Ch 21 HW assignment

Collecting vessels are formed by the convergence of several lymphatic

Capillaries

What do lymphatic trunks converge to form?

Collecting ducts

Which proteins found in blood are involved in the nonspecific defense against pathogens?

Complement

On the image, which area of an antibody determines its class?

D

What is the exocytosis of lysosomal contents by neutrophils called?

Degranulation

The cell that is found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues that initiates immune responses by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines is the

Dendritic cell

Which cells are highly branched APCs found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic tissues?

Dendritic cells

Which cells function as antigen presenting cells?

Dendritic cells Macrophages

Natural active immunity

A person develops resistance to a virus picked up from a drinking fountain

Artificial active immunity

A person is given an attenuated smallpox virus and develops resistance.

What is artificial active immunity?

Acquiring one's own immunity against an attenuated pathogen (immunization)

Antibodies provide an important defense against bacteria when they bind two or more cells together. What is this immobilization called?

Agglutination

A ________center is an area within the lymph node and spleen where B cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation occurs.

germinal

NK cells induce apoptosis in virally infected cells by secreting which protein-degrading enzymes?

granzymes

Platelets and endothelial cells secrete platelet-derived ____ factor, which stimulates the synthesis of collagen and multiplication of fibroblasts.

growth

An incomplete antigen is also known as a ______.

hapten

Usually, a B cell requires costimulation from a ___ T cell to begin the process of clonal selection.

helper

Which is an anticoagulant secreted by basophils and mast cells?

heparin

Any cell belonging to the human body, as opposed to foreign cells introduced to it by such causes as infections and tissue transplants, is called a ______ cell.

host

B cells are the primary cell of ______ immunity and T cells are the primary cell of ______ immunity.

humoral, cell-mediated

The connective tissue of skin and mucous membranes produces ______ acid, a viscous gel that inhibits the migration of microbes.

hyaluronic

An excessive harmful reaction to antigens is called ______.

hypersensitivity

The ______, part of the brain, regulates and maintains body temperature. Its set point is elevated during a fever.

hypothalamus

B cells or T cells that are mature and are capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs are described as

immunocompetent

A T cell which has undergone positive and negative selection but has not become activated by an antigen is said to be

immunocompetent/ naive

Cytokines known as ____inhibit the viral infection of neighboring cells as well as activate NK cells and macrophages.

interferons

The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the

lacteal

The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the

lacteals

The organic acid that may be excreted in sweat and inhibits microbial growth is

lactic acid

Which byproduct of fermentation is excreted in the sweat where it inhibits microbial growth?

lactic acid

lymphatic vessels

large vessels with valves, which collect and carry lymph to lymph nodes

Where are complement proteins synthesized?

liver

route from tissue fluid back to bloodstream

lymphatic capillaries --> collecting vessels --> 6 lymphatic trunks --> 2 collecting ducts --> subclavian veins

Lymph leaving the lymph nodes contains a large number of ______

lymphocytes

Cells derived from monocytes that function as phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells are called

macrophages

During the inflammatory response, leukocytes traveling through the blood adhere to the blood vessel walls by which process?

margination

The characteristic of immunity termed ___ describes how, when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness.

memory

Which T cells are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and responsible for subsequent immune responses to the same antigen?

memory

The ____ killer cell is a lymphatic cell that functions to non-specifically target bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, and virally infected or cancerous host cells.

natural

A small organ found along the course of a lymphatic vessel that filters the lymph and functions as an activation site for B and T cells is called a lymph

node

The components of the lymphatic system are the lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, lymphatic nodes and lymphatic____

organs

When the body acquires antibodies from another person or an animal that has developed its own immunity to the pathogen, this type what type of immunity?

passive

Organisms that cause disease, such as bacteria or fungi, are considered

pathogens

A cytolytic protein secreted by NK cells is ______

perforin

Macrophages are ______ cells.

phagocytic

A ___ cell produces antibodies.

plasma

____ cells secrete antibodies.

plasma

The accumulation of dead cells, fluid, and tissue debris is called

pus

The T cell ______ response allows memory cells to mount a faster response upon exposure to the same pathogen later.

recall

cysterna chyli

receives lymph from intestinal trunk

Dendritic cells engulf foreign matter by ______.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

lymph

recovered watery fluid

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

red bone marrow

Adaptive resistance

results from prior exposure to a pathogen and usually provides future protection only against that particular one.

The branched _________ cells help form the connective tissue framework of the thymus.

reticular

The two collecting ducts are the ______ ducts.

right and thoracic

Which line of defense consists of several nonspecific defense mechanisms against pathogens that break through the skin or mucous membranes?

second

The spleen and lymph nodes are classified as ______ lymphatic organs.

secondary

The type of recombination whereby several hundred DNA segments are shuffled and combined in various ways to produce antibody genes unique to each clone of B cells is ______ recombination

somatic

The characteristic of immunity describing how it is directed against a particular pathogen is ______.

specificity

What is the body's largest lymphatic organ?

spleen

lymphatic organs

spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils

A surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed is called a(n

splenectomy

What are three functions of the lymphatic system?

Fluid recovery from tissues Immunity Absorption of lipids

Which describe lysozyme?

Found in saliva, tears, and other body fluids Capable of destroying bacteria An enzyme

Hyperemia is the basis for which cardinal inflammatory signs?

Heat Redness

____ T cells perform a central coordinating role in both humoral and cellular immunity

Helper

Some bacteria produce which enzyme that allows them to more readily spread throughout connective tissues?

Hyaluronidase

The respiratory burst by neutrophils leads to the production of which of the following?

Hydrogen peroxide Superoxide anion Hypochlorite

MHC class ______ proteins occur on all nucleated somatic cells and may trigger a cytotoxic T cell response if displaying a viral protein.

I

The function of complement is to induce pathogen destruction by several mechanisms. Identify four of these.

Immune clearance Phagocytosis of pathogens Cytolysis Inflammation

What are the lymphatic system's main functions?

Immunity, absorption of lipids, fluid recovery

____ refers to the inability to produce a normal immune response, resulting from a lack of immune cells or other immune mediators such as complement.

Immunodeficiency

Where are lymphatic vessels found?

In most body tissues, except the CNS, cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow

What are three antimicrobial proteins?

Interferon Defensin Complement

Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy target cells by secreting which of the following?

Interferons Tumor necrosis factor Granzymes Perforins

Which class of cytokines promotes the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells?

Interleukins

A T cell will only become activated if what occurs? Select all that apply.

It is costimulated by other surface molecules. It binds to a foreign antigen presented on an MHC protein.

What is required for activation of a B cell?

It must bind an antigen on several surface receptors. Usually, it must bind a helper T cell.

Which are characteristics of a secondary immune response?

It occurs after the second and subsequent exposures to an antigen. IgG antibodies are formed first. Antibodies first appear within hours, peaking at day 3.

What is the tough protein of skin that few pathogens can penetrate?

Keratin

Alveolar macrophages are found in the ______.

LUNGS

What are three inflammatory mediators released by basophils and mast cells?

Leukotriene Histamine Heparin

After being injected with a vaccine, a patient develops a hypersensitivity reaction characterized by swelling and inflammation. This is an example of what?

Local anaphylaxis

The cisterna chyli, which denotes the beginning of the thoracic duct, is formed by the convergence of which lymphatic trunks?

Lumbar Intestinal

Distinct connective tissue capsules surround which of the following?

Lymphatic organs

Which leukocytes are responsible for adaptive immunity?

Lymphocytes

is an enzyme found in tears, saliva, and mucus that destroys bacteria by digesting their cell walls.

Lysozyme

The proteins on the surface of APCs that function to present antigens to other cells are called the ______.

MHC proteins

Which describe MHC proteins?

MHC proteins present exogenous antigens. MHC proteins function as self identity markers. MHC proteins present endogenous antigens.

Once a B cell binds an antigen, it phagocytizes it and displays antigen fragments on what molecules?

MHC-II proteins

When reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness. Which characteristic of immunity is is this?

Memory

Which is a fixed macrophage in the central nervous system?

Microglia

Which leukocyte transforms into a macrophage when it moves from the blood into the tissues?

Monocyte

What does MALT stand for?

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Which describes a neutrophil?

Multi-lobed nucleus with cytoplasmic granules

During which of the following are self reacting T cells eliminated?

Negative T cell selection

Which leukocyte destroys bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and the secretion of bactericidal chemicals?

Neutrophil

Where are type I MHC proteins found?

On all nucleated body cells

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Pain Swelling Redness Heat

Which is secreted by platelets and endothelial cells and stimulates the synthesis of collagen and multiplication of fibroblasts?

Platelet derived growth factor

List the mechanisms used by eosinophils to kill parasites.

Produce superoxide anion Produce hydrogen peroxide

Where does hemopoiesis occur?

Red bone marrow

Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B cell maturation?

Red bone marrow

Old and defective erythrocytes are removed from circulation in what part of the spleen?

Red pulp

Which T cell inhibits multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells and thus limits immune responses?

Regulatory T cell

Adaptive immunity is part of the body's ______ line of defense.

third

Which line of defense not only defeats a pathogen but also leaves the body with a "memory" of it?

third

The duct that drains lymph from the body below the diaphragm, the left upper limb and the left side of the head neck and thorax is the ______.

thoracic duct

The organ where T-cells mature is the ______.

thymus

Where do T cells mature?

thymus

The great diversity in the specificity of antibody molecules is produced through which processes?

Somatic recombination Somatic hypermutation

What is the third line of defense against pathogens?

Specific defenses

Anaphylactic shock is characterized by which of the following?

Systemic vasodilation Dyspnea Circulatory shock Bronchoconstriction

_____ lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow, then finish maturation in the thymus.

T

Which class of lymphocyte matures in the thymus?

T cells

Cellular immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells, while humoral immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells.

T, B

A

The pharyngeal tonsil is represented by the letter ______ in the figure.

Which features of skin offer immunoprotection?

The presence of a continuous barrier to the external environment The presence of lactic acid The presence of defensins

Why do memory T cells allow for a faster immune response when the body is exposed to the same antigen again?

There are fewer steps to activation. There are more of them.

Which describes a clonal population of T cells?

They are self-tolerant. They react to the same antigen. They are identical.

Which describe allergens.

They can occur in mold, dust, and pollen. They are environmental antigens. They induce allergies.

The overlapping edges of the endothelial cells of a lymphatic capillary act as _____

valves

Which duct drains the most lymph?

Thoracic duct

Which are primary lymphatic organs?

Thymus Red bone marrow

What are the immunological benefits of inflammation?

To initiate tissue repair To remove the debris of damaged tissue To limit the spread of pathogens

True or False: A person can live without a spleen.

True, but they are more susceptible to infections

What are possible routes by which HIV can be contracted?

Vaginal secretions Semen Breast milk Blood

Which factors cause or contribute to the flow of lymph?

Valves The skeletal muscle pump The respiratory pump

What does hyperemia result from?

Vasodilation

When does interstitial fluid become lymphatic fluid?

When it enters the lymphatic capillaries

lymphatic tissue

a specialized type of reticular connective tissue containing large numbers of lymphocytes

When pus accumulates in a tissue cavity that may sometimes form a blister between the dermis and epidermis, it is called a(n)

abscess

Type I hypersensitivity is classified as _____, while Type II is classified as _____.

acute, antibody dependent cytotoxicity

The type of defense that provides future protection against a pathogen is called ______ immunity.

adaptive

Place the structures that lymph flows through a lymph node in order.

afferent lymph vessel-->subscapular sinus of cortex-->sinus of cortex and medulla-->efferent lymphatic vessel

Lymph enters a lymph node via ______ vessels and exits a lymph node via ______ vessels.

afferent, efferent

Molecules that function to render antigens harmless by neutralization, complement fixation, agglutination and precipitation are called ______.

antibodies

Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n)

antigen

A cell that phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface for recognition by other cells of the immune system is a(n) ______ cell.

antigen presenting

Natural killer cells attack ______.

transplanted tissues virus infected host cells cancerous cells bacteria

Endogenous pyrogens

are produced by our own bodies to elevate body temperature.

____ diseases result from failures of self-tolerance.

autoimmune

Bacteria and viruses are examples of pathogens.

true

Fever inhibits the production of ______.

bacteria

Place the flow of fluid in order, beginning with blood in the blood capillaries.

capillaries-->interstitial spaces-->lymphatic capillaries-->lymphatic vessels-->lymphatic ducts-->subclavian veins

Lymphatic vessels are absent from ______

cartilage and bone

Which complement pathway is antibody-mediated?

classical

The process called ____ selection results in the formation of a clone of identical T cells programmed against the same epitope.

clonal

The alternative, classical, and lectin pathways are the three pathways to activate ______.

complement

Lymphatic nodules are located in the ______ of the lymph node.

cortex

Leukocytes crawl through gaps between endothelial cells into the tissue fluid by means of a process called

diapedesis

The largest type of lymphatic vessel, which deposits lymph into the subclavian veins, is called a collecting

duct

An abnormal accumulation of non-inflammatory tissue fluid resulting in swelling is known as

edema

Lymphatic vessels that carry lymph away from a lymph node are called _____ lymphatic vessels.

efferent

Self proteins, such as interferon and interleukins, that induce fever are called ______ pyrogens.

endogenous

An elevated eosinophil count is called ____

eosinophilia

A patient in anaphylactic shock will likely be administered ______ to induce bronchodilation, increase cardiac output and restore blood pressure.

epinephrine

The region of the antigen which stimulates an immune response is the

epitope

What is the region of an antigen that stimulates an immune response?

epitope

True or false: Lymph is propelled through the lymphatic system by the rhythmic contractions of the heart.

false

True or false: A pathogen or a tissue transplant is an example of a host cell.

false: A host cell is any cell belonging to the human body, as opposed to foreign cells introduced to it by such causes as infections and tissue transplants.

Skin belongs to the body's ______ line of defense.

first

Lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to which of the following?

veins

The ____ pulp is the portion of the spleen surrounding the splenic artery, which consists of lymphocytes and macrophages monitoring for blood-borne pathogens.

white

A typical adult has about how many lymph nodes?

450

Which areas of an antibody determine specificity?

A

To function properly, T cells must have which two traits?

A lack of reactivity to self peptide fragments The ability to recognize self MHC proteins

When the body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen, it is exhibiting what type of immunity?

Active

Which lymphatic vessels carry lymph into a lymph node?

Afferent

What are mucosal associated lymphatic tissues?

Aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes

What is lymphedema?

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues

Artificial passive immunity

An antibody is injected into a person who has been bitten by a snake. The antibody infers resistance.

A patient who is immunodeficient would have which of the following?

An underactive immune system

Which describes lymphatic capillaries?

Closed-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells

germinal center

C

What are possible causes for a lack of self tolerance?

Cross reactivity between similar antigens Abnormal exposure to self antigens Alteration of self antigens

What class of chemical agents do interleukins and interferons belong to?

Cytokines

Which T cells carry out attacks on foreign cells?

Cytotoxic

Which cells induce cytolysis by secreting perforin?

Cytotoxic T cells NK cells

What are the beneficial effects of fever?

Elevated metabolic rate Elevated interferon activity Inhibition of bacterial and viral replication

Name the leukocyte that would help a patient combat a parasitic tapeworm infection.

Eosinophil

What type of cell phagocytizes antigen antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals and secretes histaminase and other molecules that combat parasitic infections?

Eosinophil

Any surface glycolipid on a bacterium or virus that stimulates fever is what type of pyrogen?

Exogenous

What does the first line of defense against pathogens consist of?

External barriers

True or false: Complement functions to induce pathogen destruction by inducing apoptosis.

FALSE: Apoptosis is the programmed cell death of our own cells. Complement functions to induce destruction of pathogens.

True or false: All fevers are detrimental and should be treated immediately with an antipyretic.

False

True or false: Lymphatic capillaries are open-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells.

False: Lymphatic capillaries are closed-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells.

True or false: Both lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs have distinct connective tissue capsules surrounding them.

False; Unlike lymphatic tissues, lymphatic organs have a distinct connective tissue capsule that separates the tissue from neighboring tissues.

What are functions of lymph nodes?

Filtration of lymph Site of B and T cell activation

Which is too small to be antigenic by itself, but can induce an immune response when bound to a larger molecule?

Hapten

Which area of the spleen is penetrated by the splenic artery and vein?

Hilum

Which type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete?

Humoral

Where is lymph found?

In lymphatic vessels

Which type of defense guards against a broad range of pathogens?

Innate

Which substance induces the production of antiviral proteins?

Interferon

The thymus is considered part of which body systems?

Lymphatic system Endocrine system Immune system

What do lymphatic collecting vessels converge to form?

Lymphatic trunks

Which is a component of the lymphatic system that transports lymph?

Lymphatic vessel

What are monocytes that migrate to the tissue and function as phagocytes called?

Macrophages

Which cells produce the stroma of lymphatic organs?

Reticular cells

Which collecting duct receives the least amount of lymph?

Right lymphatic duct

The specific disorder that results in a lack of both cellular and humoral immunity is ______.

SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)

What is the function of a lacteal?

To absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food

A ____ center is an area within the lymph node and spleen where B cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation occurs.

germinal

A____ migrates into the tissues where it transforms into a macrophage.

monocyte

Sinuses filled with concentrated erythrocytes make up the ______ pulp of the spleen.

red

Natural passive immunity

A baby acquires resistance to a virus through antibodies obtained through breast milk.

Which cells carry MHC class II proteins?

APCs

What is an accumulation of pus in a tissue cavity called?

Abscess

What are two cell types that secrete histamine, heparin, leukotrienes and kinins, thus inducing the inflammatory response?

Basophils Mast cells

Interferons, complement, defensins and granzymes are examples of which of the following?

Antimicrobial proteins

What does the body's second line of defense against pathogens consist of?

Antimicrobial proteins, leukocytes, and macrophages

Aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen reduce the synthesis of prostaglandins and are generally called what?

Antipyretics

Which are characteristics of a primary immune response?

Antibodies first appear 3-6 days after exposure, peaking at day 10. It occurs with the first exposure to an antigen. IgM antibodies are formed first.

What is the level of antibody present in the blood plasma called?

Antibody titer

Which are types of lymphocyte?

B cell T cell NK cell

Which tissues lack lymphatic vessels?

Cartilage Cornea Bone marrow