ch 20

Nonavian reptiles have dry skin with epidermal scales composed of the protein ____.

keratin

Nonavian reptiles exchange respiratory gases across ______ respiratory surfaces.

internal

Select all of the characteristics of tuataras.

Two rows of upper teeth and one row of lower teeth Akinetic skull with the lower jaw firmly attached to the upper skull

A female American alligator typically guards her young for how long?

Up to two years after hatching

The nonavian reptilian skeleton can be thought of as the terrestrial version of the ____ skeleton.

amphibian

The circulatory system of nonavian reptiles is based on that of ______.

amphibians

A ____ skull has two temporal openings that are separated by a bony arch.

diapsid

Because nonavian reptiles are typically larger than amphibians, the reptile circulatory system must generate _____ pressure to reach distant body parts.

higher

Most reptiles posses a single ventricle, which is ______ partitioned into multiple chambers, in their heart.

incompletely

Nonavian reptilian optic lobes are increased in size compared to those found in amphibians due to reptiles' improved sense of

vision

Though some nonavian reptiles can survive wide temperature fluctuations, all nonavian reptiles must maintain body temperatures within what degree range?

25 to 37°C

Select features of the amniote eggshell. Choose all that apply.

Allows for gas exchange Allows water to evaporate

Name the group of lizards whose members are generally found in Africa and India and are well known for their ability to change color.

Chameleons

Which of the following happens when a chuckwalla is threatened by a predator?

Chuckwallas take refuge among rock crevices, where they inflate with air and wedge themselves among the rocks.

Which of the following statements accurately describe how nonavian reptiles recognize one another for mating purposes? Choose all that apply.

Crocodylians may vocalize. Lizards may reveal patches of brightly colored skin. Lizards have been shown to use pheromones.

When do the upper and lower eyelids of snakes fuse?

During embryonic development

Which of the following best describe how a nonavian reptile exhales? Choose all that apply.

Elastic recoil of the lungs Forward movement of ribs and body wall

Name the group of lizards whose members are small and nocturnal and have adhesive toe pads that enable them to walk upside down and on vertical surfaces.

Geckos

Median, or parietal, eyes in some nonavian reptiles serve what function?

Helping to differentiate light and dark periods

Consider the quadrate bone in the skulls of reptiles. How is that bone modified in the kinetic skulls of snakes and lizards?

It is mobile in snakes and lizards instead of being fused to the skull as it is in other reptiles.

A fossil skull of an amniote has upper and lower temporal fenestrae. What can be concluded about this ancient amniote?

It was a diapsid.

Which statements describe adaptations of the nonavian reptile skeleton that distinguish it from the amphibian skeleton?

Longer snouts Presence of a secondary palate Offers greater support

Which statements given below accurately describe delayed fertilization in nonavian reptiles? Choose all that apply.

Mating and fertilization may occur in different parts of the year. Sperm can be stored in the female for multiple years in some reptile species.

Which pairings below are correct? Select all that apply.

Members of the Lepidosauria include snakes, lizards, and tuataras Members of the Archosauria include crocodiles and birds

Choose all the features that distinguish nonavian reptile skin.

Nonavian reptile skin is less permeable to water. Nonavian reptile skin contains keratin.

Some snakes can detect the heat emitted by a warm-blooded prey animal even in complete darkness and aim a highly effective strike at their prey. What structure allows them to do that?

Pit organs

Humans hunt the eastern diamondback rattlesnake for what parts of the snake?

Rattles and hides

What is an adaptation of crocodylians that separates the nasal and mouth passageways and is thought to allow them to breathe when the mouth is full of water and/or food?

Secondary palate

Which of the following are lizard behavioral adaptations to manage body heat?

Seeking shade or burrowing Orienting the body at right angles to absorb heat

Select two important specializations in snakes.

Specialized joints between vertebrae allowing for flexibility Highly specialized skulls for swallowing large prey

Which statement accurately describes the cervical vertebrae innonavian reptiles?

The atlas articulates with a single condyle on the skull.

Why are snakebite fatalities rare in the United States?

The availability of emergency health care

What determines the sex of the offspring among American alligators?

The temperature at which eggs are incubated

Which statement describes the flow of blood in the ventricle of most reptiles?

The ventricle is incompletely partitioned, and muscle associated with the pulmonary artery helps direct flow.

How do modern turtles grip their food?

They have a tough keratinized beak.

Which statement most logically explains why New Zealand tuataras are particularly vulnerable to non-native animals, such as rats, cats, and dogs?

They have very slow growth and reproductive rates.

Which features describe nonavian reptilian skin? Choose all that apply.

Thick, dry No respiratory functions Surface for pheromone secretion

Why are tuatara populations present only on remote offshore islands and protected by New Zealand law?

Tuatara populations declined due to human and domestic animal influences.

What modern group of nonavian reptiles lacks teeth?

Turtles

Choose all that can be detected by snakes.

Vibrations conducted through the ground Airborne vibrations

Venomous snakes belonging to what family have hollow fangs on the maxillary bone at the anterior margin of the upper jaw?

Viperidae

The evolution of the shelled egg allowed reptiles to become fully independent from the aquatic environment because ______.

a shelled egg encloses a small aquatic environment where development of the embryo can occur

High temperatures and a lack of water force chuckwallas underground, where they greatly reduce their metabolism in a process called ____

aestivation

Tuataras are unique in that their skulls are ____ , meaning that they have a lower jaw firmly attached to the upper skull.

akinetic

Which of the following support the use of parthenogenesis?

all mature members can reproduce

Most human fatalities due to snakebite occur in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast ___

asia

The first two ____ vertebrae in nonavian reptiles are called the atlas and axis and allow for freer movement of the head.

cervical

Which creature in the list below moves each of its eyes independently as it searches for prey?

chameleons

Nonavian reptiles use external sources of heat in order to regulate their temperature; therefore, they are ___

ectotherms

Strict ____ was not likely present in large dinosaurs because it would have been too energetically costly.

endothermy

The pit organ of pit vipers is a depression lined with sensory ____

epithelium

The of ___ a viper have a canal for venom delivery and are erected during a strike.

fangs

Among American alligators, low nest temperatures at or below 31.5°C produce only ____ offspring, while nest temperatures between 32.5 and 33°C produce only ____ offspring.

female, male

Which statement best describes how American alligators care for their offspring?

females guard the eggs and care for the young after they hatch.

Nonavian reptiles have functional metanephric _____ that require blood delivery under great pressure from the circulatory system.

kidneys

Most lizards and snakes have skulls that are modified from the ancestral diapsid condition. This has allowed the evolution in those animals of a(n) ______ skull that has movable joints.

kinetic

The spongelike, interconnected chambers of the lungs provide a ______ surface area for gas exchange in nonavian reptiles.

large

The two major extant groups classified within the diapsid lineage are the ___ and the ____.

lepidosauria, archosauria

Scientists believe that some dinosaurs were able to raise their internal temperatures by metabolic activity for short periods of time, a condition called _____

mesothermic

Nonavian reptiles have metanephric kidneys with blood-filtering units called ____

nephrons

All crocodiles are ______.

oviparous

All crocodylians are ____, meaning they produce young by means of eggs that hatch after being laid by the parent.

oviparous

In some nonavian reptiles a median, or ____, eye is present.

parietal

In groups of reptiles that lack males, females reproduce by ____

parthenogenesis

Nonavian reptiles use a negative-pressure mechanism for lung ventilation that requires a ____ movement of the ribs and body wall.

posterior

The hides and ____ of eastern diamondback rattlesnakes, along with their venomous bites, make them a target for rattlesnake roundups, where the snakes are killed in large numbers.

rattle

The ___ palate in crocodylians is a plate of bone that separates the nasal and mouth passageways.

secondary

When nonavian reptiles mate but fertilization is delayed, the sperm may be stored in a ____ receptacle in the female reproductive tract.

seminal

The ______ of early amniotes allowed those animals to fully live on land because it provided an enclosed aquatic environment in which an embryo could develop.

shelled egg

Nonavian reptile brains are more complex than amphibian brains because of their greater dependence on the senses of ______.

smell and vision

Courtship in ____ is based on tactile stimulation, which often involves intertwining their bodies during mating.

snakes

What group of nonavian reptiles is characterized by an extreme elongation of the body and highly movable skulls that allow the swallowing of very large prey?

snakes

Archosaurs have thecodont condition, which means that their teeth are set into ____ in the jaws.

sockets

The eye in snakes is covered by a transparent membrane called a ___

spectacle

Which of the following descriptions best explains how most nonavian reptiles focus their eyes?

the normally elliptical lens is made more spherical

What part of the amniotic egg provides mechanical support and can, in certain animals, act as a semipermeable barrier that allows gases in and out, but keeps the egg from drying out?

the shell

In archosaurs, teeth are set in sockets. This type of dentition is called ____condition.

thecodont

Snakes do not have a middle ear cavity, an auditory tube, or a membrane.

tympanic