Ch 20 Preserving and Protecting Your Environment

although the ban on CFCs is believed to be responsible for _, some CFC replacements may also be damaging because they contribute to _

-for slowing the depletion of the ozone layer -CFC replacements may also be damaging because they contribute to enhanced greenhouse effect

carbon dioxide (CO2)

-gas created by the combustion of fossil fuels and is exhaled by animals -used by plants for photosynthesis -the primary greenhouse gas in the atmosphere

where ozone is made?

-gaseous pollutant when formed in the stratosphere -formed from other air pollutants in the presence of sunlight

what are the nonpoint source pollutants causing the greatest potential harm?

-gasoline and petroleum products -chemical contaminants -polychlorinated biphenyls -dioxins -pesticides -lead

what is the biggest threat to our environment? (leading threat to environment)

-global warming

How can I help prevent global warming?

-global warming is a global problem -we need to work with other nations to ensure that all do their part -by reducing your use of fossil fuels, using high-efficiency vehicles, and supporting increased use of renewable resources such as solar, wind, and water power, you can help combat global warming

Cities and municipalities have strict policies and procedures governing water _. however, their ability to filter out increasing amounts of _is in question

-governing water treatment, filtration, and disinfection to screen out pathogens and microorganisms. -However, their ability to filter out increasing amounts of chemicals by-products and other substances is in question

what is happening due to climate change?

-polar ice caps and glaciers are melting at rates that surpass even the most direct predictions of a decade age, and threats of rising sea levels loom large

what the chemicals found in indoor air pollution can cause on health? when their effects can be compounded? (health effects)

-potentially dangerous chemical compounds can increase risks of cancer, contribute to respiratory problems, reduce the immune system's ability to fight diseases, and increase problems with allergies and allergic reactions: the higher the dose of these pollutants and the more airtight the house, the greater the risk

why people think nuclear energy is safe? (advantages of nuclear energy)

-proponents of nuclear energy believe that it is a safe and efficient way to generate electricity -Nuclear reactors discharge fewer carbon oxides into the air than do fossil fuel-powered generators. advocates believe that converting to nuclear power could help slow global warming

what are safe exposure ranges to ionizing radiation?

-recommended maximum "safe" exposure ranges from 0.5 to 5 rads per year

explain the strategy to reduce municipal solid waste (MSW): recycling

-recycling involves sorting, collecting, and processing materials to be reused in manufacturing new products -This process diverts items such as paper, cardboard, glass, plastic, and metals from the waste stream -Be responsible and recycle everything that is recyclable, particularly E-waste and paper

what is a key goal in combating air pollution, global warming, and climate change? examples

-reducing our individual carbon footprint is a key goal in combating air pollution, global warming, and climate change -making small changes such as driving less, riding your bike more, taking public transportation or carpooling, turning off lights, recycling more, and composting can all help to reduce your carbon footprint

air pollution

-refers to the presence, in varying degrees, of substances (suspended particles and vapors) not found in clear air

why nonpoint source pollution results from _

-results form a variety of land use practices, including soil erosion and sedimentation, construction and engineering project wastes, pesticide and fertilizer runoff, urban street runoff, acid mine drainage, septic tank leakage, and sewage sludge

results of temperature increase

-results of such a temperature increase, which might include rising sea levels (potentially flooding entire regions), glacier retreat, arctic shrinkage at the poles, altered patterns of agriculture (including changes in growing seasons and alterations of climatic zones), deforestation, drought, extreme weather events, increases in tropical diseases, changes in disease trends and patterns, loss of biological species (over 100 species of mammals are already extinct), and economic devastation

concerns have been raised about _

-safety of radio frequency waves generated by cell phones *more info in page 632*

locations where smog is more likely to occur?

-smog is more likely to occur in valley areas surrounded by hills or mountains, such as Los Angeles

list land pollution

-solid waste (municipal solid waste) -hazardous waste

municipal solid waste (MSW)

-solid waste such as durable and nondurable goods, containers and packaging, food waste, yard waste, and miscellaneous waste from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial source -more commonly known as trash or garbage

Preventing indoor air pollution should focus on 3 main areas:

-source control: eliminating or reducing individual contaminants -ventilation improvements: increasing the amount of outdoor air coming indoors -air cleaners: removing particulates form the air

factors that contribute to a person's risk for being affected by indoor air pollution (risk factors)

-Multiple factors, including age, individual sensitivity, preexisting medical conditions, liver function, and the condition of the immune and respiratory systems, contribute to a person's risk for being affected by indoor air pollution -those with allergies may be particularly vulnerable, as may those living in newer airtight, energy-efficient homes -room temperature and humidity also play a role

number five (5) of number coded system of recycle

-PP=polypropylene -cups are number five -refill bottles -It is another good safe plastic like number four -these are made of entirely recycled material

what else contributes to the rise in greenhouse gases? why?

-Rapid deforestation of the tropical rain forests of Central and South America, Africa, and southeast Asia also contributes to the rapid rise in greenhouse gases -trees take in carbon dioxide, transform it, stores the carbon for food, and release oxygen into the air. As we lose forests at the rate of hundreds of acres per hour, we lose the capacity to dissipate carbon dioxide

The population sizes in wealthier nations are_, with one notable exception:

-static or declining -the United States

pollutant

-substance that contaminates some aspect of the environment and causes potential harm to living organisms

health problems of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation

-such radiation damages DNA and weakens human and animal immune systems -primary cause of skin cancer

Components of air pollution (air pollutants)

-sulfur dioxide -particulates -carbon monoxide -nitrogen dioxide -ground-level ozone -lead -carbon dioxide -hydrocarbons

chemical that contributes tot the formation of acid rain (acid depression)

-sulfur dioxide (SO2) -nitrogen dioxide

chemical that contributes to water quality deterioration

-sulfur dioxide (plant and water damage) -nitrogen dioxide

what chemicals are key for acid deposition? who damages?

-sulfur dioxides (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are the key culprits in much of the damage, causing damage to plants, aquatic animals, forests, and humans over time

symptoms of sick building syndrome (SBS)

-symptoms include eye irritation, sore throat, queasiness, and worsening of asthma

range of Air Quality Index (AQI)

-the AQI scale is from 0 to 500: the higher the AQI value, the greater the level of air pollution and associated health risks

how EPA has classified Air Quality Index (AQI)?

-the EPA has divided the AQI scale into six categories with corresponding color codes

what is the US fertility rate? how was during baby boom?

-the US fertility rate is just over 2 births per woman, compared to nearly 3.5 births per woman during the baby boom years following World War II

list greenhouse gases

-carbon dioxide -nitrous oxide -methane -CFCs -hydrocarbons

explain the strategy to reduce municipal solid waste (MSW): composting

-composting involves collecting organic waste, such as food scraps and yard trimmings, and allowing it to decompose with the help of microorganisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) -This process produces nutrient-rich substance used to fertilize gardens and for soil enhancement -Many communities now have yard carts that allow you to mix your food scraps in with yard trimmings

what is an act passed by Congress for the concern about air quality?

-concern about air quality prompted Congress to pass Clean Air Act in 1970 and to amend it in 1977 and again in 1990

what environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) contains?

-contains carbon monoxide and cancer-causing particulates

The United Nations projects that the world population will grow from its current_in 2012 to _by 2050 and to _by 2100. Newer reports increase the population growth in 2050 to over_, indicating that recent increase in _will increase all previous estimates

-current 7 billion in 2013 to 9.3 billion by 2050 and to 10.1 billion by 2100 -Newer reports increase the population growth in 2050 to over 10.5 billion, indicating that recent increase in fertility rates in the United States and Europe will increase all previous estimates

how municipal solid waste (MSW) is processed?

-currently, 34.8% of all municipal solid waste (MSW) in the United States is recycled or composted, over 14% is burned at combustion facilities, and the remaining 54% is disposed of in landfills

explain the nonpoint source pollutant: dioxins (health effects)

-dioxins have the ability to accumulate in the body and are much more toxic than PCBs. -long-term effects include possible immune system damage and increased risk of infections and cancer -Exposure to high concentrations in PCBs or dioxins for a short period of time can also have severe consequences, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, painful rashes and sores, and chloracne, an ailment in which the skin develops hard, black, painful pimples that may never heal

at the bottom of plastics are numbers, there is sort of a number coded system. how works?

-each number gives you a clue to whether or not it can be recycled in your local area and also what kinds of chemicals are there in the plastic

ionizing radiation

-electromagnetic waves and particles having short wavelength and energy high enough to ionize atoms -is caused by the release of particles and electromagnetic rays from atomic nuclei during the normal process of disintegration -this type of radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from the atoms it passes through

policies to decrease emission of greenhouse gases: Copenhagen

-A follow-up summit in Copenhagen in 2009 sought to restrict global temperatures to a rise of 2 degree C by 2050 -These talks stalled with disagreement between the West and developing countries

policies to decrease emission of greenhouse gases: RIO+20

-A major United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and Environmental concerns (RIO+20) took place in 2012 in Rio de Janeiro -However, leaders of many nations, including the United States, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom opted not to attend, and the resulting paper generated by the conference contained only nonbinding objectives

what factors leads to increase in pregnancy rates?

-In countries where women have little say over reproductive choices and where birth control is either not available or frowned upon, pregnancy rates continue to rise

The country projected to have the largest increase in population in coming decades is _, which is expected to add _, surpassing _as the most populous nation

-India -another 600 million people by 2050 -surpassing China as the most populous nation

as of 2011, _(states) also have banned smoking in automobiles where children are present

-Maine, Louisiana, California, Arkansas, and counties in several other states

stratosphere

-the highest level of Earth's atmosphere, located 12 to 30 miles above the surface

where ozone layer forms?

-the ozone layer forms a protective stratum in the stratosphere

what are parts of the global environmental crisis?

-the threat of overpopulation -air pollution -Ozone Layer Depletion -global warming -water pollution and shortages -Land pollution -Radiation

types of radiation

-there are many different types of radiation, ranging from radio waves to gamma rays, all making up the electromagnetic spectrum

how the six major air pollutants have changed in levels? (Clean Air Act pollutants)

-there have been major decreases in these six criteria pollutants, even as populations have increased in the US

population number in the US? growth rate? how many people adds per day? year?

-with a population of over 314 million, the United States leads most other industrialized nations, with a growth of nearly 1% in 2012 -each day, the United States adds 8,000 people, or about 3 million people per year

before 1 out of 3 of bottles were recycled, now we are _

1 out of 5 of bottles recycled

The EPA estimates that as many as 8.1 million homes (_) have elevated levels of radon

1 out of every 15

what are the leading two countries with growth population?

1-Asia 2-Africa

According to data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Earth's surface temperature has rise about _since 1900, with each of the last 35 years of data indicating significantly higher rates

1.2 degree to 1.4 degree F

radiation can cause damage at dosages as low as _

100 to 200 rads

_barrels of oil are consumed each day in the US

18.6 million

_potentially dangerous chemicals can be found in the air of the average US home (house)

20-100

what year was the warmest year globally?

2011 tied 1997 as the warmest year globally since records were first collected in 1880

The CDC estimates that every US state will have some form of smoking ban by _

2020

The United States is responsible for what percentage of total global resource consumption?

25%

By some estimates, as many as _% of US homes still have lead-based paint hazards, and an estimated _American children ages 1 to 5 have _

25% 250,000 unsafe blood lead levels

To date, _potentially hazardous waste sites have been identified, and _% of these have been cleared or recovered. currently, there are _priority sites being actively cleared, with thousands more sites, costing billions of dollars, possible for future clean up. Newer technologies are being investigated, including _that could reduce costs by as much as 75%

32,500 90% 66 nanotechnology

It's vitally important that we all realize that the United States, which makes up _% of the world's population, consumes _% of its resources.

5% 30%

In fact, according to a spokesperson for the EPA, "indoor air pollution causes _% of illnesses globally. That is more than all cancers and heart diseases combined"

50%

_% of all waste produced in Switzerland is _, compared to only _% of all US waste

52% 31.5%

range of Air Quality Index (AQI) and color for: unhealthy for sensitive groups air quality conditions

AQI: 101 to 150 orange

water conservation strategies that you can adopt to save water where you live

IN THE KITCHEN: -turn off the tap while washing dishes. Use only half a sink, and do not run rinse water until you need it. Shut it off after a quick rinse -Repair leaky pipes and faucets. more than 3,000 gallons of water each year are lost to leaks -equip faucets with aerators to reduce water use by 4% -run dishwashers only when they are full, and use the energy-saving mode IN THE LAUNDRY ROOM -wash only full loads or use a washing machine that adjusts to allow a reduced water level for smaller loads. use cold water whenever possible to save energy. upgrade to a high-efficiency washer to use 30% less water per load -limit the use of the dryer and line dry clothing when possible -buy soaps that are dye free, fragrance free, and biodegradable whenever possible IN THE BATHROOM -detect and fix leaks. a leaky toilet can waste about 200 gallons of water per day -replace old toilets with a high-efficiency models that use 60 to 80% less water per flush -take showers instead of baths, and limit showers to the time it takes to lather up and rinse off. ideally, get wet, shut off water, lather up, and turn on water to rinse -replace old showerheads with efficient models that use 60% less water per minute -turn off the tap while brushing teeth to save up to 8 gallons of water per day

Cigarette smoke contains tiny liquid droplets suspended in air that are called a) particulates or b) hydrocarbons.

The answer is a - particulates. Particulates are also produced by industrial operations and by combustion engines. They can carry carcinogens into the lungs.

Sewage treatment plants are an example of a) point source or b) nonpoint source pollutants.

The answer is a - point source pollutants. This means that pollutants enter the ground or water at a specific location through a pipe, ditch or culvert.

Although the United States makes up only 5% of the world population, it uses a) 10% or b) 30% of the world's resources.

The answer is b - 30%. Many of these resources come from other countries and our use of them depletes their balance in their countries of origin.

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are the major pollutants in a) photochemical smog or b) acid deposition.

The answer is b - acid deposition. Both sulfur and nitrogen dioxide are by-products from the burning of fossil fuels. When rain or snow fall through air containing these chemicals they produce an acidic precipitation.

The most common way to find out if petroleum products have entered the ground or water is to test for a) propylene or b) benzene.

The answer is b - benzene, which is a component of oil and gasoline.

The human practice which contributes most to the greenhouse effect is a) burning fossil fuels or b) deforestation.

The answer is b - deforestation. Trees convert carbon dioxide to oxygen but so many are being cut down that the levels of CO2 are rising.

The pollutant found in paint, batteries and drinking water which can affect both the circulatory and nervous systems is a) radon or b) lead.

The answer is b - lead. Because it can accumulate in bone and other tissues, it is particularly harmful to children.

Among the most frequently detected chemicals in US streams was a) formaldehyde or b) over-the-counter drugs.

The answer is b - over-the-counter drugs, which along with steroids and insect repellents were among the most frequently detected chemicals.

Nearly 99% of all population increases occur in a) wealthy or b) poor countries.

The answer is b - poor countries. In fact, population numbers are actually decreasing in a number of the wealthiest countries but overpopulation threatens much of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

at 100 to 200 rads health effects

at this level, signs of radiation sickness include nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, anemia, sore throat, and hair loss

fossil fuels

carbon-based materials used for energy, such as oil, coal, and natural gas

One of the major concerns of overpopulation is

competition for Earth's resources

in many developing regions of the world, demand for _is growing at unprecedented rates

fossil fuels

superfund

fund established under the comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act to be used for cleaning up toxic wastedumps

The global_has grown more in the past 50 years than at any other time in history

global population

Rising sea levels, widespread flooding, glacier retreat, and extreme weather events are some of the predicted results of increased

global warming

lead

highly toxic metal found in emissions from lead smelters and processing plants -also sometimes found in pipes or paints in older buildings

for more information regarding

hydraulic fracturing or fracking, which is a new method of extracting natural gas from the ground and poses groundwater risks *see page 628* -in fracking, underground rock and dense soil are cracked open by pumping highly pressurized fluids into them. this creates fissures that allow oil or gas to flow to the surface for extraction.

Air pollution and climate change problems are rooted in our _(problem sources).

in our energy, transportation, and industrial practices

in today's throwaway society, we need to become aware of_and to look for ways _

in today's throwaway society, we need to become aware of the amount of waste we generate and to look for ways to recycle, reuse, and reduce what we consume

greenhouse effect

is a natural phenomenon in which greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) form a layer in the atmosphere, allowing solar heat to pass through and trapping some of the heat close to the earth surface, where it warms the planet

if put stuff in recycle bin, _

materials get recycled

most plastics are _products

most plastics are petroleum products

what is new (about air pollution) is the vast array of _

pollutants that exists today and their potential interactive effects

much of the waste that ends up polluting water starts out _

polluting the land

That "new car" smell we like is often related to _

potentially harmful chemicals found in interior fabrics, upholstery, and glues

leach

to dissolve and filter through soil.

another 45% of radiation comes from _

-medical and dental X rays

how much we recycle vs how much we could recycle?

-we recycle only slightly over 1/3 of the waste we generate -experts believe we could recycle up to 90% of trash

temperature inversion

-wheater conditions that occur when a layer of cool air is trapped under a layer of warmer air, preventing the air from circulating

problem with asbestos (health problems)

-when bonded to other materials, asbestos is relative harmless, but if its tiny fibers become loosened and airborne, they can embed themselves in the lungs -their presence leads to cancer of the lungs, stomach, and chest lining and other life-threatening lung diseases called mesothelima and asbestosis

how chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) contributed to the ozone layer's rapid depletion or breakdown?

-when released into the air through spraying or outgassing, CFCs migrate into the ozone layer, where they decompose and release chlorine atoms -these atoms cause ozone molecules to break apart and levels to be depleted

problem with home heating? (include chemicals)

-woodstoves emit significant levels of particulates and carbon monoxide in addition to other pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide

how you can participate in the effort to reduce air pollution and climate change?

-you can participate in this effort by finding ways to reduce your own carbon footprint

_in the United States is among the safest in the world

tap water

smog tends to form in areas that experience a _

temperature inversion

range of Air Quality Index (AQI) and color for: moderate air quality conditions

-AQI: 51 to 100 yellow

range of Air Quality Index (AQI) and color for: good air quality conditions

-AQI: o to 50 -green

what is the Air Quality Index (AQI) standard?

-An AQI value of 100 generally corresponds to the national air quality standard for the pollutant, which is the level the EPA has set to protect public health

List major sources of indoor air pollution pollutants

*for sources and health effects see page 621 table 20.3* -asbestos -lead -radon -environmental tobacco smoke -Biological contaminants (molds, mildew, viruses, animal dander, cat saliva, dust mites, cockroaches, and pollen) -combustion products (from unvented kerosene heaters, woodstoves, fireplaces, gas stoves; carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particles) -benzene -formaldehyde -chloroform -toluene -hydrocarbons -ammonia -trichloroethylene

Selected total fertility rates worldwide

*page 616 table 20.1* countries included: Niger, Uganda, Afghanistan, India, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, United States, Australia, Canada, China, Russia,and Japan

recent events surrounding nuclear energy are found _

*page 633* -it is called nuclear emergency after the Japanese tsunami -more information regarding Fukushima Daishi plant

for percentages of how much we recycle see

*see page 630 figure 20.7* includes -auto batteries -newsprint, office-type paper -steel cans -yard trimmings -aluminum beer and soda cans -tires -glass containers -PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles and jars -HDPE (high-density polyethylene)natural (white translucent) bottles

information on plastic bags bans and use taxes

*see page 631* -taxes or bans on plastic bags at the checkout counter

for a list of sources, health effects, and environmental impacts of 6 major air pollutants see (Clean Air Act pollutants)

*table 20,2 page 619* includes pollutant, description, sources, health effects, and welfare effects list includes: -carbon monxide (CO) -sulfur dioxide (SO2) -Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) -Ozone (O3) -Lead (Pb) -Particulate matter (PM)

number four (4) of number coded system of recycle

- LDPE low density polyethylene -it is a lot of bags are number four -what is inside the bags may have a different recycle number

how are PCB processed today?

-As of 1977, PCBs are no longer manufactured in the US, but approximately 500 million pounds have been dumped into landfills and waterways, where they continue to pose an environmental threat

explain impact of people on: energy consumption

-"Use it and lose it" is an apt saying for our use of nonrewenable energy sources in the form of fossil fuels -although we are seeing a shift toward renewable energy sources, the predominant energy sources are still fossil fuels

_species of mammals in the world is now threatened with extinction as humans _

-1 in 4 -humans destroy habitat, exacerbate drought and flooding through climate change, and pollute the environment

American manufacturers generate more than _of chemical waste per person per year (_tons annually)

-1 ton of chemical waste per person per year -275 million tons annually

_% of nonsmokers are extremely sensitive to tobacco smoke, what they feel? (symptoms; health effects)

-10 to 15% of nonsmokers -experiencing itchy eyes, breathing difficulties, headaches, nausea, and dizziness in response to very small amounts of smoke

a growing body of scientific evidence indicates that the air within homes and other buildings can be _times more hazardous than outdoor air, even in the most industrialized cities, this is called_

-10 to 40 times more hazardous -indoor air pollution

people impact on other species: birds

-12% of all birds are threatened, with seabirds taking the greatest hit (over 38% are threatened)

Americans use and discard more than _per year, most of which have a plastic lining that makes them _. help reduce the waste by _

-16 billion of paper coffee -unrecyclable and nonbiodegradable -using a travel mug for your daily coffee fix

To date, we had_major nuclear disasters that resulted in a 8, the highest severity rating, meaning that there was a _

-2 -meaning that there was a major release of radioactive material with widespread health and environmental consequences

what United States has as rank and number of children born per woman? (fertility rate)

-2.06 -rank: 122

Americans generate about _tons of waste per year. what are the good vs bad news about this?

-250 billion tons of waste per year -the good news is that these numbers are down from historic highs in the 1990s. The bad news is that we recycle only slightly over 1/3 of the waste we generate

The level of carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke in enclosed spaces has been found to be _times higher than that allowed in the clean air standard established by EPA. moreover, the surgeon general has reported that there are more than _carcinogens in environmental tobacco smoke

-4000 50 carcinogens

how are AQI values relative to the standard considered?

-AQI values below 100 are generally considered satisfactory -When AQI values rise above 100, air quality is considered unhealthy at certain levels for specific groups of people and at higher levels for everyone

range of Air Quality Index (AQI) and color for: unhealthy air quality conditions

-AQI: 151 to 200 red

range of Air Quality Index (AQI) and color for: very unhealthy air quality conditions

-AQI: 201 to 300 purple

range of Air Quality Index (AQI) and color for: hazardous air quality conditions

-AQI: 301 to 500 maroon

what country leads the world in coal production? who is the second biggest user?

-China leads the world in coal production and usage at nearly 76 quadrillion Btu, projected to rise to over 114 quadrillion Btu by 2035 -The United States is the second biggest user, with current usage of 20 quadrillion Btu, projected to increase to over 25 quadrillion Btu by 2035.

what may be a contributor of zero population growth (ZPG)? (biggest contributor) how affects women?

-Education may be the single biggest contributor of zero population growth (ZPG) -as education levels of women increase and women achieve equality in pay, job status, and social status, fertility rates decline -Also, as women gain choices in birth control, access to health care, and information about family planning, they tend to marry later and have fewer children

what was discussed in 2012 global environmental meetings? what is the reality?

-Global pressure to reduce use and invest in technology to dramatically reduce use and invest in technology to dramatically reduce emission from coal production and burning is a key aspect of 2012 global environmental meetings in Rio de Janeiro and in other parts of the world -although coal is "cleaner" than it was a decade ago from a production standpoint, the idea of "clean coal" is far from reality

how long health effects due to indoor air pollution may appear?

-Health effects may develop over years of exposure or may occur in response to toxic levels of pollutants -room temperature and humidity also play a role

what factors that favor large families in developing nations like India?

-High Infant mortality rates -the traditional view of children as "social security" (working to assist families in daily survival and supporting parents when they grow too old to work) -low educational and economic status of women -lack of reproductive choices -a preference for sons, which keeps parents of girls trying for a boy these all are factors that favor large families in developing nations

why should I care about the environmental problems of the world?

-Imagine waking up in the morning to find you have no water for a shower, the electricity stops working throughout the day, gas stations have no fuel for sale, and basic necessities are either unavailable or unaffordable -such are not science fiction -major difficulties loom unless we take action to change our current rate of population growth and our consumption of natural resources and unless the global community acts to enforce policies to check rampant population growth

problems of decreasing space of landfills

-Many people worry that we are rapidly losing our ability to dispose of all the waste we create -As communities run out of landfill space, it is becoming common to haul garbage to other states or to dump it illegally in the woods, waterways, or oceans, where it contaminates ecosystems, or to ship it to landfills in developing countries, where it becomes someone else's problem

what is recommended to avoid problems with radon?

-Since 1988, the EPA and the Office of the Surgeon General have recommended that homes be tested for radon below the third floor and that Americans test their homes every 2 years or when they move into a new home -low-cost radon test kits are available online, in hardware stores, and through other retail outlets

US geological survey researchers discovered the pressence of low levels of many chemical compounds in a network of 139 targeted streams across the US. what were some of this chemicals?

-Steroids -pharmaceuticals -personal care products -hormones -insect repellents -wastewater compounds

what agency ranks nuclear meltdowns? how?

-The International Atomic Energy Agency ranks nuclear and radiological accidents and incidences by severity on a scale of 1 to 7.

what the US government did to stop ozone layer breakdown?

-The US government banned the use of aerosol sprays containing CFCs in the 1970s -The discovery of an ozone hole over Antarctica led to 1987 Montreal Protocol treaty, whereby the United States and other nations agreed to further reduce the use of CFCs and other ozone-depleting chemicals. the treaty was amended in 1995 to ban CFC production in developed countries -today, more than 190 countries have signed the treaty as the international community strives to preserve the ozone layer

what country is the greatest producer of greenhouse gases?

-The United States is the greatest producer of greenhouse gases, responsible for over 22% of all output, and this output is expected to increase 43% by 2025

what Clean Air Act established?-

-The act established standards for six of the most widespread air pollutants that seriously affect health: sulfur dioxide, particulates, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ground-level ozone, and lead

Under the SDWA, what the EPA can do?

-Under the SDWA, the EPA sets standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities, and water suppliers who implement those standards.

policies to decrease emission of greenhouse gases: Kyoto Protocl

-a 1997 United Nations treaty, the Kyoto Protocol, outlined an international plan to reduce the manmade emission responsible for climate change -It went into effect in 2005 and required participating countries to reduce their emissions between 2008 and 2012 by at least 5% below 1990 levels -more than 160 countries signed on to the Kyoto Protocol, including more than 30 industrialized countries -The United States opted out of this proposal, ostensibly because of concerns that major developing nations, including India and China, were not required to reduce emissions under the treaty

people impact on other species: amphibians

-about a 1/3 of amphibians (frogs, toads, and salamanders) are already gone, and many of those that survive have chemically induced ailments or genetic mutations that will hasten their demise

nuclear meltdown

-accident that results when the temperature in the core of a nuclear reactor increases enough to melt the nuclear fuel and breach the containment vessel

However, their ability to filter out increasing amounts of chemicals by-products and other substances is in question. explain

-according to a recent Associated Press inquiry, a "vast array of pharmaceuticals-including antibiotics, anticonvulsants, mood stabilizers, and sex hormones-have been found in the drinking water supplies of at least 41 million Americans"

problems with acid deposition: health problems

-acid deposition aggravates and may even cause bronchitis, asthma, and other respiratory problems, and people with emphysema or heart disease may suffer from exposure -it may also be hazardous to fetuses -acid deposition can cause metals such as aluminum, cadmium, lead, and mercury to leach out of the soil. If these metals make their way into water or food supplies, they can cause cancer in humans

list problems associated with air pollution

-acid deposition and acid rain -photochemical smog -indoor air pollution -sick building syndrome (SBS) -Ozone layer depletion -global warming -climate change

problems with acid deposition: how affects the aquatic environment?

-acid deposition gradually acidifies ponds, lakes, and other bodies of water -once the acid content of the water reaches certain level, plant and animal life cannot survive. -Ironically, acidified lakes and ponds become a crystal-clear deep blue, giving the illusion of beauty and health even as they wreak destruction

between now and 2040, severe increases in global demand for water will affect_

-affect economic growth and population health -annual global water requirements will reach 6,900 billion cubic meters in 2030, 40% above current sustainable water supplies

Considering how little water is available to meet the world's_it is not wonder that clean water is a precious commodity that must not be wasted

-agricultural, manufacturing, community, personal, and sanitation needs

water usage by: agriculture, industrial use, power plant cooling, and other activities. what agricultural products use a lot of water?

-agriculture makes up 92% of the total water usage -grain, meat, and dairy products are the biggest agricultural users, followed by industrial use, power plant cooling, and other high-use activities

how air pollution can be a water pollutant?

-air pollution spreads across and is often overlooked as a major nonpoint source of pollution -airborne nutrients and pesticides can be transported far from their area of origin

people impact on other species: plants

-along with mammals, rapid declines in plant species are reasons for concern

radiation absorbed doses

-also called rads and roentgens -unit of measure of radiation exposure

although _we have a long way to go to reduce fossil-fuel consumption

-although stricter laws on vehicular carbon emission and the development of cars that operate on electricity, hydrogen, biodiesel, ethanol, or other alternative energy sources are promising, we have a long way to go to reduce fossil-fuel consumption

how far full recovery from sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide is?

-although there have been substantial reductions in sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from power plants that use the fossil fuels coal, gas, and oil in the last decade, full recovery is still years away

carbon footprint

-amount of greenhouse gases produced, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide emissions -amount of CO2 emissions you contribute to the atmosphere in your daily life

how water contamination happens? some chemicals that contaminate water?

-any substance that gets into the soil can potentially enter the water supply -Industrial pollutants and pesticides eventually work their way into the soil, and into groundwater -Underground storage tanks for gasoline may leak

what are the major sources of point source pollutants?

-are sewage treatment plants and industrial facilities

how to prevent health problems of formaldehyde?

-ask about the formaldehyde content of products you are considering for your home, and avoid those that contain it

at 350 to 500 rads health effects

-at 350 t0 500 rads, these symptoms become more severe, and death may result because the radiation hinders bone marrow production of the white blood cells we need to protect us from disease

fertility rate

-average number of births a female in a certain population has during her reproductive years -refers to the average number of births per women in a specific country or region

In India and in many Asian, Latin American, and African countries, birth rates (fertility rates) can range from _, which leads to -

-birth rates can range from 5 to nearly 8 per women, which leads to rapid population increases in many poorer nations

In the 1970s, scientists began to warn of a _

-breakdown in the ozone layer

smog

-brownish haze that is a form of pollution produced by the photochemical reaction of sunlight with hydrocarbons, nitrogen compounds, and other gases in vehicle exhaust -sometimes called ozone pollution because ozone is a main component of smog

the big thing to do regarding recycling is_

-call your local recycling center and they will tell you what is actually recycled in your area -

poor air quality can trigger_among students

-can trigger allergies, asthma, and other health problems

More than 100 years ago, scientists theorized that _ emissions from the burning of fossil fuels would create a build up of _, which contribute to_. These predictors have been supported by reports from leading international scientists in the field and accounts in the popular media, such as _

-carbon dioxide -greenhouse gases -which contribute to warming of the earth's surface -such as the documentary An Inconvenient Truth, all detailing indicators of a planet in trouble

chemical that contributes to the formation of smog

-carbon monoxide -nitrogen dioxide

explain impact of people on: impact on other species

-changes in the ecosystem are resulting in extinctions

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

-chemicals that contribute to the depletion of the atmospheric ozone layer

pesticides

-chemicals that kills pests such as insects or rodents -chemicals designed to kill insects, rodents, plants, and fungi

sources of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

-chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were used as refrigerants, aerosol propellants, and cleaning solvents, and were also used in medical sterilizers, rigid foam insulation, and Styrofoam

indoor air pollution and sick building syndrome (SBS) are increasing concerns in_(places)

-classroom and workplace -many people complain of maladies that lessen or vanish when they lave their workplace -studies show that significant numbers of US schools have unsatisfactory indoor air quality, often due to poor ventilation, construction techniques that block outside air, and the use of synthetic materials

what is happening to water, fuels, and waste?

-clean water is becoming scarce -fossil fuels are being depleted -the amount of solid and hazardous waste is growing

the threat from_is serious, it is urgent, and it is growing. Our generation's response to this challenge will be judged by history, for if we fail to meet it--boldly, swiftly, and together--we risk consigning future generations to an irreversible catastrophe. This was said by _

-climate change -president barack obama

ecosystem

-collection of physical (nonliving) and biological (living) components of an environment and the relationships between them

formaldehyde

-colorless, strong-smelling gas released through outgassing -causes respiratory and other health problems

explain the strategy to reduce municipal solid waste (MSW): combustion with energy recovery

-combustion with energy recovery typically involves the use of boilers and industrial furnaces to incinerate waste and use the burning process to generate energy

approx 50% of radiation to which we are exposed comes from _

-comes from background sources, including natural and human-made sources

nonpoint source pollutants

-commonly run off and sedimentation -pollutant that runs off or seeps into waterways from broad areas of land -drain or seep into waterway from broad areas of land

the advantages of nuclear energy must be weighed against the disadvantages. what are the problems of nuclear energy? (disadvantages of nuclear energy)

-disposal of nuclear waste is extremely problematic -in addition, a reactor core meltdown could pose serious threats to the immediate environment and the world in general

at 600 to 700 rads health effects

-dosages above 600 to 700 rads are fatal

the global demand for natural resources has _since 1996. It now takes _years to regenerate the renewable resources used in _year by humans. By 2030, one report indicates that it will take the equivalent of _planets to meet the demand for resources. simply put, we are_

-doubled (2) -It now takes 1.5 years to regenerate the renewable resources used in 1 year by humans -2 planets -simply put, we are running out of the natural resources necessary to sustain us, and the problem is growing at an unprecedented rate

nonionizing radiation

-electromagnetic waves having relatively long wavelengths and enough energy to move atoms around or cause them to vibrate but not enough to remove electrons or alter molecular structure -radiation at the lower end of the electromagnetic spectrum

recognizing that population control will be essential in the decades ahead, many countries have already_

-enacted strict population control measures or have encouraged measures or have encouraged their citizens to limit the size of their families -these are part of zero population growth (ZPG)

what is the greatest source of indoor air pollution? (major source)

-environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), also known as secondhand smoke

how eroded soil and sediment can be water pollutants?

-eroded soil and sediment can transport considerable amounts of some nutrients, such as organic nitrogen and phosphorous, and some pesticides, such as DDT, to rivers and streams

why is population growth an environmental issue?

-every year the global population grows by 90 million, but Earth's resources are not expanding -population increases are believed to be responsible for most of the current environmental stress

problems with acid deposition: how affects terrestrial ecosystems?

-every year, acid deposition destroys millions of trees in Europe and North America. -Sugar maples and other trees in the northeastern United States appear to be the newest victims of acid deposition as they are having difficulty regenerating seedlings destroyed by these deposits -scientists have concluded that much of the world's forestlands are now experiencing damaging levels of acid deposition

health problems with formaldehyde

-exposure to formaldehyde can cause respiratory problems, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, and rashes -long-term exposure can lead to central nervous system disorders and cancer

factors that have led to the world population's increase

-fertility rates -mortality rates

greenhouse gases

-gases that accumulate in the atmosphere where they contribute to global warming by trapping heat near the earth's surface -gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, which contribute to warming of the earth's surface

dioxins

-highly toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons contained in herbicides (chemicals used to kill vegetation) and produced during certain industrial processes

acid deposition

-it is replacing the term acid rain in scientific circles -acidification process that occurs when pollutants are deposited by precipitation, clouds, or directly on the land -it refers to the deposition of wet (rain, snow, sleet, fog, cloud water, and dew) and dry (acidifying particles and gases) acidic components that fall to the earth in dust or smoke

how mortality rates have changed? why? consequence?

-mortality rates from chronic and infectious diseases have declined in both developed and developing regions as a result of improved public health infrastructure, increased availability of drugs and vaccines, better disaster preparedness, and other factors -consequently, people are living longer and consuming more resources over the course of their lifetimes

power of 2

-how can make 2 simple things can make a big difference in your life from your health, to your finances, to the world around you. -easy steps that scientists say can do a lot for the environment 1. eat less beef because 18% of the greenhouse gas emissions comes from sending beef and dairy products to your kitchen table. The reason is that cows are fed with corn and soy, which are grown using fertilizers made from fossil fuels. Th e food then has to be transported to the cows, which requires loads of fuel. those cows pass a lot of gas, which may sound funny, but methane they release is 23-times more harmful than carbon dioxide. There is more fossil fuel burned while slaughtering the cows, which involves heavy machinery. getting the food to the supermarket and then to you. IT IS A VERY HIGH ENERGY PROCESS. If we reduce our meat consumption to just 20%, it would be as if we all switched from regular cars to hybrids. It would be also good for health 2. Get an energy audit. some power companies offer them free. It could help you conserve energy by teaching you tips like these: unplug electronics instead of just turning them off because those little lights and clocks eat up a lot of power. If we all did this, it could save the output of 17 power plants a year. If you have a refrigerator made before 1990, buying a new one would save enough money to light the average home for four months

what are the two problems that every human society is faced?

-how to beget and rear enough children -how not to beget and rear too many children

what causes enhanced greenhouse effect?

-human activities such as burning fossil fuels and land clearing have increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere -an increase in greenhouse gases resulting from human activity is creating the enhanced greenhouse effect. trapping more heat and causing dangerous global climate change

human-made sources of radiation

-human-made sources include certain building materials

examples of renewable energy sources

-hydropower -solar and wind power -biomass power

what happens if asbestos is detected in the home?

-if asbestos is detected in the home, it must be removed or sealed off by a professional

what to minimize problems with home heating?

-if you rely on wood for heating, make sure that your stove is properly installed, vented, and maintained -burning properly seasoned wood reduces particulates -People who rely on oil- or gas-fired furnaces also need to make sure that these appliances are properly installed, ventilated, and maintained, -Inexpensive monitors are available to detect high carbon monoxide levels in the home

what areas are affected by people? (impact of people)

-impact on other species -impact on the food supply -land degradation and contamination of drinking water -energy consumption

policy for hazardous waste

-in 1980, the comprehensive environmental response, compensation and liability act, known as the superfund, was enacted to provide funds for cleaning up hazardous waste dump sites

health problems with molds

-in general, molds are harmless; however, some people are sensitive or allergic to them. -In such people, exposure to molds may lead to nasal stuffiness, eye irritation, wheezing, or skin irritation -For those who are very sensitive, molds may cause fever or shortness of breath

increasing amounts of _waste. explain. ways to reduce this waste?

-increasing amount of electronic waste (known as "E-waste") is generated each year; however, the vast majority of E-waste (nearly 83%) ends up in landfills -recycling rates are just shy of 18% -there are ways to reduce electronic waste, including recycling, participating in electronic reuse programs, and donating your consumer electronics

to face global environmental crisis, the blueprint of action includes action of _. what you can do to help?

-individuals -communities -policymakers -governments -staying informed and becoming involved in the process are key things you can do to help

sources of indoor air pollution (where indoor air pollution comes from?)

-indoor air pollution comes primarily from woodstoves, furnaces, passive cigarette smoke exposure, mold, asbestos, formaldehyde, radon, and lead

costs related to nuclear power plants

-initial costs of building nuclear power plants are high, but actual power generation is relatively inexpensive -A 1,000-megawatt reactor produces enough energy for 650,000 homes and saves 420 million gallons of fossil fuels each year

How can air pollution be a problem indoors?

-inside air can be 10 to 40 times more hazardous than outside air. -Indoor air pollution comes from woodstoves, furnances, tobacco smoke, asbestos, formaldehyde, radon, lead, mold, and household chemicals

how the breakdown in ozone layer was detected?

-instruments developed to test atmospheric contents indicated that certain chemicals, especially chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were contributing to the ozone layer's rapid depletion

where formaldehyde is found?

-is a colorless, strong-smelling gas present in some carpets, draperies, furniture, particleboard, plywood, wood paneling, countertops, and many adhesives

Air Quality Index (AQI)

-is a measure of how clean or polluted the air is on a given day if there are any health concerns related to air quality -the AQI focuses on health effects that can happen within a few hours or days after breathing polluted air

causes of global warming?

-is caused largely by our reliance on old-fashioned fossil fuels like coal, and oil. -It's also a result of the massive loss of trees worldwide. Every tree cut down reduces the amount of carbon dioxide converted to oxygen and increases the mount of greenhouse gases that circle the globe and trap warm air.

the remaining 5% is _

-is nonionizing radiation that comes from such sources as computer monitors, microwave ovens, televisions, and radar screens

the Safe Drinking water Act (SDWA)

-is the main federal law that ensures the quality of American's drinking water

people impact on other species: mammals

-more than 100 species of mammals are already extinct, with others, such as tigers, already having populations decline by 95% in the last century

ways to reduce exposure to mold (avoiding mold)

-keep the humidity level between 40 and 60% -be sure your living space has adequate ventilation, including exhaust fans in the kitchen and bathrooms. If there are no fans, open windows for air circulation when the weather permits -Add mold inhibitors to paints or buy paints with mold-resistant properties. If you notice a musty smell, call your landlord. If you see mold, call your landlord! -do not carpet bathrooms or basements -use a dehumidifier in damp rooms or basements -Remember that many antimold products commonly used on lawns, roofs, and other outdoor areas are extremely toxic. Many require that you wear masks and gloves when applying them! Pets, birds, and other wildlife may wander through these after they have been applied, so use them sparingly or not at all -Get rid of mattresses and other furniture that may have been exposed to moisture during moving or due to bedwetting or other situations where slow drying may occur -Dry clothing thoroughly before folding and placing in drawers or hanging in closets -when buying or renting a house, have a mold inspection performed and check regularly thereafter

health problems with lead. who is affected?

-lead affects circulatory, reproductive, urinary, and nervous systems and can accumulate in bone and other tissues -it is particularly detrimental to children and fetuses and can cause birth defects, learning problems, behavioral abnormalities, and other health problems

explain the nonpoint source pollutant: lead

-lead can leach into tap water from lead pipes or water lines, usually in older homes -The EPA has issued updated standards to dramatically reduce the levels of lead in drinking water, stipulating that lead values must not exceed 15 parts per billion (ppb) (the previous standard allowed up to 50 ppb) - if lead is present in your water supply, you can reduce your risk by running the tap for several minutes before using the water for drinking or cooking -This flushed out water that has been standing in lead-contaminated lines -The EPA also recommends using filtration systems that attack to faucets and remove lead and other particles from water

The United States (US) is among the leading _

-leading users of fossil fuels and other energy sources -among the largest emitters of greenhouse gases -largest forest-product consumers -the generators of the most municipal solid waste per person

Currently, nuclear power plants account for less than _% of the total radiation to which we are exposed; however, _

-less than 1% -the number of US plants may increase in the next decade, so that percentage may increase

ideas on how to become a more environmentally conscious consumer (shopping to save the planet)

-look for products with less packing or with refillable, reusable, or recyclable containers -bring your own reusable cloth grocery bags to the store. Be sure to wash them after transporting uncooked meat, fish, or poultry -buy foods that are produced sustainably -purchase organic foods or foods produced with fewer chemicals and pesticides -doe not buy plastic bottles of water.purchase a hard plastic or stainless steel reusable water bottle and fill it from a filtered source -Do not use caustic cleaning products. simple vinegar is usually just as effective and less harsh on your home and the environment, and many natural products are available -Buy laundry products that are free of dyes, fragrances, and sulfates -purchase appliances with Energy Star logo -use reusable cups, mugs, plates, and utensils rather than disposable products -Buy recycled paper products -Purchase bed linen and bath towels that are made form bamboo, hemp, or organic cotton

how cities have taken steps in this direction to improve air pollution reduction?

-many cities have taken steps in this direction by setting high parking fees and road-usage tolls in congested areas

what way of transportation is becoming increasingly popular and is good to reduce air pollution and climate change? how colleges are involve in this?

-many communities have created bicycle lanes and hold "bike to work" days -scooters and other low-energy modes of transportation are becoming increasingly popular -some college campuses have enacted policies allowing skateboard and rollerblade use on campus. Other campuses provide scooter and bike garages to protect them from theft and vandalism and to encourage students to use energy-efficient transportation

why many regions of the world are already experiencing severe freshwater shortages?

-many regions of the world are already experiencing severe freshwater shortages due to poor sanitation; overuse by agriculture, industry, and consumers; and dwindling supplies at a time when populations are growing

solution to toxic problems

-many wastes are now banned from land disposal or are being treated to reduce their toxicity before they become part of land disposal sites -The EPA has developed protective requirements for land disposal facilities, such as double liners, detection systems, for substances that may leach into groundwater, and groundwater monitoring systems

currently there are over 20 countries in the world with zero or negative population growth, what this means?

-meaning that deaths surpass births or there are an equal number of births and deaths

asbestos

-mineral compound that separates into stringy fibers and lodges in the lungs, where it can cause disease

according to the Environmental Protection Agency estimates, _are the major contributors of key air pollutants, such as_

-mobile sources (motor vehucles; cars) -carbon monoxide (CO) -sulfur oxides (SOx) -nitrogen oxides (NOx)

mold (what they are and what produce)

-molds are fungi that live both indoors and outdoors in most regions of the country -they produce tiny reproductive spores, which waft through the indoor and outdoor air -when they land on a damp spot indoors, they may begin growing and digesting whatever they are on, including wood, paper, carpet, and food

explain the nonpoint source pollutant: pesticides (include effect on environment and health effects)

-more than 1,055 active ingredients sold as pesticides in thousands of products -Americans use more than 1.2 billion of pounds of pesticides each year, but only 10% actually reach the targeted organisms. The other 90% settle on the land and in our air and water -pesticides evaporate readily and are often dispersed by winds over a large area or carried out to sea -In tropical regions, many farmers use pesticides heavily, and the climate promotes their rapid release into the atmosphere -Pesticides residues cling to fruits and vegetables and can accumulate in the body -potential hazards associated with exposure to pesticides include birth defects, liver and kidney damage, and nervous system disorders

preventive actions of nuclear meltdown

-most modern facilities seal the reactors and containment vessel in concrete buildings with pools of cool water on the bottom -if a meltdown occurs, the building and the pool are supposed to prevent radiation from escaping

most of us are exposed to what levels of radiation per year?

-most of us are exposed to far less radiation than the safe maximum dosage per year

Each day every person in the United States generates more than 4.4 pounds of _totaling about 250 million tons of trash each year, with _making up the largest share. what about the rest of trash?

-municipal solid waste (MSW) -organic materials (largest amount of trash) -paperboard accounts for 29% and yard trimmings and food scraps account for another 27% *for what is in our trash percentages see page 629 figure 20.6. includes percentage of other, paper, yard trimmings, food scraps, plastic, metals, rubber, leather, and textiles, wood, glass*

where get information regarding air quality index (AQI)?

-national and local weather reports generally include information on the day's AQI

from the begging of time, what was polluting the environment? what this says about air pollution?

-natural events -living creatures -and toxic-by-products -air pollution is not a new phenomenon

natural sources of radiation

-natural sources include radon gas in the air and cosmic radiation

types of air pollutants

-naturally occurring -anthropogenic (caused by humans)

radon

-naturally occurring radioactive gas resulting form the decay of certain radioactive elements -odorless, colorless gas penetrates homes through cracks, pipes, or sump pits, and other openings in the basement or foundation

what is the leading country with number of children born per women? (leading fertility rate)

-niger with rank 1 and 7.5 number of children born per woman

chemical that contributes to global warming

-nitrogen dioxide -ozone

2 types of radiation

-nonionizing radiation -ionizing radiation

fossil fuels

-nonrenewable energy source -carbon-based material ussed for energy -include oil, coal, and natural gas

number one (1) of number coded system of recycle

-number one is P-E-T--polyethylene-- and that is what most of the single-use beverage containers are -that is the one of the easiest ones to recycle -there are these little chasing arrows in a triangle on the very bottom you should be able to see a "1" that is -those are the most easiest and most common -only 1 out of 5 are being recycled right now

number three (3) of number coded system of recycle

-number three is PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or vinyl, and that is one of the toxic plastics -ti is bad when it made. it creates doxins, which get into animals, into milk, and into us and causes cancers -it is really bad when you use it. it has phthalates in it and one of the things you hear -1% is every recycled anyway

number two (2) of number coded system of recycle

-number two is high-density polyethylene and that one is things like shampoo bottles, the gallon milk jugs, plastic bags -very easy to recycle -we are only recycling about 26% of it

mobile sources are _

-on-road vehicles (cars, trucks, and buses) -off-road sources (such as construction equipment) -non-road sources (planes, trains, and watercraft)

explain the nonpoint source pollutant: chemical contaminants

-organic solvents are chemicals designed to dissolve grease and oil -These extremely toxic substances are sued to clean clothing, painting equipment, plastics, and metal parts -Many household products (stain removers, degreasers, drain cleaners, septic system cleaners, and paint removers) also contain these toxic chemicals -organic solvents enter the water supply in different ways. consumers often dump leftover products into the toilet or into street drains. Industries pour leftovers into barrels, which are then buried. Eventually chemicals eat through the barrels and leach into groundwater.

number seven (7)of number coded system of recycle

-other plastics -it is the "grab bag" -has some best and some bad stuff in it -polycrarbonate, that is some of the baby bottles, you hear about BPA bottles, is number seven. it is not good. there is a lot of health concerns -potatoe-based, rice-based, and corn-based plastics are number seven

we cannot take the safety of our water supply for granted, why?

-over 1/2 the global population faces a shortage of clean water. More than 2.6 billion people, about 40% of the planet's population, have no access to basic sanitation or adequate toilet facilities -more than 1 billion have no access to clean water, and more than 4,500 children die every day from illnesses caused by lack of safe water and sanitation

chemical that contributes to plant and ecosystem damage

-ozone

examples of naturally occurring air pollutants

-particulate matter, such as ash from volcanic eruptions

people pose what threats to world?

-people pose a potentially devastating threat to the water we drink, the air we breathe, the food we eat, and our capacity to survive

list the 3 potential sources of groundwater contamination

-point source -air pollution -eroded soil and sediment

Congress has coined 2 terms that describe general sources of water pollution. list them

-point source pollutants -nonpoint source pollutants

Point source pollutants

-pollutant that enters waterways at a specific location through a pipe, ditch, culvert, or other conduit -contamination can be traced to specific points of discharge from wastewater treatment plants and factories or form combined sewers

number six (6) of number coded system of recycle

-polystyrene (PS), like styrofoam -that is another one that is not so good -it is very difficult to recycle -most end up in landfills or ends up in the garbage patch -some places can recycle. in our area we cannot. In California, outside of Stanford university

causes of sick building syndrome (SBS)

-poor ventilation is a primary cause, along with faulty furnaces, pet dander, mold, and dust -volatile compounds from products such as hair spray, cleaners, and adhesive can cause problems, as can heavy metals such as lead, particularly in older buildings

sick building syndrome (SBS)

-problems that exists when 80% of a building's occupants report maladies that tend to lessen or vanish when they leave the building -is said to exist when 80% of a building's occupants report air pollution-related problems

outgassing

-process in which formaldehyde is released into the air -outgassing is highest in new products, but the process can continue for many years

what zero population growth (ZPG) proponents believe?-

-proponents of zero population growth (ZPG) believe that each couple should produce only two offspring -when parents die, these two children are their replacements, allowing the population to stabilize

radiation exposure is measured in _

-radiation absorbed doses or rads (also called roentgens)

examples of nonionizing radiation (source of nonionizing radiation)

-radio waves -TV signals -microwaves -infrared waves -visible light

The large number of US hazardous waste dump sites indicates the _

-severity of our toxic chemical problem

Population experts believe that _is the most critical environmental challenge today (leading environmental challenge)

-slowing world population growth is the most critical environmental challenge today

sources of ionizing radiation

-some naturally occurring elements, such as uranium, emit ionizing radiation -the sun is another source of ionizing radiation, in the form of high-frequency ultraviolet rays--those against which the ozone layer protect us

communities, business, and individuals can adopt several strategies to reduce municipal solid waste (MSW). these are:

-source reduction (waste prevention) -recycling -composting -combustion with energy recovery

explain the strategy to reduce municipal solid waste (MSW): source reduction

-source reduction (waste prevention) involves altering the design, manufacture, or use of products and materials to reduce the amount and toxicity of waste -The most effective waste-reducing strategy is to prevent waste from being generated in the first place -one key area is packing -do we really need to buy products that have 3 outer shells of plastic and take lawn shears to break into? consumers can help by boycotting such packaging strategies

energy sources of the United States (US)

-the United States (US) is the largest consumer of liquid fossil fuels, the largest consumer of natural gas, and among the top three to four consumers of nuclear power, coal, and hydroelectric power

the average persons uses how many gallons of water for household use? how much is per capita freshwater? why so high?

-the average person sues about 100 to 150 gallons of water for household use, the per capita freshwater usage is over 750,000 gallons a day -why so high? because this usage considers total water usage, which the greatest usage is by agriculture

what is the general idea about global temperature?

-the consensus is that temperatures will continue to rise, perhaps by as much as 5 degrees to 10 degrees in the next 100 years, unless immediate steps are taken to reverse the trend

what is the second of the 2 major nuclear disasters that resulted in a 7?

-the damage to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station in northern Japan caused by the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami was also listed as a level 7 nuclear disaster, the worst since Chernobyl, and has awakened the worldwide fears about nuclear power -some research suggest there may be as many as 400,000 additional cancer patients and over 40,000 deaths from thyroid cancer along among those within 200 kilometers of the Fukushima Daishi plant; however exact information is difficult to obtain

health effects of long-term exposure to radiation

-the effects of long-term exposure to relatively low levels of radiation are unknown -some scientists believe that such exposure can cause lung cancer, leukemia, skin cancer. bone cancer. and skeletal deformities

what is one of the 2 major nuclear disasters that resulted in a 7?

-the first was the 1986 reactor core fire and explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Russia, which has led to conservative estimates of from 2,000 to as many as 724,000 deaths -many regions surrounding the area may be uninhabitable for decades

how polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) affects human health?

-the human body does not excrete ingested PCBs bur rather stores them in the liver and fatty tissues. -PCB exposure is associated with birth defects, cancer, and various skin problems

how large a concern is water scarcity?

-the lack of clean water and sanitation is a major global problem -Closed basins are defined as regions where existing water cannot meet the agricultural, industrial, municipal, and environmental needs -The Stockholm International Water Institute estimates that 1.4 billion people live in a closed basin, and the problem is worsening; the Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that number will increase to 1.8 billion by 2050

negative effects of smog. who affects? (health problems)

-the most adverse effects of smog are difficulty breathing, burning eyes, headaches, and nausea -long-term exposure poses serious health risks, particularly for children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with chronic respiratory disorders

why greenhouse effect is important?

-the natural greenhouse effect is responsible for making Earth habitable -it keeps the planet 33 degree C (60 degree F) warmer than it would otherwise be

how landfills have changed?

-the number of US landfills has actually decreased in the past decade, but their sheer mass has increased

way to eliminate environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in public places?

-the only truly effective way to eliminate environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in public places is to enact strict no-smoking policies -ventilation and separate smoking areas are not sufficient -Many major US cities have banned smoking in public buildings and certain workplaces

explain impact of people on: land degradation and contamination of drinking water

-the per capita availability of freshwater is declining rapidly, and contaminated waters remains the greatest single environmental cause of human illness (human disease) -Unsustainable land use and climate change are increasing land degradation, including erosion, nutrient depletion, deforestation, and other problems that will inevitable affect human life

explain the nonpoint source pollutant: gasoline and petroleum

-there are more than 2 million underground storage tanks for gasoline and petroleum products in the United States, most located at gasoline filling stations -The EPA indicates that many sites are in compliance with cleanup and leak-monitoring protocols However, many underground storage tanks that are yet unidentified or are either out of compliance or currently unmonitored are thought to be leaking after years of corrosion

great pacific garbage patch

-there is this very slow moving current in the pacific ocean, like a whirlpool almost, where throughout history it would clean the ocean because all the trash, the garbage from the beaches would get out into the middle where it would decompose or sink -until the 1950s, when plastic started getting out into the ocean and it would go and collect into this one area, but it would not sink and it would not decompose -And so, now there is the great pacific garbage patch that is about twice the size of the state of Texas and a hundred feet deep -estimates are that it kills a million birds a year and a hundred thousand marine mammals a year -so if we can just recycle a little bit better we can make a big difference.

Although the United States makes up just over 5% of the world's population, it is the _largest consumer of water after the much more populated countries of _

-third largest consumer of water -China and India

lead (where found? (sources))

-this metal pollutant is sometimes found in paint, batteries, drinking water, pipes, dishes with lead-based glazes, dirt, soldered cans, and some candies made in Mexico -in recent years, toys produced in China and other regions of the world have been recalled due to unsafe levels of lead in their paint

how superfund is financed?

-this superfund is financed through taxes on the chemical and petroleum industries (87%) and through federal tax revenues (13%)

examples of anthropogenic sources of air pollution

-those caused by stationary sources (ex: power plants, factories, and refineries) -those caused by mobile sources, such as vehicles

leach

-to dissolve and filter through soil

what to do to avoid problems of lead?

-to reduce unsafe exposure, keep areas where children play clean and dust free, regularly wash the child's hands and toys, leave lead-based paint undisturbed if it is in good condition, and if lead paint must be removed, hire a professional contractor

Today, what 2 of the six criteria pollutants are present? (Clean Air Act pollutants)

-today, however, ozone and particulate matter continue to be present at significant

what is an attempt to reduce potential pollutants of indoor air pollution?

-today, more and more manufacturers are offering green building products and furnishings, such as natural fiber fabrics, untreated wood for furniture and floors, low-VOC paints, and many other products, in an attempt to reduce potential pollutants

explain the nonpoint source pollutant: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

-toxic chemicals that were once used as insulating materials in high-voltage electrical equipment -fire resistant and stable at high temperatures -it was used many years as insulating materials in high-voltage electrical equipment, such as transformers, and older fluorescent lights

hazardous waste

-toxic waste that poses a hazard to humans or to the environment -waste with properties that make it capable of harming human health or the environment

in some areas where nuclear power plants were decommissioned, electricity bills _

-tripled when power companies turned to hydroelectric or fossil fuel sources to generate electricity

More than 1 billion people have no access to clean water.

-true

what is the source of our drinking water? what percent of entire water supply is available for human use? why the other sources are not available?

-underneath the surface are reservoirs of groundwater -we draw our drinking water from this underground source and from freshwater on the surface -however, just 1% of the entire water supply is available for human use, the rest is too salty, too polluted, or locked away in polar ice caps

what is particulate matter?

-very small particles of soot, dust, or other matter, including tiny droplets of liquids

what particulate matter does?

-visibility impairment -atmospheric deposition -aesthetic damage *for more that do aesthetic damage and visibility impairment see page 619*

enhanced greenhouse effect

-warming of the earth's surface as a direct result of human activities that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, trapping more of the sun's radiation than is normal -excess solar heat is trapped, raising the planet's temperature

explain impact of people on: impact on the food supply

-we are currently fishing the oceans at rates that are 250% more than they can regenerate, and scientists project a global collapse of all fish species by 2050 -Aquatic ecosystems continue to be heavily contaminated by chemical and human waste. -Drought and erosion and natural disasters make growing food increasingly difficult, and food shortages and famine are occurring in many regions of the world with increasing frequency

solutions to reducing air pollution and climate change?

-we must develop comprehensive national strategies that encourage the use of renewable resources such as solar, wind, and water power -because industrial production is a key contributor to fossil fuel emissions, clean energy, green factories, improved technology, and governmental regulation are necessary for preventing climate change -most experts agree that reducing consumption of fossil fuels, shifting to alternative energy sources, improving gas mileage, and using mass transportation are crucial to air pollution reduction

steps of greenhouse effect (the enhanced greenhouse effect)

1. solar energy passes through atmosphere; some is reflected back into space 2. Earth's surface is warmed by the sun and radiates heat back out toward space 3. some heat passes through the atmosphere into space, but most is trapped by greenhouse gases and rereleased toward Earth, further warming it 4. Human activities cause an increase in greenhouse gases, trapping more heat and intensifying the warming effect

List the World Energy Consumption by Fuel

1.Liquid (Petroleum) 2. Coal 3. Natural gas 4. Renewables 5. Nuclear

Motor vehicles alone contribute about _% of all CO (carbon monoxide) emissions, and non-road sources contribute another_%

60% 22%

_% of Earth is covered with water in the form of oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands

75%

EPA provides individual air quality indexes (AQIs), these are_

EPA provides individual air quality indexes (AQIs) for ground-level ozone, particle pollution, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide -All AQIs are presented using general values, categories, and colors

source of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides? explain manufacture. how produce acidic rain or snow (acid deposition)

In the United States, roughly 2/3 of all sulfuric dioxide and 1/4 of all nitrogen oxides come from electric power generation that relies on burning fossil fuels such as coal -When coal-powered plants, oil refineries, and other facilities burn these fuels, sulfur and nitrogen emissions combine with oxygen and sunlight to become sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. -Small acid particles are carried by the wind and combine with moisture to produce acidic rain or snow (acid deposition)

Question #9: Electricity produced by a) fossil fuel sources or b) nuclear power is the cheapest in cost.

The answer is B - nuclear power.

The United States (US) is also among the five countries of the world with the biggest _

The United States (US) is also among the five countries of the world with the biggest "ecological footprint," exerting a greater impact on many of the planet's resources than any other nation

Question #2: More than 95% of acid deposition is caused by a) burning of fossil fuels or b) deforestation.

The answer is A - Burning of fossil fuels.

Question #3: The destruction of the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere causes an increase in the amount of a) UVA or b) UVB radiation, leading to an increase in skin cancer.

The answer is B - UVB radiation

Question #4: The predominant gas of all greenhouse gases is a) methane or b) carbon dioxide.

The answer is B - carbon dioxide.

Question #5: Of a) PCBs and b) dioxins, the one that is most toxic to humans is.

The answer is B - dioxins.

Question #7: The most dangerous types of radiation are a) alpha particles or b) gamma rays.

The answer is B - gamma rays.

Question #8: Studies have proven that cell phones a) do or b) do not cause brain cancer

The answer is B - no studies have proven a connection between cell phone use and brain cancer.

Question #6: DDT is a) used in the United States today or b) banned in the United States but shipped to Mexico where it is legally used.

The answer is B - shipped to Mexico for legal use although banned in this country.

Question #1: The only major industrialized country to show significant recent population growth is a) Great Britain or b) the United States.

The answer is B - the United States.

Question #10: A major concern about nuclear power is a) its release of carbon oxides into the atmosphere or b) the problem with disposing of nuclear waste.

The answer is B - the problem with disposing of nuclear waste.

Air within homes can be as much as 40 times a) more or b) less hazardous than outdoor air.

The answer is a - 40 times more hazardous than the air outdoors. There are potentially dozens of dangerous chemical compounds in the average home and poor ventilation may prevent their dissipation by fresh air.

It is thought that regularly using water-saving devices can conserve nearly a) 50 or b) 75 gallons of water daily in the average single family home.

The answer is a - 50. Using devices that reduce water flow in showers, washing machines, toilets, etc. can save nearly 50 gallons of water per day.

In the 1970s, chemicals called a) CFCs or b) PCBs found in refrigerants and aerosol sprays were found to deplete the ozone layer.

The answer is a - CFCs which stands for chlorofluorocarbons. These molecules rise into the upper atmosphere where they decompose and release chlorine atoms, which in turn destroy ozone.

The chemical compounds that were previously used as insulation for high voltage equipment are a) PCBs or b) dioxins.

The answer is a - PCBs. Their use was discontinued nearly 30 years ago when it was discovered that these compounds bioaccumulate in the body and can ultimately cause birth defects and cancer.

Pesticide residues have been linked to a) breast cancer or b) heart disease in women.

The answer is a - breast cancer, which was found to be correlated with dieldrin, a pesticide widely used in the US in the 1970s.

A temperature inversion occurs when a) cool air is trapped under warm or b) warm air is trapped under cool air.

The answer is a - cool air is trapped under a layer of warmer air which keeps it from circulating. Sunlight filters through and converts chemicals into the air into photochemical smog.

Formaldehyde a) is or b) isn't a major source of indoor pollution.

The answer is a - is. Along with smoke-burning stoves and furnaces, cigarette smoke, asbestos and radon, formaldehyde is a major source of indoor pollution.

Acidic precipitation a) can or b) cannot cause cancer in humans.

The answer is a - it can cause cancer by first leaching out of the soil into water into fish. Some of these metals are carcinogenic and if humans eat affected fish it can cause cancer.

Evidence exists that most of global warming a) is or b) isn't a result of human activity.

The answer is a - it is a result of human activity. These gases include carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide and they form a layer that traps air, allowing solar rays to superheat it.

good and bad news about environmental health of world?

There is both good and bad news about the state of the world's environmental health. The good news is that the issue of global environment is finally getting considerable attention. The bad news is that this is true because ecologically, we're facing greater challenges than in any time in our history. Our planet is under assault from a combination of official indifference, individual and corporate irresponsibility, and climactic changes which exacerbate a balance that is already fragile.

what lead does?

affects animals, plants, and the aquatic ecosystem

calls for increased _in the United States may result in significant increases in emissions in the next decades unless _

calls for increased production of coal and more refineries in the United States may result in significant increases in emissions in the next decades unless policies mandating "cleaner" coal technology are put into effect and monitored

what is the greatest single environmental cause of of human illness?

contaminated water

Even so, the use of nuclear power worldwide is expected to _in the next 20 to 25 years

double

radiation

energy that travels in waves or particles

most common source of indoor air pollution

environmental tobacco smoke

exposure to radiation is _

exposure to radiation is inescapable part of life on this planet, and only some of it poses a threat to human health

Each day, every person in the United States generates approximately how many pounds of municipal waste?

more than 4 pounds

The air pollutant that originates primarily from motor vehicle emission is_

particulates

example of liquid fuel

petroleum

The US surgeon general warns that radon is _ (health problems)

radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer, after smoking, each year

3 r's of recycling

reduce -reuse -recycle

how was asbestos used?

the mineral compound asbestos was once commonly used in insulating materials and also found its way into vinyl flooring, shingles/roofing materials, heating pipe coverings, and many other products in building constructed before 1970

what is the most predominant greenhouse gas? include percentage

the most predominant is carbon dioxide, which accounts for 49% of all greenhouse gases

function of ozone layer

the ozone layer protects our plant and its inhabitants from ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, a primary cause of skin cancer

growing population creates more pressure on the land to accommodate_

to accommodate increasing amounts of refuse, much of which is nonbiodegradable and some of which is directly harmful to living organisms

The burning of fossil fuels is the primary cause of acid deposition.

true