to modern groups of species at the top. Each node or intersection in the cladogram represents a species that gave rise to two separate lineages. For example, the first node represents a species that gave rise to sharks in one lineage, and all the other vertebrate groups in the other lineage.

An expert in phylogeny is working to construct a detailed cladogram for modern perissodactyls, a group that includes horses, zebras, rhinoceroses, and tapirs. How is knowledge of paleontology (the study of ancient life) helpful to this expert for completing the cladogram?

The cladogram will show an evolutionary lineage that led to perissodactyls, and it will include many extinct species.

In the table, the kingdom Protista is written in quotation marks. How are the protists different from the other three kingdoms? Explain.

The protists were once thought to be a kingdom, but they do not qualify as a true kingdom in modern evolutionary taxonomy. The reason is that the protists have separate evolutionary lineages. Some are closely related to animals, others to plants, and others to fungi.

Byron is observing organisms that are living in a patch of soil. He makes the following claim. "I have observed 40 individual organisms. They are classified into 3 species, 1 phylum, and 2 kingdoms." Which is the most accurate evaluation of Byron's statement?

The statement cannot be accurate because one phylum must be grouped into one kingdom.

The cladogram shown represents the evolutionary relationship among five modern species, as well as five derived characters of the lineages. Although derived characters may be lost, none of the derived characters shown in the cladogram were lost in the five modern species. Which statement describes the evolution of the trait of an amniotic egg?

The trait evolved in an ancient ancestor of lizards and wallabies, and was passed to all of the ancestor's descendants.

The domain is a relatively new taxonomic category. Which statement best explains why scientists added the domain to the Linnaean classification system?

The two groups of prokaryotes differ greatly from each other and from eukaryotes.

In the Linnaean system of classification, camels are members of the order Artiodactyla and the family Camilidae. Llamas are also members of the family Camilidae. Based on this information, are llamas members of the order Artiodactyla?

Yes, because all family members are classified together in the same order.

The table describes the properties of four kingdoms. Several entries in the table are missing. Which characteristic applies to all four kingdoms in the table?

cells with nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles