Ch. 19 study guide

The ____________________ united the nation's regions, stimulated the growth of industry, and helped bring American society together.

railroads

___________________ led to the creation of a multimillion-dollar petroleum industry?

Drake

Who was the inventor of the railroad sleeping car?

George Pullman

There are ____________ time zones in the 48 continental United States.

4 time zones

Who invented the telephone?

Alexander Graham Bell

Samuel Gompers led the _________.

American Federation of Labor

In 1886, a group of national trade unions formed _______________.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Who was the philanthropist who built more than 2,000 libraries worldwide?

Andrew Carnegie

Who was the steel company owner who was a great philanthropist?

Andrew Carnegie

" . . . What was worked out at Ford was the practice of moving the work from one worker to another until it became a complete unit, then arranging the flow of these units at the right time and the right place to a moving final assembly line from which came a finished product. Regardless of earlier uses of some of these principles, the direct line of succession of [this process] and its intensification into automation stems directly from what we worked out at Ford Motor Company between 1908 and 1913. . . ."-Charles E. Sorenson, My Forty Years with Ford What new business technique referred to in this passage lowered manufacturing costs and also the prices of products?

At the beginning of the 20th century the automobile was a plaything for the rich. Most models were complicated machines that required a chauffer conversant with its individual mechanical nuances to drive it. Henry Ford was determined to build a simple, reliable and affordable car; a car the average American worker could afford. Out of this determination came the Model T and the assembly line - two innovations that revolutionized American society and molded the world we live in today. Henry Ford did not invent the car; he produced an automobile that was within the economic reach of the average American. While other manufacturers were content to target a market of the well-to-do, Ford developed a design and a method of manufacture that Henry Ford and his first carthe Quadricycle, which hebuilt in 1896 steadily reduced the cost of the Model T. Instead of pocketing the profits; Ford lowered the price of his car. As a result, Ford Motors sold more cars and steadily increased its earnings - transforming the automobile from a luxury toy to a mainstay of American society. The Model T made its debut in 1908 with a purchase price of $825.00. Over ten thousand were sold in its first year, establishing a new record. Four years later the price dropped to $575.00 and sales soared. By 1914, Ford could claim a 48% share of the automobile market. Central to Ford's ability to produce an affordable car was the development of the assembly line that increased the efficiency of manufacture and decreased its cost. Ford did not conceive the concept, he perfected it. Prior to the introduction of the assembly line, cars were individually crafted by teams of skilled workmen - a slow and expensive procedure. The assembly line reversed the process of automobile manufacture. Instead of workers going to the car, the car came to the worker who performed the same task of assembly over and over again. With the introduction and perfection of the process, Ford was able to reduce the assembly time of a Model T from twelve and a half hours to less than six hours.

Who was the railroad baron?

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Who laid a transatlantic telegraph cable linking the United States and Europe?

Cyrus field

Who was the Pullman Strike leader

Eugene Debs

Who invented a small camera?

George Eastman

What were the working conditions of factory workers in the late 1800s and the early 1900s?

Factories and mines were noisy, unhealthy, and unsafe. Accidents were common. Steel workers suffered burns from spills of hot steel. Coal miners died in cave-ins and from the effects of gas and coal dust. Textile worker's lungs were damaged by airborne lint. Garment workers toiled in crowded urban factories called sweatshops, where their eyesight was ruined by sewing for hours in poor light. Filled with flammable materials, the sweatshops were also terrible firetraps.

How did railroads stimulate the economy?

First, the railroads created a tremendous amount of demand for goods and labor on their own. ... This demand, particularly for steel, helped the US economy to boom. Second, the railroads created a huge national market. Before the expansion of railroads, it had been very hard to get goods from place to place on land.

"Question: Did the Pullman Company, during its years of prosperity, ever voluntarily increase the wages of any...of its employees? Answer (George Pullman): Not specifically on account of prosperous business. It has always paid its employees liberal wages...I think that is has never had a strike...Question: It has never divided any of its profits with them in any shape or form? Answer: The Pullman Company divides its profits with the people who own the property..." -testimony before a presidential committee (Report on the Chicago Strike of June-July, 1894) In this statement from his testimony following the Pullman Strike of 1894, George Pullman, the president of the company, says that the company did what?

George Pullman owned the company town for the Pullman Car Company. The Pullman strike was one of the biggest the employees protested wage cuts, high rent, and layoffs. The strike quickly paralyzed the western hemisphere as it gained more support from the ARU ( American Railway Union) who refused to handle trains that carried Pullman sleeping cars. The cosequences of the strike was that it stifled the growth of labor unions for a while.

Who took Edison's work a step further by developing transformers?

George Westinghouse

Who patented 35 inventions?

Granville Woods

Who developed railroad refrigerator cars?

Gustavus Swift

Antilabor feeling grew after the bloody clash in Chicago called the ______________.

Haymarket Square (May 1886)

Who built the Model T?

Henry Ford

Who pioneered the assembly line?

Henry Ford

The steelworkers' union dwindled after the failure of the ____________.

Homestead strike

"...Every step taken was necessary in business if (Standard Oil) was to be properly developed, and only through such successive steps and by such an industrial combination is America today enabled to utilize the bounty which its land ours forth, and to furnish the world with the best and cheapest light ever known, receiving in return therefore from foreign lands nearly $50,000,000 per year, most of which is distributed in payment of American labor." -John D. Rockefeller, president of Standard Oil, testimony before the Industrial Commission of the U.S. Congress In this quote, Rockefeller states that America can prosper most only by the development of what such as Standard Oil?

In 1885, John D. Rockefeller wrote one of his partners, "Let the good work go on. We must ever remember we are refining oil for the poor man and he must have it cheap and good." Or as he put it to another partner: "Hope we can continue to hold out with the best illuminator in the world at the lowest price."

Whose shoe-making machine performed many steps previously done by hand?

Jan E. Matzeliger

Who was a labor union leader for women?

Mary Harris Jones

"We accept and welcome...as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves great inequality of environment, the concentration of business-industrial and commercial-in the hands of a few, and the law of competition between these as being not only beneficial but essential for the future progress of the race. Having accepted these, it follows that there must be great scope for the exercise of special ability in the merchant and in the manufacturer who has to conduct affairs upon a great scale. That this talent for organization and management is rare among men is proved by the fact that it invariably secures for its processor enormous rewards, no matter where or under what laws or conditions..." This statement about the great value of men who can manage large-scale business affairs is a quotation from whom?

John D. Rockefeller

Who formed the Standard Oil Company of Ohio?

John D. Rockefeller

"And drill, ye tarriers (drillers), drill! Drill, ye tarriers, drill! For it's work all day for sugar in your tay,...Drill, ye tarriers, drill! And blast! And fire!" The song mentioned was a favorite song for what workers during the transportation boom of the late 1800s?

Railroad workers

How did John D. Rockefeller create a monopoly with the Standard Oil Company of Ohio?

Standard Oil gained a monopoly in the oil industry by buying rival refineries and developing companies for distributing and marketing its products around the globe. In 1882, these various companies were combined into the Standard Oil Trust, which would control some 90 percent of the nation's refineries and pipelines.

What invention in the 1900s ushered in a new era of transportation? Explain your answer.

The invention in the 1900s that ushered a new era in transportation was Henry Ford's Model T. The Model T was an affordable car that anyone could afford, making it a good choice. It allowed people travel and not stay at home as much.

Which inventor's most important invention was the electric lightbulb?

Thomas Edison

Whose electric power plant lit up 85 buildings in New York City?

Thomas Edison

The ____________________ process made it possible to produce steel at a cheaper rate.

bessemer

During the late 1800s, the government granted more than 400,000 ___________ for new inventions.

patents

One way a company could raise capital was by selling ___________ in its business.

stock

The telephone and the ____________________ greatly improved communication over a distance and further unified the nation.

telegraph

The United States Attorney General Richard Olney ordered an injunction to stop ___________.

the union from obstructing the railways and holding up the mails

The railroads allowed American industry to expand into the _____________ part of the country.

west