ch 2 biopsych

Although the brain makes up only about 2% of your body weight, it requires about ____ of the blood pumped by the heart.

10-15%

Cerebellum

Balance, motor control

Which of the following is not considered a factor that contributed to the rapid increase in hominin brain size?

Being predominantly right-handed

Which of the following structures experienced the greatest relative growth over the course of chordate evolution? Please select all that apply

Cerebellum, Cerebrum

Carlos is doing a dissection of a sheep spinal cord in his physiology class. His assignment is to dissect and then sketch a picture of the grey matter. What will he be drawing a picture of in his lab notebook?

Clusters of cell bodies in the spinal cord

Which of the following functions are associated with the thalamus? Please select all that apply.

Consciousness, Learning and memory, Sensory processing

Which of the cranial nerves is important to emotional expression?

Cranial n. VII

Medulla

Cranial nerve nuclei, heartrate, breathing

Anterior cingulate cortex

Decision-making

Which is the best way to describe how modern biologists define evolution?

Descent with modification from a common ancestor

Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system?

Thalamus

Cervical

Head and neck

Rhombencephalon

Hindbrain

Jake is trying to memorize the anatomical directions for his physiology quiz so he is associating his body parts with the various terms. Which of the following should he remember to be ventrally located relative to the rest of his body?

His stomach and the underside of his chin

Tanya is having trouble with her sense of smell following a nose injury. It is likely that she damaged cranial nerve _____ in her accident.

I

_____ favors the organism with the highest degree of _____ (likelihood of reproducing successfully compared to others of your species).

Natural selection; fitness

Parietal

Somatosenses

As chordate brains became larger and more complex, which parts appeared to change the most?

The cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum

As he has gotten older, Mr. White has developed diabetes. Since he doesn't visit his doctor regularly to properly manage the diabetes, he has lost much of his hearing. His doctor believes that the diabetes has resulted in permanent damage to his cranial nerve

VIII

Constance was working in the garden when she accidentally touched a slimy slug. The message that her finger has something sticky on it is traveling via _____ nerves to her brain.

afferent

Between which two layers of the meninges do we find circulating cerebrospinal fluid?

arachnoid membrane and pia mater

Sympathetic nervous system

arousal

Inferior colliculus

auditory reflexes

The parasympathetic nervous system is part of the

autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system

artificial selection example

breeding fast race horses

The ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord are filled with

cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is secreted within the ventricles of the brain via the _____, which converts material from the nearby blood supply into CSF.

choroid plexus

Your right hand is controlled by your left or _________ hemisphere, meaning that your hand and its controlling hemisphere are on opposite sides of the midline.

contralateral

natural selection example

deer develop large antlers because they are more successful in winning access to mates

Spot is a dog with a huge brown spot on his back. The rest of his fur is white. Anatomically speaking, the brown spot is on Spot's _____ side.

dorsal

A structure located at the top of the head can be described as being _______________________________ relative to the rest of the head.

dorsal or superior

Frontal

executive processing and movement

Hydrocephalus cannot be treated, and it inevitably leads to intellectual disability.

false

In a mixed spinal nerve, individual fibers can carry both sensory and motor information.

false

Oxytocin and vasopressin are essential to human bonding behaviors but have no other significant functions.

false

People who are asked to switch languages as they name objects show extra activation in the orbitofrontal cortex.

false

The enteric nervous system includes a very small number of neurons.

false

The human brain has changed dramatically over the past 10,000 years due to agriculture and urbanization.

false

The lateral sulcus divides the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.

false

True brains are found in both vertebrates and invertebrates.

false

Prosencephalon

forebrain

You are able to read, think about, and answer this question correctly mainly because of the abilities of the

forebrain

genetic drift example

if the plague had wiped out all Northern Europeans carrying blond alleles, nobody would have blond hair

Periaqueductal gray

pain

Correct order

skull, dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater

The cranial nerves and the spinal nerves make up the _____ nervous system.

somatic

Raphe nuclei

source of serotonin

Martin's physician tells him that he has had a stroke affecting his middle cerebral artery on the left hemisphere. Which of the following functions is most likely to be affected by Martin's stroke?

speech

The cerebral cortex is convoluted, which means it has a wrinkled appearance. When we describe the features of these convolutions, an especially large _________________ can also be referred to as a _______

sulcus; fissure

Sylvia is about one month pregnant. At this point, her embryo's brain would feature all of the following divisions except the

telencephalon

At about gestational week five, the human ____ divides into the myelencephalon and the metencephalon.

rhombencephalon

Sacral and coccygeal

Inner legs and genital area

Amygdala

Assessing threat

Temporal

Audition and object recognition

More contemporary views see the cerebellum as much more sophisticated than originally believed. Which of the following functions was attributed to the cerebellum most recently?

Executive functions and emotional processing

Which of the following is not a function of the spinal cord?

Initiating planned movements

Your patient experienced a stroke involving the middle cerebral artery of the left hemisphere. What types of problems might you expect to see as your patient recovers?

Language difficulties

For most people, which of the following processes are localized to the left hemisphere? Please select all that apply.

Language, Mathematical computation, Logical reasoning

Lumbar

Lower back and legs

Hippocampus

Memory and stress

Mesencephalon

Midbrain

Which of the structures in the basal ganglia is particularly related to addiction?

Nucleus accumbens

Which of the following systems are part of the peripheral nervous system? Please select all that apply.

Parasympathetic nervous system, Somatic nervous system, Sympathetic nervous system

One of the ways to study how the brain works is to consider examples when something has gone awry. Which of the following does not represent one of the classic methods/case studies used to study the frontal lobe?

Patient H.M.

Septal area

Pleasure

Which of the following are functions of the hypothalamus? Please select all that apply.

Regulation of autonomic nervous system, Regulation of endocrine system, Regulation of thirst

Which of the following characteristics are associated with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? Please select all that apply.

Release of norepinephrine, arousal

Parasympathetic nervous system

Rest, Repair, digest

Somatic nervous system

Sensation and Movement

Locus coeruleus

Source of noraepinepherine

Pons

States of conscious awareness

Which of the following is NOT part of the basal ganglia?

Superior colliculi

Ms. Brown was startled by some loud thunder. Soon after, her heartbeat and breathing rate sped up and she felt hot. Which division of the nervous system would have been responsible for these symptoms?

Sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is true of chordate nervous systems? Please select all that apply.

The nervous system runs along the dorsal surface of the animal. The nervous system is centered in the head. The nervous system is protected by bone.

Which of the following systems is associated with our "fight or flight" response?

The sympathetic nervous system

Thoracic

Torso

Where would we look for the interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus, which are relevant to sexual orientation in humans?

Toward the front of the hypothalamus

migration example

people with blond hair now live in many areas outside of Scandinavia

Red nucleus

posture, motor control

An important factor driving the increase in human brain size is our need to process the social environment.

true

Blond hair alleles might have benefited from natural selection due to the ability of associated light skin to process Vitamin D from sunlight.

true

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ventricles and circulates through the central canal of the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space.

true

Change in the human brain has occurred much faster than typical evolutionary changes occur.

true

Epinephrine is used both as a brain neurochemical and as a neurohormone released from the adrenal glands.

true

Homo sapiens co-existed and interbred with other hominin species, including the Neanderthals and Denisovans.

true

In most cases, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are not active at the same time.

true

Some cranial nerves have only sensory OR motor functions, while others do both.

true

The cerebral cortex is a thin, six-layered covering of the convolutions of the cerebral hemispheres.

true

The costs associated with larger brains are likely to make further growth less likely.

true

The spinal cord is capable of managing simple reflexes without input from the brain.

true

The vagus nerve (Cranial nerve X) is important to our understanding of the gut--brain axis.

true

The ventral roots of the spinal nerves carry motor information to the periphery.

true

There are four commissures in the human brain, and the largest is the corpus callosum.

true

Occipital

vision

Superior colliculus

visual reflexes

Substantia nigra

voluntary movement