CH 21

Considering a diploid cell, how many copies of a gene would be present immediately following gene addition.

3

Gene replacement involves

* a cloned gene * chromosomal DNA * homologous recombination

Areas in which knockout mice have been useful

* obesity * cancer * diabetes * heart disease * inherited disorders

Molecular pharming can refer to

* production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock * the manufacture of medical products in agricultural plants

Common characteristics of stem cells

* they have the capacity to divide * they can differentiate into one or more specialized cell types

Introduction of genes into plant cells that have been made into protoplasts may require

-calcium phosphate -polyethylene glycol -DNA

steps for producing transgenic plants via T-DNA-mediated gene transfer

1. A gene of interest in inserted into a T-DNA vector and

A portion of the plasmid DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens called ____ _____ becomes integrated into the chromosomal DNA of plants

T DNA

An organism that contains cells from two different individuals is called a

chimera

The first hormone made by recombinant bacteria was _____

insulin

Factors or events that are involved in successfully producing a mouse with a gene replacement

*homologous recombination *embryonic stem cells *blastocysts *drugs

The benefits of inserting gene knockins into noncritical genome sites are

*insertion will not interfere with a critical mouse locus * a more consistent level of expression of the gene of interest compared to insertion at a random location

Possible fates for daughter cells produced by the division of a stem cell are

-differentiate into specialized cell type - to remain an undifferentiated stem cell

Steps used to express a human protein in the milk of livestock

1. the human gene is placed next to a milk-specific promoter 2. the DNA is injected into an oocyte and integrated into the genome 3. the fertilized oocyte is implanted into the uterus of a female animal 4. female offspring express the protein of interest in the mammary gland 5. the protein of interest is secreted in the milk 6. the milk is isolated from the animal, and the human protein is obtained

Which of the following cells is not pluripotent?

embryonic germ cells embryonic stem cells

Gene knockout allows researchers to study

how the loss of normal gene function affects an organism

Steps by which a cloned gene is transferred into human cells via liposomes

1. The DNA containing the gene of interest is complexed with liposomes 2. DNA liposome complexes are taken into cells via endocytosis 3. DNA is released into the cytosol 4. DNA is imported into the nucleus 5. DNA is integrated into a chromosome of the target cell by recombination

Steps by which a cloned gene is transferred into human cells using a retroviral technique

1. a gene of interest is placed into a viral vector 2. the virus is taken up by cells via endocytosis 3. the viral coat disassembles, releasing the viral genome into the cytosol 4. the genome is reverse-transcribed into DNA 5. the viral DNA is imported into the nucleus 6. the gene of interest is integrated into a chromosome of the target cell by recombination

Steps used to create Dolly, the sheep cloned from somatic cell DNA

1. mammary cells from an adult sheep were removed and grown in the lab; researches extracted the nucleus from an egg cell from a different sheep 2. electrical pulses were used to fuse the diploid mammary cell with the enucleated egg cell 3. the zygote began embryonic development 4. the resulting embryo was implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother sheep

steps for creating a mouse with gene replacement

1. the gene of interest is cloned and a neomycin resistance gene is inserted into the gene 2. the cloned DNA is introduced into embryonic stem cells 3. cells that have undergone homologous recombination are selected with drugs 4. cells are injected into embryonic blastocysts 5 blastocysts are implanted into the uterus of a female mouse 6. chimeric mice are obtained and can be crossed to produce mice with two copies of inactivated gene

select the products that are generated in transgenic plants

antibodies, medicine, vaccines, biodegradable plastics

The process of a toxic pollutant being degraded by enzymes produced by microorganisms into a less complex, non-toxic metabolite is called

biodegadation

In ____ _____ transfer, plant cells are bombarded with high velocity microprojectiles coated with DNA

biolistic gene

The term that means the use of living organisms or their products to decrease pollutants in the environment is

bioremediation

The use of living organisms or their by-products in the development of goods or processes that are beneficial to humans is called

biotechnology

A bioremediation process called __________ occurs when enzymes produced by microorganisms modify a toxic pollutant by altering or transforming its structure

biotransformation

A technique where genetic manipulations occur outside of the body, and then the products are reintroduce into the body is called an

ex vivo approach

Gene knockins are used to study the effects of

gene overexpression

The introduction of genetic material into plants and animals results in

genetically modified organisms

Germ-line cells found in the gonads during early development are called embryonic ____ cells and are said to be _____

germ pluripotent

The ____ is a brand of transgenic zebrafish that glows with bright green, red, or yellow fluorescent color

glofish

Select the sources of insulin used to treat insulin-dependent diabetes prior to the advent of genetically engineered human insulin

human cadavers cow pancreas pig pancreas

in creating a mouse with a gene knockout, the gene of interest is _____by inserting a neomycin resistance gene into the center of its coding sequence.

inactivated

In the production of transgenic plants, what selectable marker is most commonly used to indicate that a plant cell has taken up the T-DNA vector that includes the cloned gene?

kanamycin resistance

Select the types of diseases that are being investigated as potential targets for gene therapy

lung, metabolic, cancer, blood, muscular

This method to introduce genes into plant cells involves the use of very small needles

microinjection

What organisms are commonly used to benefit humans via the production of medicines, food fermentation, biological control, and bioremediation?

microorganisms

Mice have been developed with genetic modifications that make them develop symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. These mice are an example of a

mouse dodel

Using stem cells to repair joints damaged by injury or arthritis would be useful in what tissue type?

cartilage

Methods that produce two or more genetically individuals are referred to as reproductive

cloning

The first human disease successfully treated using gene therapy was _

severe combined immunodeficiency disease

Stem cells that can differentiate into several cell types but far fewer than an embryonic stem cells are said to be

multipotent

A stem cell that can differentiate into almost every cells type in the body, but has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual is called

pluripotent

Molecular pharming can refer to

production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock the manufacture of medical products in agricultural plants

When a cloned gene replaces the normal gene within the chromosome this is called gene

replacement

Traits that are modified in transgenic plants

resistance to insects resistance to disease resistance to herbicides

What component of bone marrow is useful to patients with certain types of cancers?

stem cells

Embryonic stem cells are found in

the blastocysts

Biological control is

the use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant disease

Gene _____ is the introduction of cloned genes into somatic cells to treat disease

therapy

Somatic plant cells are ______, which means they are capable of developing into an entire organism.

totipotent

The type of stem cell that can give rise to all cell types in the adult organism is called

totipotent

What is the term for an organism that has received genetic material from a different species?

transgenic organism

Lipid vesicles that introduce DNA into a cell for gene therapy are called liposomes.

true

stem cells that only differentiate into a single cell type is said to be

unipotent

Primordial germ cells in the testis that can only differentiate into a single cell type, the sperm, are an example of

unipotent stem cells