CH 21 lymph and immune system
A patient with lymphangitis presents with visible red lines on the skin that are tender to the touch. The best explanation for this sign is that
) the vasa vasorum on the surface of infected lymph vessels has become inflamed and congested with blood.
The immune system cell type that is preferentially destroyed by the Epstein-Barr virus in mononucleosis is the
B lymphocyte.
A person with many enlarged lymph nodes that do not feel tender or sore is most likely to have
Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Which of the following statements about the right lymph duct is false?
It empties into the thoracic duct.
) Lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
MALT
One location where lymphoid tissue is found is "in the frequently infected mucous membranes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts." Specifically, this refers to
MALT.
By secreting hormones, the thymus causes which cells to become immunocompetent?
T lymphocytes
Which of these statements regarding lymph capillaries is false?
They have precapillary sphincters that regulate drainage of lymph from tissues.
Which of the following might explain why most people are sick more often as children than as adults in their 20s through 50s?
We build up many varieties of memory lymphocytes during childhood, providing immunity to more and more antigens during adulthood.
Is it possible for lymphocytes to gain immunocompetence in the thymus of an 82-year-old person?
Yes, but fewer than in youth.
A lymphoid nodule is
a cluster of densely packed lymphocytes.
Lymph vessels drain lymph from all the lymphoid organs (simply because lymph vessels drain almost all organs of the body). However, lymph vessels enter (empty into) only one type of lymphoid organ. The only organ with such afferent lymph vessels is
a lymph node.
The distal region of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called
aggregated lymphoid follicles.
A bubo is
an infected lymph node containing a large number of pathogens that are trapped in the node but not destroyed.
B lymphocytes are to ________ as T lymphocytes are to ________.
antibodies; programmed cell death
The lymph trunk that drains the thoracic organs is called the
bronchomediastinal trunk.
Lymphatic vessels perform all of the following functions except
carrying blood.
The thymus is most active during
childhood.
) The sinuses within lymph nodes
contain macrophages living along a reticular fiber network.
Blind-end invaginations of tonsil epithelium that trap bacteria and particulate matter.
crypts
Which cell has the responsibility of presenting foreign antigens to lymphocytes?
dendritic cell
The largest kind of lymphatic vessel is a lymphatic
duct.
Lymph leaves a lymph node via
efferent lymphatic vessels.
In a histological cross section through an artery, a vein, and a lymphatic vessel, one can recognize the lymphatic vessel because it
has the thinnest walls.
Which cell secretes cytokines that will stimulate the proliferation of other types of immune cells?
helper CD4+ T lymphocyte
The immune system cell type that is preferentially destroyed by the AIDS virus is the
helper T lymphocyte.
Clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following sites except
in bones and bone marrow.
In lymph nodes, follicles are always located
in the cortex.
Lymphatic ducts deliver lymph to the cardiovascular system proximal to the
internal jugular and subclavian veins.
The lymph trunk that contains chyle and is unpaired is the
intestinal.
Set of lymphatic capillaries that collect fat-laden fluids from the intestinal tract.
lacteals
The tonsil located on the posterior surface of the tongue is the ________ tonsil.
lingual
Which of the following is not classified as a lymphoid organ?
liver
Lymphocytes attack antigens mostly in lymphoid organs (except the thymus) and in
loose connective tissue.
The paired lymph trunks that carry lymph from the lower limbs are the
lumbar trunks
Structures comprised of endothelial cells separated by flaplike minivalves that are opened as fluid accumulates in peripheral tissue describes
lymph capillaries
Small, bean-shaped organs abundant in the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions.
lymph nodes
Which of the following is not a part of MALT?
lymphocytes in the spleen
Masses of lymphoid tissue within a lymph node.
lymphoid follicles
The lymphatic capillaries are
more permeable than blood capillaries.
Given that a germinal center arises from a single activated lymphocyte, how many different kinds of antibodies are secreted by a single germinal center (and by the plasma cells it produces)?
one
Because the appendix is a narrow tube, it traps microorganisms from the digestive tract, and these microorganisms enter its wall and activate memory lymphocytes for long-term immunity. Another immune organ that traps microorganisms is the
palatine tonsil.
Which of the following cells are the largest producers of antibodies?
plasma cells
The bulges that give lymph vessels a string-of-beads appearance are really
pockets for valves.
Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph?
red blood cells
Large lymphatic vessel that if present, is comprised of the right subclavian trunk, right jugular trunk and right bronchomediastinal trunk.
right lymphatic duct
Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb?
right subclavian duct
Lymphatic capillaries are present in
skin.
Recycles red blood cells and initiates immune responses.
spleen
The ________ stores blood platelets.
spleen
The largest lymphoid organ.
spleen
Which of the following lymphoid structures have a hilum?
spleen and lymph nodes
Macrophages that destroy aged and defective blood cells from circulation are present in the ________ of the spleen.
splenic cords
Edema is
the accumulation of excess tissue fluid in loose connective tissue.
) In humans, B lymphocytes originate in
the bone marrow.
) In humans, T lymphocytes originate in
the red bone marrow.
Which of the following lymphoid organs does not directly fight antigens?
the thymus
Lymph capillaries differ from blood capillaries in all of the following ways except that
their walls consist of endothelial cells.
Lymphoid tissue contains all of the following elements except
thick collagen fibers.
Begins at the cisterna chyli
thoracic duct
Duct of the lymphatic system that drains the body's entire lower half.
thoracic duct
Blockage of the ________ duct would prevent drainage only from the ________ and lumbar trunks.
thoracic; intestinal
T cells gain immunocompetence in this lymphoid organ.
thymus
The lymph organ that lies in the superior part of the thoracic mediastinum is the
thymus
The lymphoid organ that atrophies with age.
thymus
This organ has a superficial cortex filled with lymphocytes and an inner medulla with few lymphocytes and a sizable number of degenerating epithelial reticular cells.
thymus
Two-lobed lymphoid organ located posterior to the sternum.
thymus
All of the following mechanisms help move lymph through the lymphatic vessels except
tiny lymph hearts.
Lymphoid organs located in the mucosal lining of the pharynx.
tonsils
) Crypts of the tonsils
trap bacteria and particulate matter.
In the spleen, lymphoid tissue is confined to the
white pulp.