Ch. 22 Review
why there is a gender gap in pay for work. At least eight different concepts were discussed in lecture. explain why it affects the gender gap.
-women are overrepresented in jobs that don't get paid much like clerical jobs, men are in higher position jobs that get paid more - women are more likely to take time off, raise infants, not going to advance as far, not going to get the raises -women are more likely to do things for the family, like taking the kid to the doctor - expectation for the women to go off and take care of her kids so men are hired more due to this bias (stereotyping and prejudice) - men are more assertive, ask for the raise so women are less likely to do that - biases perceptions of behavior hes going to be a good job, she is bossy and annoying -women's voices are discounted, a man says something then he gets the credit even thought the woman is the one who came up with it. - men are given certain position that will lead to management while women are given positions that arn't typically the route to get into higher postions
Discuss the factors (5) that influence whether an individual remarries. At least five issues were discussed in class or in the text. explain how and why it affects the likelihood that an individual remarries.
1) men more likely to remarry, women tend to be looking a their age and older, there are more younger girls. men die off faster, 2)younger you are the more likely you are to remarry, 3) each kid decreases the likelihood that the women will re-marry, doesn't affect men, 4) African Americans have a lower marriage rate and lower remarriage rate and especially for the highly educated women. women with degrees are less likely to get remarried 5) women who get divorced 25 or younger remarry but women who are 40 year old and older about 33% chance, age is a big factor - Mental issues = never getting married - men having a ba or degree is a predictor of remarrying but for women its a "risk factor" - ses effect for men, wealthier men are more likely, poorer men are less
Describe: - historical trends -gender & ethnic patterns regarding who remains single during adulthood -explain advantages & disadvantages of being single -note gender differences regarding these advantages and disadvantages
Being single: state of not living with an intimate partner, most young adults remain single In young adulthood more likely to see men then women staying single: tend to be women bc they tend to marry older and someone who is already financially stable, men die quicker, women who are highly educated look for people at their status & higher. African Americans tend to stay single more than whites, if higher education the women's dating pool is smaller. Men who are single throughout their lifespan tend to have problems: psychological, emotional? Advantages: freedom, focus on goals, job opportunities, no compromises, save money Disadvantages: married people tend to be healthier, wealthier, happier men less likely go to the doctor, psychological & physical women tend to make less women tend to have a bigger social network, guys maybe have 1 or 2. men having a partner helps them. Women want to have kids, way larger % of kids are born out of wedlock about 40, biological clock
Telecommuting
Benefits•Financial•Employee incentives•Lower employee turnover•No wasted commute time •Negative Aspects•Less contact with coworkers•Some people work better with supervision or with a support network
Discuss (a) the factors that affect the likelihood that an individual will get remarried including age, gender, ethnicity, and presence of children b) ways in which first marriages differ from subsequent marriages stability, gender roles, and marital satisfaction
Differences between first and later marriages:•Attitudes about marriage•More egalitarian in attitude and behavior•More extreme evaluations•Higher divorce rate Men are much more likely to remarry than women. This gender gap has important micro- and macro- level social implications. At the individual level, gender differences in remarriage mean that men are more likely to regain the benefits associated with marriage, including economic benefits, at higher rates than women. Men have always been more likely to remarry than women, although this gap has closed somewhat. Today, 64% of men and 52% of women have remarried. However, when you split up the numbers by age, there's one group that is significantly less likely to get remarried: women over the age of 55. Regression analyses demonstrated marriage type to be a moderator of satisfaction in second marriages; as education increased, satisfaction also increased. Length of marriage was found to significantly influence satisfaction in first marriages, but not second marriages. While second marriages have been shown to have a higher divorce rate, many remarried women and relationship experts find that things can be much better the second time around.
Discuss factors that affect the likelihood that a marriage will end in divorce, age of participants, first or subsequent marriage, culture, years of marriage, empty nest, ethnicity
Empty Nest Impact on couple: for most couples it tends to be a good thing, Mothers feel like they have more free time for hobbies, career, self Boomerang Children: young adults who return to live in the homes of their parents, more likely to be males than females, more likely if the child is single, more likely if parents are married. Both sets have to adjust to the change
Distinguish between the intrinsic and extrinsic benefits of employment and explain the following trends in the workplace -increasing diversity -less stability in employment (less likely to stay at the same job) -more flexibility in the work schedules
Extrinsic benefits•Financial•Health insurance•Pension/retirement funds• Intrinsic benefits •Pride•Self-esteem
Explain Erikson's generativity versus stagnation stage and how adults can develop generativity
Generativity vs. Stagnation Generativity versus stagnation is the seventh of eight stages of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage takes place during during middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65 yrs). Psychologically, generativity refers to "making your mark" on the world through creating or nurturing things that will outlast an individual. During middle age individuals experience a need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often having mentees or creating positive changes that will benefit other people We give back to society through raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations. Through generativity we develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world. By failing to find a way to contribute, we become stagnant and feel unproductive. These individuals may feel disconnected or uninvolved with their community and with society as a whole. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of care.
Discuss the causes of gender segregation in the workplace & why women tend to be paid less than men for the same work
Job segregation: Masculine jobs tend to pay more than feminine jobs Women tend to be paid about 81% of what men are paid for equivalent jobs Why the Gender Gap in Pay?•Women are overrepresented in clerical and service occupations•Women may be more likely to take time out of the workforce•Women may sacrifice more for the family Stereotyping and prejudice•Hiring•Assertiveness•Biased perceptions of behavior Less likely to stay at one job for one's career•Less likely to work a standard Monday to Friday 9 to 5 job•Flextime -flexible work schedule so that one can balance work and family commitments
Describe what occurs in each stage of the family life cycle model -families with children -families with adolescents -families in midlife -families in later life -how each stage affects marital satisfaction -explain gender differences regarding the impact of the empty nest on mothers and fathers
New Couple: fun activities, enjoy time alone together Family with Children: more likely to have vacations for the children, amusement park, less free time to see friends Families with adolescents: 12 year old kids, want more independence, more debating, don't take things at face value, dating, drinking, 40s & 50s have to decide if they are happy with where they are in life, possible health concerns. Families in midlife: Teens start moving out & empty nest, getting closer towards retirement, time alone between spouse 50s & 60s taking care of parents, dealing with possible losses Families later in life: Concerned about health, friends are all old & dying, kids will be making most of the decisions.
Discuss the impact of divorce on the participants (financial, emotional, social intimacy) how gender may affect the impact of the divorce, and how the presence of children affects the impact of divorce.
Numerous studies have shown that the economic costs of divorce fall more heavily on women. After separation, women experience a sharper decline in household income and a greater poverty risk There's actually nothing that statistically supports the idea that children increase your risk of divorce. Instead, the results are a lot more interesting than that. In the United States, only 40 percent of divorced couples have children, compared to the 66 percent of divorced couples who do not. absence of children leads to loneliness, and at least 66 percent of divorced couples in the United States are childless. If you have two sons, you have a 36.9 percent chance of getting a divorce Possessions, money, financial assets, and debt acquired during (and sometimes before) marriage are divided between former spouses. In fact, divorcing individuals need a more than 30% increase in income, on average, to maintain the same standard of living they had prior to their divorce. Divorce can be considered a social wound, because it causes a huge emotional shock on adults and also to the children. In most of related cases divorce is caused by social problems like: unhappy marriages, sexual violence, psychological violence, crime etc. The five stages of divorce follow the common five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. When a couple is going through a divorce, both people involved experience these stages at different times, in different ways. Emotional stress•Financial•Forced interaction with ex-husband/wife•Decreases the likelihood of remarriage
Describe the Big 5 personality traits & how these are affected by genes and culture
Openness to Experience Conscientiousness : someone you can count on, meeting deadlines for work & school, arriving to dinner on time with friends Extraversion : how outgoing a person is, meeting new people & lots of people. Agreeableness : how nice, supportive, warm, caring a person is. Neuroticism : negative self focused emotions -more stable in adulthood, over time people become more conscientiousness and less neurotic. Have a strong genetic factor.
Discuss how parenting affects the -parents' marital relationships -the unique issues that foster parents have -step parents -adoptive parents
Sociologists theorize that, in heterosexual relationships, mothers are more unhappy with their marriages after they have children because they tend to take on more "second shift" work — child care and housework — and begin to feel that their relationships are no longer fair. Neglect, exposure to domestic violence, parental substance abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse are just a few of the reasons children are placed in foster care. As a result, they may experience mental health problems, developmental delays, behavioral disorders, and learning disabilities. The relationship between stepparent and stepchild will take years to develop and forcing it may actually delay things, or prevent it from ever happening, as negative feelings and resentments build. CHILDREN of divorced couples who live with a step-parent are at increased risk of mental health problems, a study has found. They reported more symptoms of mental health problems, such as depression and dishonesty, and more bullying at school. Parents may have difficulty attaching to the new child and may question their parenting capabilities. They also may be hesitant to admit that there are any problems after the long-awaited adoption. In some cases, the depression resolves on its own as the parent adjusts to the new life.Adopted child syndrome is a controversial term that has been used to explain behaviors in adopted children that are claimed to be related to their adoptive status. Specifically, these include problems in bonding, attachment disorders, lying, stealing, defiance of authority, and acts of violence.
Describe the following relationship concepts social convoy fictive kin sandwhich generation & explain which family members are more likely to take on the kinkeeping role
The social convoy can be described as the group of people who accompanies us on the journey of life. This social grouping is a critical element of good adjustment and well-being at every stage of development. We are social creatures and thrive on these interactions and relationships as we grow and develop. Fictive kinship is the process of giving someone a kinship title and treating them in many ways as if they had the actual kinship relationship implied by the title. People with this relationship are known as fictive kin. Fictive kinship is also known as relatedness. Fictive kinship is a term used by anthropologists and ethnographers to describe forms of kinship or social ties that are based on neither consanguineal (blood ties) nor affinal ("by marriage") ties. The sandwich generation is a unique concept that refers to the middle adult who is responsible for raising kids of their own, maintaining their life and working, and also caring for their parents. There are many different levels of the sandwich generation. The kids can be in middle-late childhood, adolescence, or even adulthood. The middle adult can be in their thirties, or even in their sixties with grandchildren. The elder parents can be younger, older, infirm, or healthy. The different varieties determine the lifestyle of the middle adult that is truly the sandwich generation. In regards to gender, the concept of the sandwich generation is different than it is for males. As a female middle adult, you are more likely the one to be responsible for taking care of the parents (statistically speaking). If there are no daughters in the family, then the duties fall to the elder son. Females are typically the care-takers and in regards to the sandwich generation are ultimately responsible for maintaining the home life with the kids and taking care of the elder parents. Kinkeeper-caregiver who takes responsibility form maintaining communication among family members Couples in middle adulthood who must fulfill needs of both older and younger generations Kinkeepers are most often female and most often function in the role between the ages of 40-59 years, at a time of life when careers are more stable and/or children are likely to be less dependent. Often the role is handed down or taken over from an older female in the family.
Describe the benefits of being married and any gender differences a) when people get married b) benefits of marriage
a) b) married people tend to be more happy, support, better health wise, tend to live longer, and tend to be wealthier as well. Friends men go from 2 to 3 (more beneficial for men) + if they have a bruise on their arm, their wife will urge them to get it checked out (more beneficial for men) women go from 8 to 9 Parenthood: Marital satisfaction heavily depends on whether the husband helps their wife. Remaining childless by choice: put off having kids, until further along in career, some people don't like kids & don't think would be a good parent