CH 23
The client asks the nurse to explain the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis. Which is the best explanation the nurse can give to the client? "Both terms refer to the same disorder and can be used interchangeably." "Arteriosclerosis is a loss of elasticity of the arteries that accompanies the aging process, whereas atherosclerosis is a condition in which the arteries fill with plaque." "Arteriosclerosis is when the vessels become dilated and weakened, whereas atherosclerosis is the deposit of fatty substances in the vessel lining." "Both are disorders in which the lining of the vessels become narrowed due to plaque."
Correct response: "Arteriosclerosis is a loss of elasticity of the arteries that accompanies the aging process, whereas atherosclerosis is a condition in which the arteries fill with plaque." Explanation: Arteriosclerosis refers to the loss of elasticity or hardening of the arteries that accompanies the aging process, whereas atherosclerosis is a condition in which the lumen of arteries fills with fatty deposits called plaque. The two terms do not refer to the same disorder, nor can they be used interchangeably. The other responses provide the client with inaccurate information.
A client with known coronary artery disease reports intermittent chest pain, usually on exertion. When teaching the client about nitroglycerin administration, which instruction should the nurse provide? "A burning sensation after administration indicates that the nitroglycerin tablets are potent." "Replace leftover sublingual nitroglycerin tablets every 9 months to make sure your pills are fresh." "You may take a sublingual nitroglycerin tablet every 30 minutes, if needed. You may take as many as four doses." "Be sure to take safety precautions because nitroglycerin may cause dizziness when you stand up."
Correct response: "Be sure to take safety precautions because nitroglycerin may cause dizziness when you stand up." Explanation: Nitroglycerin commonly causes orthostatic hypotension and dizziness. To minimize these problems, the nurse should teach the client to take safety precautions, such as changing to an upright position slowly, climbing up and down stairs carefully, and lying down at the first sign of dizziness. To ensure the freshness of sublingual nitroglycerin, the client should replace tablets every 6 months, not every 9 months, and store them in a tightly closed container in a cool, dark place. Many brands of sublingual nitroglycerin no longer produce a burning sensation. The client should take a sublingual nitroglycerin tablet at the first sign of angina. He may repeat the dose every 5 minutes for up to three doses; if this intervention doesn't bring relief, the client should seek immediate medical attention.
A client with angina pectoris must learn how to reduce risk factors that exacerbate this condition. When developing the client's care plan, which expected outcome should a nurse include? "Client will verbalize an understanding of the need to call the physician if acute pain lasts more than 2 hours." "Client will verbalize an understanding of the need to restrict dietary fat, fiber, and cholesterol." "Client will verbalize the intention to avoid exercise." "Client will verbalize the intention to stop smoking."
Correct response: "Client will verbalize the intention to stop smoking." Explanation: A client with angina pectoris should stop smoking at once because smoking increases the blood carboxyhemoglobin level; this increase, in turn, reduces the heart's oxygen supply and may induce angina. The client must seek immediate medical attention if chest pain doesn't subside after three nitroglycerin doses taken 5 minutes apart; serious myocardial damage or even sudden death may occur if chest pain persists for 2 hours. To improve coronary circulation and promote weight management, the client should get regular daily exercise. The client should eat plenty of fiber, which may decrease serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and minimize hypertension, in turn reducing the risk for atherosclerosis (which plays a role in angina).
A client, who has undergone a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), has received discharge instructions. Which statement by the client would indicate the need for further teaching by the nurse? "I should avoid prolonged sitting." "I should expect bruising at the catheter site for up to 3 weeks." "I should expect a low-grade fever and swelling at the site for the next week." "I should avoid taking a tub bath until my catheter site heals."
Correct response: "I should expect a low-grade fever and swelling at the site for the next week." Explanation: Fever and swelling at the site are signs of infection and should be reported to the physician. Showers should be taken until the insertion site is healed. Prolonged sitting can result in thrombosis formation. Bruising at the insertion site is common and may take from 1 to 3 weeks to resolve.
A client with an acute myocardial infarction is receiving nitroglycerin by continuous I.V. infusion. Which client statement indicates that this drug is producing its therapeutic effect? "My chest pain is decreasing." "I feel a tingling sensation around my mouth." "My vision is blurred, so my blood pressure must be up." "I have a bad headache."
Correct response: "My chest pain is decreasing." Explanation: Nitroglycerin, a vasodilator, increases the arterial supply of oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium. This action produces the drug's intended effect: relief of chest pain. Headache is an adverse effect of nitroglycerin. The drug shouldn't cause a tingling sensation around the mouth and should lower, not raise, blood pressure.
A client is ordered a nitroglycerine transdermal patch for treatment of CAD and asks the nurse why the patch is removed at bedtime. Which is the best response by the nurse? "Removing the patch at night prevents drug tolerance while keeping the benefits." "Nitroglycerine causes headaches, but removing the patch decreases the incidence." "You do not need the effects of nitroglycerine while you sleep." "Contact dermatitis and skin irritations are common when the patch remains on all day."
Correct response: "Removing the patch at night prevents drug tolerance while keeping the benefits." Explanation: Tolerance to antianginal effects of nitrates can occur when taking these drugs for long periods of time. Therefore, to prevent tolerance and maintain benefits, it is a common regime to remove transdermal patches at night. Common adverse effects of nitroglycerin are headaches and contact dermatitis but not the reason for removing the patch at night. It is true that while the client rests, there is less demand on the heart but not the primary reason for removing the patch.
When providing discharge instructions for a client who has been prescribed sublingual nitroglycerin for angina, the nurse should plan to include which instructions? "Only take one nitroglycerin tablet for each episode of angina." "Call 911 if you develop a headache following nitroglycerin use." "See if rest relieves the chest pain before using the nitroglycerin." "Place the nitroglycerin tablet between cheek and gum."
Correct response: "See if rest relieves the chest pain before using the nitroglycerin." Explanation: Decreased activity may relieve chest pain; sitting will prevent injury should the nitroglycerin lower BP and cause fainting. The client should expect to feel dizzy or flushed or to develop a headache following sublingual nitroglycerin use. The client should place one nitroglycerin tablet under the tongue if 2-3 minutes of rest fails to relieve pain. Clients may take up to three nitroglycerin tablets within 5 minutes of each other to relieve angina. However, they should call 911 if the three tablets fail to resolve the chest pain.
A client is scheduled for a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) immediately following confirmed diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. The client is overtly anxious and crying. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? "Would you like something to calm your nerves?" "Don't cry; you have the best team of doctors." "Tell me what concerns you most." "Everything will be fine. Your family is here for you."
Correct response: "Tell me what concerns you most." Explanation: Allowing the client to share feelings tends to relieve or reduce emotional distress. Telling a client that everything is fine negates the feelings they are expressing. Telling a client not to cry can be viewed as insensitive to the feelings being expressed. Providing a prescribed sedative may be helpful but does not address the fears and concerns of the client.
When assessing a client who reports recent chest pain, the nurse obtains a thorough history. Which client statement most strongly suggests angina pectoris? "The pain lasted about 45 minutes." "The pain occurred while I was mowing the lawn." "The pain resolved after I ate a sandwich." "The pain got worse when I took a deep breath."
Correct response: "The pain occurred while I was mowing the lawn." Explanation: Decreased oxygen supply to the myocardium causes angina pectoris. Lawn mowing increases the cardiac workload, which increases the heart's need for oxygen and may precipitate this chest pain. Anginal pain typically is self-limiting, lasting 5 to 15 minutes. Food consumption doesn't reduce angina pain, although it may ease pain caused by a GI ulcer. Deep breathing has no effect on anginal pain.
A client is prescribed a nitroglycerin transdermal patch to treat angina. Which statement does the nurse include when reinforcing medication teaching to the client prior to discharge? "The medication patch causes headaches so you should remove it daily." "You do not need the effects of nitroglycerine while you sleep." "Skin irritation is common when the patch is worn for more than 12 hours." "The patch should be worn for 12 hours and then removed for 12 hours."
Correct response: "The patch should be worn for 12 hours and then removed for 12 hours." Explanation: A transdermal nitroglycerin patch is prescribed for the prevention of angina pectoris. Nitroglycerin transdermal patches are typically applied for 12 to 14 hours, and then removed for the same amount of time. Though it is true that common adverse effects of nitroglycerin are headaches and contact dermatitis and that there is less demand on the heart when the client rests, these are not the reasons for applying and removing the patch for the same length of time in a 24-hour period.
A client is receiving anticoagulant therapy. What question will the nurse ask the client to detect any signs of bleeding? "Is your skin drier than normal?" "How is your appetite?" "What color is your urine?" "Do you have any breathing problems?"
Correct response: "What color is your urine?" Explanation: The patient receiving anticoagulation therapy should be monitored for signs and symptoms of bleeding, such as changes in the color of the stool or urine. Anticoagulation therapy should not cause dry skin. The anticoagulation therapy should not change the client's breathing or appetite.
A client has just arrived in the ER with a possible myocardial infarction (MI). The electrocardiogram (ECG) should be obtained within which time frame of arrival to the ER? 10 minutes 5 minutes 15 minutes 20 minutes
Correct response: 10 minutes Explanation: The ECG provides information that assists in diagnosing acute MI. It should be obtained within 10 minutes from the time a client reports pain or arrives in the emergency department. By monitoring serial ECG changes over time, the location, evolution, and resolution of an MI can be identified and monitored.
A client presents to the emergency department reporting chest pain. Which order should the nurse complete first? Aspirin 325 mg orally Troponin level Monitor intake and output 12-lead ECG
Correct response: 12-lead ECG Explanation: The nurse should complete the 12-lead ECG first. The priority is to determine whether the client is suffering an acute MI and implement appropriate interventions as quickly as possible. The other orders should be completed after the ECG.
The nurse is reviewing the results of a total cholesterol level for a client who has been taking simvastatin. What results display the effectiveness of the medication? 250-275 mg/dL 280-300 mg/dL 210-240 mg/dL 160-190 mg/dL
Correct response: 160-190 mg/dL Explanation: Simvastatin is a statin frequently given as initial therapy for significantly elevated cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels. Normal total cholesterol is less than 200 mg/dL.
A client is receiving intravenous heparin to prevent blood clots. The order is for heparin 1,200 units per hour. The pharmacy sends 25,000 units of heparin in 500 mL of D5W. At how many milliliters per hour will the nurse infuse this solution? Record your answer using a whole number.
Correct response: 24 Explanation: (1200 units/25,000 units) X 500 mL = 24 mL.
Following a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, a client is monitored in the postprocedure unit. The client's heparin infusion was stopped 2 hours earlier. There is no evidence of bleeding or hematoma at the insertion site, and the pressure device is removed. With regards to partial thromboplastin time (PTT), when should the nurse plan to remove the femoral sheath? 50 seconds or less. 75 seconds or less. 125 seconds or less. 100 seconds or less.
Correct response: 50 seconds or less. Explanation: Heparin causes an elevation of the PTT and, thereby, increases the risk for bleeding. With a large cannulation such as a sheath used for angioplasty, the PTT should be 50 seconds or less before the sheath is removed. Removing the sheath before the PTT drops below 50 seconds can cause bleeding at the insertion site. The other PTT results are incorrect for determining when to remove the sheath.
To be effective, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) must be performed within what time frame, beginning with arrival at the emergency department after diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI)? 30 minutes 60 minutes 9 days 6 to 12 months
Correct response: 60 minutes Explanation: The 60-minute interval is known as "door-to-balloon time" in which a PTCA can be performed on a client with a diagnosed MI. The 30-minute interval is known as "door-to-needle time" for the administration of thrombolytics after MI. The time frame of 9 days refers to the time until the onset of vasculitis after administration of streptokinase for thrombolysis in a client with an acute MI. The 6- to 12-month time frame refers to the time period during which streptokinase will not be used again in the same client for acute MI.
The nurse provides care to a menopausal client, who states, "I read a news article that says I am at risk for coronary vascular disease due to inflammation." Which method should the nurse suggest to the client to aid in the prevention of inflammation that can lead to atherosclerosis? Avoiding use of caffeine Addressing obesity Taking a daily multivitamin Drinking at least 2 liters of water a day
Correct response: Addressing obesity Explanation: The 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Coronary Vascular Disease (CVD) indicates a relationship between body fat and the production of inflammatory and thrombotic (clot-facilitating) proteins. This information suggests that decreasing obesity and body fat stores via exercise, dietary modification, or developing drugs that target proinflammatory proteins may reduce risk factors for heart disease. The risk for CVD accelerates for clients after menopause due to withdrawal of endogenous estradiol levels, which can worsen many traditional CVD risk factors, including body fat distribution. Avoiding the use of caffeine, using a multivitamin, and drinking at least 2 liters of water a day are not actions that will address the prevention of inflammation that can lead to atherosclerosis.
A client in the emergency department reports squeezing substernal pain that radiates to the left shoulder and jaw. The client also reports nausea, diaphoresis, and shortness of breath. What is the nurse's priority action? Administer oxygen, attach a cardiac monitor, and notify the health care provider. Administer oxygen, attach a cardiac monitor, take vital signs, and alert the cardiac catheterization team. Complete the client's registration information, perform an electrocardiogram, gain I.V. access, and take vital signs. Gain I.V. access, give sublingual nitroglycerin, and alert the cardiac catheterization team.
Correct response: Administer oxygen, attach a cardiac monitor, take vital signs, and alert the cardiac catheterization team. Explanation: Cardiac chest pain is caused by myocardial ischemia. Therefore the nurse should administer supplemental oxygen to increase the myocardial oxygen supply, attach a cardiac monitor to help detect life-threatening arrhythmias, and take vital signs to ensure that the client isn't hypotensive before giving sublingual nitroglycerin for chest pain. Registration information may be delayed until the client is stabilized. Alerting the cardiac catheterization team or the health care provider before completing the initial assessment is premature.
Which method to induce hemostasis after sheath removal after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is most effective? Direct manual pressure Application of a vascular closure device such as Angio-Seal or VasoSeal Application of a sandbag to the area Application of a pneumatic compression device (e.g., FemoStop)
Correct response: Application of a vascular closure device such as Angio-Seal or VasoSeal Explanation: Application of a vascular closure device has been demonstrated to be very effective. Direct manual pressure to the sheath introduction site and application of a pneumatic compression device after PTCA have been demonstrated to be effective; the former was the first method used to induce hemostasis after PTCA. Several nursing interventions frequently used as part of the standard of care, such as applying a sandbag to the sheath insertion site, have not been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of bleeding.
An older adult is postoperative day one, following a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). The client's family members express concern to the nurse that the client is uncharacteristically confused. After reporting this change in status to the health care provider, what additional action should the nurse take? Document the early signs of dementia and ensure the client's safety. Reorient the client to place and time. Educate the family about how confusion is expected in older adults postoperatively. Assess for factors that may be causing the client's delirium.
Correct response: Assess for factors that may be causing the client's delirium. Explanation: Uncharacteristic changes in cognition following cardiac surgery are suggestive of delirium. Dementia has a gradual onset with organic brain changes and is not an acute response to surgery. Assessment is a higher priority than reorientation, which may or may not be beneficial. Even though delirium is not rare, it is not considered to be an expected part of recovery.
The nurse is caring for a client with Raynaud syndrome. What is an important instruction for a client who is diagnosed with this disease to prevent an attack? Take over-the-counter decongestants. Report changes in the usual pattern of chest pain. Avoid situations that contribute to ischemic episodes. Avoid fatty foods and exercise.
Correct response: Avoid situations that contribute to ischemic episodes. Explanation: Teaching for clients with Raynaud syndrome and their family members is important. They need to understand what contributes to an attack. The nurse should instruct the clients to avoid situations that contribute to ischemic episodes. Reporting changes in the usual pattern of chest pain or avoiding fatty foods and exercise does not help the client to avoid an attack; it is more contributory for clients with CAD. In addition, the nurse advises clients to avoid over-the-counter decongestants.
Which is a diagnostic marker for inflammation of vascular endothelium? C-reactive protein (CRP) High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Triglyceride Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Correct response: C-reactive protein (CRP) Explanation: CRP is a marker for inflammation of the vascular endothelium. LDL, HDL, and triglycerides are not markers of vascular endothelial inflammation. They are elements of fat metabolism.
A patient has had cardiac surgery and is being monitored in the intensive care unit (ICU). What complication should the nurse monitor for that is associated with an alteration in preload? Hypothermia Hypertension Cardiac tamponade Elevated central venous pressure
Correct response: Cardiac tamponade Explanation: Preload alterations occur when too little blood volume returns to the heart as a result of persistent bleeding and hypovolemia. Excessive postoperative bleeding can lead to decreased intravascular volume, hypotension, and low cardiac output. Bleeding problems are common after cardiac surgery because of the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass, trauma from the surgery, and anticoagulation. Preload can also decrease if there is a collection of fluid and blood in the pericardium (cardiac tamponade), which impedes cardiac filling. Cardiac output is also altered if too much volume returns to the heart, causing fluid overload.
A client with chest pain arrives in the emergency department and receives nitroglycerin, morphine, oxygen, and aspirin. The health care provider diagnoses acute coronary syndrome. When the client arrives on the unit, vital signs are stable and the client does not report any pain. In addition to the medications already given, which medication does the nurse expect the health care provider to order? Furosemide Digoxin Nitroprusside Carvedilol
Correct response: Carvedilol Explanation: A client with suspected myocardial infarction should receive aspirin, nitroglycerin, morphine, and a beta-adrenergic blocker such as carvedilol. Digoxin treats arrhythmias; there is no indication that the client is having arrhythmias. Furosemide is used to treat signs of heart failure, which isn't indicated at this point. Nitroprusside increases blood pressure. This client has stable vital signs and isn't hypotensive.
The nurse is assisting with a bronchoscopy at the bedside in a critical care unit. The client experiences a vasovagal response. What should the nurse do next? Suction the airway. Check blood pressure. Prepare to administer intravenous fluids. Assess pupils for reactiveness.
Correct response: Check blood pressure. Explanation: During a bronchoscopy, a vasovagal response may be caused by stimulating the pharynx, and it in turn may cause stimulation of the vagus nerve. The client may, therefore, experience a sudden drop in heart rate, leading to syncope. The nurse will need to assess blood pressure to assure circulation. Stimulation of the vagus nerve doesn't lead to pupillary dilation or bronchodilation. Stimulation of the vagus nerve increases gastric secretions.
A middle-aged client presents to the ED reporting severe chest discomfort. Which finding is most indicative of a possible myocardial infarction (MI)? Cool, clammy skin and a diaphoretic, pale appearance Intermittent nausea and emesis for 3 days Chest discomfort not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin Anxiousness, restlessness, and lightheadedness
Correct response: Chest discomfort not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin Explanation: Chest pain or discomfort not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin is associated with an acute MI. The other findings, although associated with acute coronary syndrome or MI, may also occur with angina and, alone, are not indicative of an MI.
A client had a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). What medication will the nurse administer to prevent thrombus formation in the stent? Isosorbide mononitrate Clopidogrel Metoprolol Diltiazem
Correct response: Clopidogrel Explanation: Because of the risk of thrombus formation following a coronary stent placement, the patient receives antiplatelet medications, such as clopidogrel or aspirin. Isosorbide mononitrate is a nitrate used for vasodilation. Metoprolol is a beta blocker used for relaxing blood vessels and slowing heart rate. Diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker used to relax heart muscles and blood vessels.
Which medication is given to clients who are diagnosed with angina but are allergic to aspirin? Felodipine Diltiazem Amlodipine Clopidogrel
Correct response: Clopidogrel Explanation: Clopidogrel or ticlopidine is given to clients who are allergic to aspirin or are given in addition to aspirin to clients who are at high risk for MI. Amlodipine, diltiazem, and felodipine are calcium channel blockers.
A client comes to the emergency department (ED) reporting precordial chest pain. In describing the pain, the client describes it as pressure with a sudden onset. What disease process would the nurse suspect in this client? Coronary artery disease Raynaud syndrome Cardiogenic shock Venous occlusive disease
Correct response: Coronary artery disease Explanation: The classic symptom of CAD is chest pain (angina) or discomfort during activity or stress. Such pain or discomfort typically is manifested as sudden pain or pressure that may be centered over the heart (precordial) or under the sternum (substernal). Raynaud syndrome in the hands presents with symptoms of hands that are cold, blanched, and wet with perspiration. Cardiogenic shock is a complication of an MI. Venous occlusive disease occurs in the veins, not the arteries.
A client is admitted for treatment of Prinzmetal angina. When developing this client's care plan, the nurse should keep in mind that this type of angina is a result of what trigger? The same type of activity that caused previous angina episodes. Coronary artery spasm. An unpredictable amount of activity. Activities that increase myocardial oxygen deman
Correct response: Coronary artery spasm. Explanation: Prinzmetal angina results from coronary artery spasm. Activities that increase myocardial oxygen demand may trigger angina of effort. An unpredictable amount of activity may precipitate unstable angina. Worsening angina is brought on by the same type or level of activity that caused previous angina episodes; anginal pain becomes increasingly severe.
The nurse is to administer morphine sulfate to a client with chest pain. What initial nursing action is required prior to administration? Count the respiratory rate for bradypnea. Measure the blood pressure for hypertension. Check the radial pulse for dysrhythmias. Measure urinary output for dehydration.
Correct response: Count the respiratory rate for bradypnea. Explanation: The nurse should always check the respiratory rate prior to administering morphine sulfate. The drug should be withheld, and the health care provider notified, if the respiratory rate is below 16 breaths/minute.
A nurse is caring for a client who experienced an MI. The client is ordered to receive metoprolol. The nurse understands that this medication has which therapeutic effect? Decreases resting heart rate Increases cardiac output Decreases cholesterol level Decreases platelet aggregation
Correct response: Decreases resting heart rate Explanation: The therapeutic effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents such as metoprolol are to reduce myocardial oxygen consumption by blocking beta-adrenergic sympathetic stimulation to the heart. The result is reduced heart rate, slowed conduction of impulses through the conduction system, decreased blood pressure, and reduced myocardial contractility to balance the myocardial oxygen needs and amount of oxygen available. This helps to control chest pain and delays the onset of ischemia during work or exercise. This classification of medication also reduces the incidence of recurrent angina, infarction, and cardiac mortality. In general, the dosage of medication is titrated to achieve a resting heart rate of 50-60 bpm. Metoprolol is not administered to decrease cholesterol levels, increase cardiac output, or decrease platelet aggregation.
The nurse is administering a calcium channel blocker to a patient who has symptomatic sinus tachycardia at a rate of 132 bpm. What is the anticipated action of the drug for this patient? Creates a positive inotropic effect Decreases the sinoatrial node automaticity Increases the heart rate Increases the atrioventricular node conduction
Correct response: Decreases the sinoatrial node automaticity Explanation: Calcium channel blockers have a variety of effects on the ischemic myocardium. These agents decrease sinoatrial node automaticity and atrioventricular node conduction, resulting in a slower heart rate and a decrease in the strength of myocardial contraction (negative inotropic effect).
A client comes to the emergency department reporting chest pain. An electrocardiogram (ECG) reveals myocardial ischemia and an anterior-wall myocardial infarction (MI). Which ECG characteristic does the nurse expect to see? Widened QRS complex Absent Q wave Prolonged PR interval Elevated ST segment
Correct response: Elevated ST segment Explanation: Ischemic myocardial tissue changes cause elevation of the ST segment, an inverted T wave, and a pathological Q wave. A prolonged PR interval occurs with first-degree heart block, the least dangerous atrioventricular heart block; this disorder may arise in healthy people but sometimes results from drug toxicity, electrolyte or metabolic disturbances, rheumatic fever, or chronic degenerative disease of the conduction system. An absent Q wave is normal; an MI may cause a significant Q wave. A widened QRS complex indicates a conduction delay in the His-Purkinje
A client presents to the emergency room with characteristics of atherosclerosis. What characteristics would the client display? Fatty deposits in the lumen of arteries Emboli in the veins Blood clots in the arteries Cholesterol plugs in the lumen of veins
Correct response: Fatty deposits in the lumen of arteries Explanation: Atherosclerosis is a condition in which the lumen of arteries fill with fatty deposits called plaque. Therefore, the other options are incorrect.
The nurse is administering oral metoprolol. Where are the receptor sites mainly located? Blood vessels Heart Uterus Bronchi
Correct response: Heart Explanation: Metoprolol works at beta 1 -receptor sites. Most beta1-receptor sites are located in the heart. Beta2-receptor sites are located in the uterus, blood vessels, and bronchi.
The nurse is discussing risk factors for developing CAD with a patient in the clinic. Which results would indicate that the patient is not at significant risk for the development of CAD? A ratio of LDL to HDL, 4.5 to 1.0 Low density lipoprotein (LDL), 160 mg/dL Cholesterol, 280 mg/dL High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 80 mg/dL
Correct response: High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 80 mg/dL Explanation: A fasting lipid profile should demonstrate the following values (Alberti et al., 2009): LDL cholesterol less than 100 mg/dL (less than 70 mg/dL for very high-risk patients); total cholesterol less than 200 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol greater than 40 mg/dL for males and greater than 50 mg/dL for females; and triglycerides less than 150 mg/dL.
When the postcardiac surgery client demonstrates restlessness, nausea, weakness, and peaked T waves, the nurse reviews the client's serum electrolytes, anticipating which abnormality? Hypercalcemia Hyperkalemia Hypomagnesemia Hyponatremia
Correct response: Hyperkalemia Explanation: Hyperkalemia is indicated by mental confusion, restlessness, nausea, weakness, and dysrhythmias (tall, peaked T waves). Hypercalcemia would likely be demonstrated by asystole. Hypomagnesemia would likely be demonstrated by hypotension, lethargy, and vasodilation. Hyponatremia would likely be indicated by weakness, fatigue, and confusion, without a change in T wave formation.
Understanding atherosclerosis, the nurse identifies which of the following to be both a risk factor for the development of the disorder and an outcome? Hypertension Glucose intolerance Hyperlipidemia Obesity
Correct response: Hypertension Explanation: Increases in diastolic and systolic blood pressure are associated with an increased incidence of atherosclerosis, often an inherited factor. Elevation of blood pressure results when the vessels cannot relax and impairs the ability of the artery to dilate. Hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and obesity are all risk factors for atherosclerosis but do not result from the disorder.
Which is a modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD)? Race Increasing age Hypertension Gender
Correct response: Hypertension Explanation: Modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease include hyperlipidemia, tobacco use, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and physical inactivity.. Gender, race, and increasing age are nonmodifiable risk factors.
Which of the following is inconsistent as a condition related to metabolic syndrome? Abdominal obesity Dyslipidemia Hypotension Insulin resistance
Correct response: Hypotension Explanation: A diagnosis of metabolic syndrome includes three of the following conditions: insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, proinflammatory state, and prothrombotic state.
A new surgical patient who has undergone a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is receiving opioids for pain control. The nurse must be alert to adverse effects of opioids. Which of the following effects would be important for the nurse to document? Urinary incontinence Hypertension Hypotension Hyperactive bowel sounds
Correct response: Hypotension Explanation: The patient is observed for any adverse effects of opioids, which may include respiratory depression, hypotension, ileus, or urinary retention. If serious side effects occur, an opioid antagonist, such as Narcan, may be used.
A client admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU) diagnosed with a STEMI is anxious and fearful. Which medication will the nurse administer to relieve the client's anxiety and decrease cardiac workload? Atenolol IV nitroglycerin IV morphine Amlodipine
Correct response: IV morphine Explanation: IV morphine is the analgesic of choice for the treatment of an acute MI. It is given to reduce pain and treat anxiety. It also reduces preload and afterload, which decreases the workload of the heart. IV nitroglycerin is given to alleviate chest pain. Administration of atenolol and amlodipine are not indicated in this situation.
A client diagnosed with a myocardial infarction (MI) is being moved to the rehabilitation unit for further therapy. Which statement reflects a long-term goal of rehabilitation for the client with an MI? Improvement in quality of life Limitation of the effects and progression of atherosclerosis Prevention of another cardiac event Ability to return to work and a pre-illness functional capacity
Correct response: Improvement in quality of life Explanation: Overall, cardiac rehabilitation is a complete program dedicated to extending and improving quality of life. Immediate objectives of rehabilitation of a client with an MI patient are to limit the effects and progression of atherosclerosis, to return the client to work and a pre-illness lifestyle, and to prevent another cardiac event.
When the nurse notes that, after cardiac surgery, the client demonstrates low urine output (less than 25 mL/h) with high specific gravity (greater than 1.025), the nurse suspects which condition? Normal glomerular filtration Overhydration Anuria Inadequate fluid volume
Correct response: Inadequate fluid volume Explanation: Urine output less than 0.5 mL/kg/h may indicate a decrease in cardiac output. A high specific gravity indicates increased concentration of solutes in the urine, which occurs with inadequate fluid volume. Indices of normal glomerular filtration are output of 0.5 mL/kg/h or more and specific gravity between 1.010 and 1.025. Overhydration is manifested by high urine output with low specific gravity. The anuric client does not produce urine.
Which is the most important postoperative assessment parameter for a client recovering from cardiac surgery? Activity intolerance Inadequate tissue perfusion Blood glucose concentration Mental alertness
Correct response: Inadequate tissue perfusion Explanation: The nurse must assess the client for signs and symptoms of inadequate tissue perfusion, such as a weak or absent pulse, cold or cyanotic extremities, or mottling of the skin. Although the nurse does assess blood glucose and mental status, tissue perfusion is the higher priority. Assessing for activity intolerance, while important later in the recovery period, is not essential in the immediate postoperative period for clients undergoing cardiac surgery.
The nurse notes that the post cardiac surgery client demonstrates low urine output (< 25 mL/hr) with high specific gravity (> 1.025). What will the nurse anticipate the health care provider will order? Decrease intravenous fluids Irrigate the urinary catheter Increase intravenous fluids Prepare the client for dialysis
Correct response: Increase intravenous fluids Explanation: Urine output of less than 25 mL/hr may indicate a decrease in cardiac output. A high specific gravity indicates increased concentration of solutes in the urine, which occurs with inadequate fluid volume. The health care provider may increase intravenous fluids. Irrigating the urinary catheter will be done if there is a suspected blockage. Dialysis is not indicated by urinary volumes.
A client has been recently placed on nitroglycerin. Which instruction by the nurse should be included in the client's teaching plan? Instruct the client to place nitroglycerin tablets in a plastic pill box. Instruct the client to renew the nitroglycerin supply every 3 months. Instruct the client not to crush the tablet. Instruct the client on side effects of flushing, throbbing headache, and tachycardia.
Correct response: Instruct the client on side effects of flushing, throbbing headache, and tachycardia. Explanation: The client should be instructed about side effects of the medication, which include flushing, throbbing headache, and tachycardia. The client should renew the nitroglycerin supply every 6 months. If the pain is severe, the client can crush the tablet between the teeth to hasten sublingual absorption. Tablets should never be removed and stored in metal or plastic pillboxes. Nitroglycerin is very unstable and should be carried in its original container.
Which discharge instruction for self-care should the nurse provide to a client who has undergone a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) procedure? Monitor the site for bleeding or hematoma. Normal activities of daily living can be resumed the first day after surgery Cleanse the site with disinfectants and dress the wound appropriately Refrain from sexual activity for 1 month
Correct response: Monitor the site for bleeding or hematoma. Explanation: The nurse provides certain discharge instructions for self-care, such as monitoring the site for bleeding or the development of a hard mass indicative of hematoma. A nurse does not advise the client to clean the site with disinfectants or refrain from sexual activity for 1 month.
Severe chest pain is reported by a client during an acute myocardial infarction. Which of the following is the most appropriate drug for the nurse to administer? Morphine sulfate (Morphine) Nitroglycerin transdermal patch Meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol) Isosorbide mononitrate (Isordil)
Correct response: Morphine sulfate (Morphine) Explanation: Morphine sulfate not only decreases pain perception and anxiety but also helps to decrease heart rate, blood pressure, and demand for oxygen. Nitrates are administered for vasodilation and pain control in clients with angina-type pain, but oral forms (such as isosorbide dinitrate) have a large first-pass effect, and transdermal patch is used for long-term management. Meperidine hydrochloride is a synthetic opioid usually reserved for treatment of postoperative or migraine pain.
A nurse teaches a client with angina pectoris that he or she needs to take up to three sublingual nitroglycerin tablets at 5-minute intervals and immediately notify the health care provider if chest pain doesn't subside within 15 minutes. What symptoms may the client experience after taking the nitroglycerin? Headache, hypotension, dizziness, and flushing. Flushing, dizziness, headache, and pedal edema. Nausea, vomiting, depression, fatigue, and impotence. Sedation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and respiratory depression.
Correct response: Myoglobin Explanation: Myoglobin is a heme protein that transports oxygen. Its levels can increase as early as 1 hour after an MI. Negative results are an excellent parameter for ruling out an acute MI. The other biomarker choices start to increase in 2 to 4 hours.
The nurse reviews laboratory tests for cardiac biomarkers for a client suspected of suffering an MI. What is the earliest marker of an MI? Creatinine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) Myoglobin Troponin I and T Total creatinine kinase (CK)
Correct response: Myoglobin Explanation: Myoglobin is a heme protein that transports oxygen. Its levels can increase as early as 1 hour after an MI. Negative results are an excellent parameter for ruling out an acute MI. The other biomarker choices start to increase in 2 to 4 hours.
A client presents to the ED reporting anxiety and chest pain after shoveling heavy snow that morning. The client says that nitroglycerin has not been taken for months but upon experiencing this chest pain did take three nitroglycerin tablets. Although the pain has lessened, the client states, "They did not work all that well." The client shows the nurse the nitroglycerin bottle; the prescription was filled 12 months ago. The nurse anticipates which order by the physician? Ativan 1 mg orally Chest x-ray Serum electrolytes Nitroglycerin SL
Correct response: Nitroglycerin SL Explanation: Nitroglycerin is volatile and is inactivated by heat, moisture, air, light, and time. Nitroglycerin should be renewed every 6 months to ensure full potency. The client's tablets were expired, and the nurse should anticipate administering nitroglycerin to assess whether the chest pain subsides. The other choices may be ordered at a later time, but the priority is to relieve the client's chest pain.
A patient in the recovery room after cardiac surgery begins to have extremity paresthesia, peaked T waves, and mental confusion. What type of electrolyte imbalance does the nurse suspect this patient is having? Sodium Potassium Magnesium Calcium
Correct response: Potassium Explanation: Hyperkalemia (high potassium) can result in the following ECG changes: tall peaked T waves, wide QRS, and bradycardia. The nurse should be prepared to administer a diuretic or an ion-exchange resin (sodium polystyrene sulfonate [Kayexalate]); IV sodium bicarbonate, or IV insulin and glucose. Imbalances in the other electrolytes listed would not result in peaked T waves.
The nurse is teaching a client diagnosed with coronary artery disease about nitroglycerin. What is the cardiac premise behind administration of nitrates? It functions as a vasoconstrictor. It increases myocardial oxygen consumption. More blood returns to the heart. Preload is reduced.
Correct response: Preload is reduced. Explanation: Nitroglycerin dilates primarily the veins, and in higher dosages, also the arteries. Dilation of the veins causes venous pooling of the blood throughout the body. As a result, less blood returns to the heart, and filling pressure (preload) is reduced. Nitroglycerine is administered to reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, thereby decreasing ischemia and relieving pain.
The nurse is caring for a client following a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). The nurse notes persistent oozing of bloody drainage from various puncture sites. The nurse anticipates that the physician will order which medication to neutralize the unfractionated heparin the client received? Clopidogrel Protamine sulfate Aspirin Alteplase
Correct response: Protamine sulfate Explanation: Protamine sulfate is known as the antagonist for unfractionated heparin (it neutralizes heparin). Alteplase is a thrombolytic agent. Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet medication that is given to reduce the risk of thrombus formation after coronary stent placement. The antiplatelet effect of aspirin does not reverse the effects of heparin.
Which medication is an antidote to heparin? Alteplase Aspirin Protamine sulfate Clopidogrel
Correct response: Protamine sulfate Explanation: Protamine sulfate is known as the antagonist to heparin. Alteplase is a thrombolytic agent. Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet medication that is given to reduce the risk of thrombus formation post coronary stent placement. The antiplatelet effect of aspirin does not reverse the effects of heparin.
A client has had oral anticoagulation ordered. What should the nurse monitor for when the client is taking oral anticoagulation? Urine output Vascular sites for bleeding Prothrombin time (PT) or international normalized ratio (INR) Hourly IV infusion
Correct response: Prothrombin time (PT) or international normalized ratio (INR) Explanation: The nurse should monitor PT or INR when oral anticoagulation is prescribed. Vascular sites for bleeding, urine output, and hourly IV infusions are generally monitored in all clients.
A client diagnosed with a myocardial infarction (MI) has begun a cardiac rehabilitation program. The nurse recognizes which overall goal as a focus of rehabilitation for a client who has had an MI? Eliminate the effects of atherosclerosis and lower blood pressure. Reduce risk through education, support, and physical activity. Increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and reduce high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Return to work and the lifestyle experienced before the illness.
Correct response: Reduce risk through education, support, and physical activity. Explanation: Cardiac rehabilitation is targeted at risk reduction through education, individual and group support, and physical activity. Cardiac rehabilitation should aid in lowering cholesterol levels, not increasing them. Cardiac rehabilitation is not focused on returning to the pre-illness lifestyle. Lifestyle choices likely contributed to the cardiac event and need to be changed. Cardiac rehabilitation doesn't eliminate atherosclerosis. Although it may lower blood pressure, that isn't the primary purpose of cardiac rehabilitation.
A triage team is assessing a client to determine if reported chest pain is a manifestation of angina pectoris or an MI. The nurse knows that a primary distinction of angina pain is? Accompanied by diaphoresis and dyspnea Described as crushing and substernal Associated with nausea and vomiting Relieved by rest and nitroglycerin
Correct response: Relieved by rest and nitroglycerin Explanation: One characteristic that can differentiate the pain of angina from a myocardial infarction is pain that is relieved by rest and nitroglycerine. There may be some exceptions (unstable angina), but the distinction is helpful especially when combined with other assessment data.
The nurse is caring for a client presenting to the emergency department (ED) reporting chest pain. Which electrocardiographic (ECG) finding would be most concerning to the nurse? Isolated premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) ST elevation Frequent premature atrial contractions (PACs) Sinus tachycardia
Correct response: ST elevation Explanation: The first signs of an acute MI are usually seen in the T wave and the ST segment. The T wave becomes inverted; the ST segment elevates (it is usually flat). An elevated ST segment in two contiguous leads is a key diagnostic indicator for MI (i.e., ST-elevation MI). This client requires immediate invasive therapy or fibrinolytic medications. Although the other ECG findings require intervention, elevated ST elevations require immediate and definitive interventions.
The nurse is educating the patient about administering nitroglycerin prior to discharge from the hospital. What information should the nurse include in the instructions? Take 2 nitroglycerines and if the pain is not relieved, go to the emergency department. Take a nitroglycerin and repeat every 5 minutes if the pain is not relieved until a total of 3 are taken. If pain is not relieved, activate the emergency medical system. Take a nitroglycerin and if the pain is not relieved, drive to the nearest emergency department. Take 2 nitroglycerines every 10 minutes until a total of 6 pills are taken. If pain is not relieved, activate the emergency medical system.
Correct response: Take a nitroglycerin and repeat every 5 minutes if the pain is not relieved until a total of 3 are taken. If pain is not relieved, activate the emergency medical system. Explanation: The nurse should recommend that the patient note how long it takes for the nitroglycerin to relieve the discomfort. Advise the patient that if pain persists after taking three sublingual tablets at 5-minute intervals, emergency medical services should be called.
The client is prescribed nadolol for hypertension. What is the reason the nurse will teach the client not to stop taking the medication abruptly? The abrupt stop can lead to formation of blood clots. The abrupt stop can trigger a migraine headache. The abrupt stop can cause a myocardial infarction. The abrupt stop will precipitate internal bleeding.
Correct response: The abrupt stop can cause a myocardial infarction. Explanation: Patients taking beta blockers are cautioned not to stop taking them abruptly because angina may worsen and myocardial infarction may develop. Beta blockers do not cause the formation of blood clots, internal bleeding, or the onset of a migraine headache.
The client has had biomarkers tested after reporting chest pain. Which diagnostic marker of myocardial infarction remains elevated for as long as 2 weeks? Myoglobin Troponin Total creatine kinase CK-MB
Correct response: Troponin Explanation: Troponin remains elevated for a long period, often as long as 2 weeks, and it therefore can be used to detect recent myocardial damage. Myoglobin peaks within 12 hours after the onset of symptoms. Total creatine kinase (CK) returns to normal in 3 days. CK-MB returns to normal in 3 to 4 days.
When a client who has been diagnosed with angina pectoris reports experiencing chest pain more frequently, even at rest, that the period of pain is longer, and that it takes less stress for the pain to occur, the nurse recognizes that the client is describing which type of angina? Unstable Intractable Refractory Variant
Correct response: Unstable Explanation: Unstable angina is also called crescendo or preinfarction angina and indicates the need for a change in treatment. Intractable or refractory angina produces severe, incapacitating chest pain that does not respond to conventional treatment. Variant angina is described as pain at rest with reversible ST-segment elevation and is thought to be caused by coronary artery vasospasm. Intractable or refractory angina produces severe, incapacitating chest pain that does not respond to conventional treatment.
Which term refers to preinfarction angina? Silent ischemia Stable angina Variant angina Unstable angina
Correct response: Unstable angina Explanation: Preinfarction angina is also known as unstable angina. Stable angina has predictable and consistent pain that occurs upon exertion and is relieved by rest. Variant angina is exhibited by pain at rest and reversible ST-segment elevation. Silent angina manifests through evidence of ischemia, but the client reports no symptoms.
Which term refers to preinfarction angina? Stable angina Silent ischemia Unstable angina Variant angina
Correct response: Unstable angina Explanation: Preinfarction angina is also known as unstable angina. Stable angina has predictable and consistent pain that occurs upon exertion and is relieved by rest. Variant angina is exhibited by pain at rest and reversible ST-segment elevation. Silent angina manifests through evidence of ischemia, but the client reports no symptoms.
The nurse is reevaluating a client 2 hours after a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) procedure. Which assessment finding may indicate the client is experiencing a complication of the procedure? Heart rate of 100 bpm Dried blood at the puncture site Urine output of 40 mL Potassium level of 4.0 mEq/L
Correct response: Urine output of 40 mL Explanation: Complications that may occur following a PTCA include myocardial ischemia, bleeding and hematoma formation, retroperitoneal hematoma, arterial occlusion, pseudoaneurysm formation, arteriovenous fistula formation, and acute renal failure. The urine output of 40 mL over a 2-hour period may indicate acute renal failure. The client is expected to have a minimum urine output of 30 mL/h. Dried blood at the insertion site is a finding that warrants no acute intervention. A serum potassium level of 4.0 mEq/L is within the normal range. The heart rate of 100 bpm is within the normal range and indicates no acute distress.
A nurse is teaching a client about maintaining a healthy heart. What information will the nurse include with the teaching? Smoke in moderation. Consume a diet high in saturated fats. Use alcohol in moderation. Exercise one or two times per week.
Correct response: Use alcohol in moderation. Explanation: The nurse should advise the client that alcohol may be used in moderation as long as there are no other contraindications for its use. Smoking, a diet high in cholesterol and saturated fat, and a sedentary lifestyle are all known risk factors for cardiac disease. The client should be encouraged to quit smoking, exercise three to four times per week, and consume a diet low in cholesterol and saturated fat.
The nurse knows that women and older adult are at greater risk for a fatal myocardial event. Which factor is the primary contributor of this cause? Vague symptoms Decreased sensation to pain Gender bias Chest pain is typical
Correct response: Vague symptoms Explanation: Often, women and elderly do not have the typical chest pain associated with a myocardial infarction. Some report vague symptoms (fatigue, abdominal pain), which can lead to misdiagnosis. Some older adults may experience little or no chest pain. Gender is not a contributing factor for fatal occurrence but rather a result of symptoms association.
Which nursing actions would be of greatest importance in the management of a client preparing for angioplasty? Assess distal pulses. Inform client of diagnostic tests. Remove hair from skin insertion sites. Withhold anticoagulant therapy.
Correct response: Withhold anticoagulant therapy. Explanation: The nurse knows to withhold the anticoagulant therapy to decrease chance of hemorrhage during the procedure. The nurse does inform the client of diagnostic test, will assess pulses, and prep the skin prior to the angioplasty, but this is not the most important action to be taken.
A client is admitted to the emergency department with chest pain and doesn't respond to nitroglycerin. The health care team obtains an electrocardiogram and administers I.V. morphine. The health care provider also considers administering alteplase. This thrombolytic agent must be administered how soon after onset of myocardial infarction (MI) symptoms? Within 6 hours Within 24 to 48 hours Within 5 to 7 days Within 12 hours
Correct response: Within 6 hours Explanation: For the best chance of salvaging the client's myocardium, a thrombolytic agent must be administered within 6 hours after onset of chest pain or other signs or symptoms of MI. Sudden death is most likely to occur within the first 24 hours after an MI. Health care providers initiate I.V. heparin therapy after administration of a thrombolytic agent; it usually continues for 5 to 7 days.
The nurse is explaining the cause of angina pain to a client. What will the nurse say most directly caused the pain? a lack of oxygen in the heart muscle cells incomplete blockage of a major coronary artery a destroyed part of the heart muscle complete closure of an artery
Correct response: a lack of oxygen in the heart muscle cells Explanation: Angina pectoris refers to chest pain that is brought about by myocardial ischemia. It is the result of cardiac muscle cells being deprived of oxygen due to the progressive symptoms of coronary artery disease. Artery blockage or closure leads to myocardial death. The destroyed part of the heart (death of heart tissue) is a myocardial infarction.
The laboratory values for a client diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD) have just come back from the lab. The client's low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level is 112 mg/dL. The nurse recognizes that this value is above the optimal range. within the optimal range. extremely high. below the optimal range.
Correct response: above the optimal range. Explanation: If the fasting LDL level ranges from 100 mg/dL to 130 mg/dL, it is considered above the optimal range. The ideal is to decrease the LDL level below 100 mg/dL (< 70 mg/dL for very high-risk patients).
A client has had a 12-lead ECG completed as part of an annual physical examination. The nurse notes an abnormal Q wave on an otherwise unremarkable ECG. The nurse recognizes that this finding indicates an evolving MI. an old MI. a cardiac dysrhythmia. variant angina.
Correct response: an old MI. Explanation: An abnormal Q wave may be present without ST-segment and T-wave changes, which indicates an old, not acute, MI.
A client with a myocardial infarction (MI) develops pulmonary crackles and dyspnea. A chest X-ray shows evidence of pulmonary edema. What type of MI did this client have? lateral. posterior. anterior. inferior.
Correct response: anterior. Explanation: An anterior MI causes left ventricular dysfunction and can lead to manifestations of heart failure, which include pulmonary crackles and dyspnea. Posterior, lateral, and inferior MI aren't usually associated with heart failure.
The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD). What condition most commonly results in CAD? renal failure diabetes mellitus myocardial infarction atherosclerosis
Correct response: atherosclerosis Explanation: Atherosclerosis (plaque formation) is the leading cause of CAD. Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for CAD, but it isn't the most common cause. Myocardial infarction is a common result of CAD. Renal failure doesn't cause CAD, but the two conditions are related.
A client with CAD thinks diltiazem (Cardizem) has been causing nausea. Diltiazem (Cardizem) is categorized as which type of drug? diuretic calcium-channel blocker beta-adrenergic blocker nitrate
Correct response: calcium-channel blocker Explanation: Calcium-channel blocking agents may be used to treat CAD as well, although research has shown that they may be less beneficial than beta-adrenergic blocking agents. Diltiazem (Cardizem) is an example of a calcium-channel blocker.
A client who has been diagnosed with Prinzmetal's angina will present with which symptom? chest pain of increased frequency, severity, and duration radiating chest pain that lasts 15 minutes or less prolonged chest pain that accompanies exercise chest pain that occurs at rest and usually in the middle of the night
Correct response: chest pain that occurs at rest and usually in the middle of the night Explanation: A client with Prinzmetal's angina will complain of chest pain that occurs at rest, usually between 12 and 8:00 AM, is sporadic over 3-6 months, and diminishes over time. Clients with stable angina generally experience chest pain that lasts 15 minutes or less and may radiate. Clients with Cardiac Syndrome X experience prolonged chest pain that accompanies exercise and is not always relieved by medication. Clients with unstable angina experience chest pain of increased frequency, severity, and duration that is poorly relieved by rest or oral nitrates.
The nurse is caring for a client with coronary artery disease. What is the nurse's priority goal for the client? educate the client about his symptoms administer sublingual nitroglycerin enhance myocardial oxygenation decrease anxiety
Correct response: enhance myocardial oxygenation Explanation: Enhancing myocardial oxygenation is always the first priority when a client exhibits signs or symptoms of cardiac compromise. Without adequate oxygen, the myocardium suffers damage. A nurse administers sublingual nitroglycerin to treat acute angina pectoris, but its administration isn't the first priority. Although educating the client and decreasing anxiety are important in care, neither is a priority when a client is compromised.
The nurse is caring for a client with coronary artery disease. What is the nurse's priority goal for the client? educate the client about his symptoms enhance myocardial oxygenation decrease anxiety administer sublingual nitroglycerin
Correct response: enhance myocardial oxygenation Explanation: Enhancing myocardial oxygenation is always the first priority when a client exhibits signs or symptoms of cardiac compromise. Without adequate oxygen, the myocardium suffers damage. A nurse administers sublingual nitroglycerin to treat acute angina pectoris, but its administration isn't the first priority. Although educating the client and decreasing anxiety are important in care, neither is a priority when a client is compromised.
A nurse is monitoring the vital signs and blood results of a client who is receiving anticoagulation therapy. What does nurse identify as a major indication of concern? hematocrit of 30% heart rate of 87 bpm blood pressure of 129/72 mm Hg hemoglobin of 16 g/dL
Correct response: hematocrit of 30% Explanation: Hematocrit is a measurement of the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells. A lower hematocrit can imply internal bleeding. Blood pressure of 129/72 and heart rate of 87 bpm are normal. A hemoglobin count of 16 g/dL is also normal.
The nurse is reviewing the laboratory results for a client diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD). The client's low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level is 115 mg/dL. The nurse interprets this value as high. critically high. low. within normal limits.
Correct response: high. Explanation: Treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce cardiovascular risk in adults calls for a fasting lipid profile to demonstrate an LDL value below 100 mg/dL (or less than 70 mg/dL for very high-risk clients). An LDL level of 115 mg/dL is higher than the target for treatment.
A client's elevated cholesterol levels are being managed with atorvastatin daily. What is a common side effect the nurse will teach the client that will require monitoring? hyperglycemia hyperuricemia severe muscle pain increased liver enzymes
Correct response: increased liver enzymes Explanation: Myopathy and increased liver enzymes are significant side effects of the statin Lipitor. Hyperuricemia occurs when too much uric acid is present in the blood; it is not a side effect of the statins. Hyperglycemia is increased blood glucose, which is not a side effect of the statins. Severe muscle pain is an adverse effect of statins, but it does not require monitoring.
The nurse is admitting a client with an elevated creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB). What is the cause for the elevated isoenzyme? I.M. injection skeletal muscle damage due to a recent fall myocardial necrosis cerebral bleeding
Correct response: myocardial necrosis Explanation: An increase in CK-MB is related to myocardial necrosis. An increase in total CK might occur for several reasons, including brain injuries such as cerebral bleeding; skeletal muscle damage, which can result from I.M. injections or falls; muscular or neuromuscular disease; vigorous exercise; trauma; or surgery.
The nurse recognizes that the treatment for a non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) differs from that for a STEMI, in that a STEMI is more frequently treated with IV heparin. thrombolytics. percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). IV nitroglycerin.
Correct response: percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Explanation: The client with a STEMI is often taken directly to the cardiac catheterization laboratory for an immediate PCI. Superior outcomes have been reported with the use of PCI compared to thrombolytics. IV heparin and IV nitroglycerin are used to treat NSTEMI.
The nurse recognizes that the treatment for a non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) differs from that for a STEMI, in that a STEMI is more frequently treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). thrombolytics. IV heparin. IV nitroglycerin.
Correct response: percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Explanation: The client with a STEMI is often taken directly to the cardiac catheterization laboratory for an immediate PCI. Superior outcomes have been reported with the use of PCI compared to thrombolytics. IV heparin and IV nitroglycerin are used to treat NSTEMI.
The nurse is assessing a client with suspected post-pericardiotomy syndrome after cardiac surgery. What manifestation will alert the nurse to this syndrome? pericardial friction rub decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) decreased white blood cell (WBC) count hypothermia
Correct response: pericardial friction rub Explanation: Post-pericardiotomy syndrome is characterized by fever, pericardial pain, pleural pain, dyspnea, pericardial effusion, pericardial friction rub, and arthralgia. Leukocytosis (elevated WBCs) occurs, along with elevation of the ESR. Hypothermia is not a symptom of post-pericardiotomy syndrome.
The nurse is caring for a client after cardiac surgery. What is the most immediate concern for the nurse? serum glucose of 124 mg/dL potassium level of 6 mEq/L bilateral rales and rhonchi weight gain of 6 ounces
Correct response: potassium level of 6 mEq/L Explanation: Changes in serum electrolytes should be immediately reported, especially a potassium level of 6 mEq/L. An elevated blood sugar is common postoperatively, and the weight gain is not significant. The abnormal breath sounds are of concern, but the electrolyte imbalance is the most immediate condition that needs to be addressed.
A client presents to the ED with a myocardial infarction. Prior to administering a prescribed thrombolytic agent, the nurse must determine whether the client has which absolute contraindication to thrombolytic therapy? use of heparin prior intracranial hemorrhage shellfish allergy recent consumption of a meal
Correct response: prior intracranial hemorrhage Explanation: History of a prior intracranial hemorrhage is an absolute contraindication for thrombolytic therapy. An allergy to iodine, shellfish, radiographic dye, and latex are of primary concern before a cardiac catheterization but not a known contraindication for thrombolytic therapy. Administration of a thrombolytic agent with heparin increases risk of bleeding; the primary healthcare provider usually discontinues the heparin until thrombolytic treatment is completed.
A client with a family history of coronary artery disease reports experiencing chest pain and palpitations during and after morning jogs. What would reduce the client's cardiac risk? smoking cessation a protein-rich diet antioxidant supplements exercise avoidance
Correct response: smoking cessation Explanation: The first line of defense for clients with CAD is lifestyle changes including smoking cessation, weight loss, stress management, and exercise. Clients with CAD should eat a balanced diet. Clients with CAD should exercise, as tolerated, to maintain a healthy weight. Antioxidant supplements, such as those containing vitamin E, beta carotene, and selenium, are not recommended because clinical trials have failed to confirm beneficial effects from their use.
A client was chopping firewood and experienced a heaviness in the chest and dyspnea. The client arrives in the emergency department four hours after the heaviness and the health care provider diagnoses an anterior myocardial infarction (MI). What orders will the nurse anticipate? morphine administration, stress testing, and admission to the cardiac care unit serial liver enzyme testing, telemetry, and a lidocaine infusion streptokinase, aspirin, and morphine administration sublingual nitroglycerin, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and telemetry
Correct response: sublingual nitroglycerin, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and telemetry Explanation: The nurse should anticipate an order for sublingual nitroglycerin, tPA, and telemetry, as the client's chest pain began 4 hours before diagnosis. The preferred choice is tPA, which is more specific for cardiac tissue than streptokinase. Stress testing shouldn't be performed during an MI. The client doesn't exhibit symptoms that indicate the use of lidocaine.
The nurse is assessing a client with severe angina pectoris and electrocardiogram changes in the emergency room. What is the most important cardiac marker for the client? myoglobin troponin creatine kinase lactate dehydrogenase
Correct response: troponin Explanation: This client exhibits signs of myocardial infarction (MI), and the most accurate serum determinant of an MI is troponin level. Creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and myoglobin tests can show evidence of muscle injury, but the studies are less specific indicators of myocardial damage than troponin.
A client who is resting quietly reports chest pain to the nurse. The cardiac monitor indicates the presence of reversible ST-segment elevation. What type of angina is the client experiencing? intractable angina variant angina stable angina silent angina
Correct response: variant angina Explanation: Variant or Prinzmetal's angina is distinguished by pain occurrence during rest. Stable angina occurs with activity. Silent angina occurs without symptoms, and intractable angina is evidenced by incapacitating pain.
The nurse is developing a teaching plan for the client to address modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD), the nurse will include which factor(s)? Select all that apply. Physical inactivity Increasing age Obesity Alcohol use Elevated blood pressure Family history
Elevated blood pressure Alcohol use Obesity Physical inactivity Explanation: Hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and physical inactivity are modifiable risk factors for CAD. A family history of CAD, increasing age (more than 45 years for men and more than 55 years for women), sex (men develop CAD at an earlier age than women), and race are risk factors for CAD that are nonmodifiable.
The nurse is caring for a client who is post-varicose vein surgery. The nurse would include which teaching measure(s)? Select all that apply. Cool compresses Elastic stockings Exercise Lower the extremities. Stand rather than sit. Take warm showers in the morning.
Exercise Elastic stockings Explanation: Movement/exercise and use of elastic stocking aid in venous return. Cool compresses can cause vasoconstriction, which can diminish arterial blood flow. Elevation of legs can be helpful in aiding venous return. Standing or sitting for prolonged periods of time should be avoided. Showers in the morning can dilate blood vessels and contribute to venous congestion and edema.
The nurse is educating a patient diagnosed with angina pectoris about the difference between the pain of angina and a myocardial infarction (MI). How should the nurse describe the pain experienced during an MI? (Select all that apply.) It is viselike and radiates to the shoulders and arms. It subsides after taking nitroglycerin. It is sudden in onset and prolonged in duration. It is relieved by rest and inactivity. It is substernal in location.
It is substernal in location. It is sudden in onset and prolonged in duration. It is viselike and radiates to the shoulders and arms. Explanation: Chest pain that occurs suddenly, continues despite rest and medication, is substernal, and is sometimes viselike and radiating to the shoulders and arms is associated with an MI. Angina pectoris pain is generally relieved by rest and nitroglycerin.
The nurse is beginning discharge teaching with a client diagnosed with a myocardial infarction (MI). The nurse will include teaching on what medications? Select all that apply. enalapril atorvastatin sildenafil morphine aspirin
atorvastatin enalapril aspirin Explanation: Upon client discharge, there needs to be documentation that the client was discharged on a statin (atorvastatin), an ACE or angiotensin receptor blocking agent (enalapril), and aspirin. Morphine is used to reduce the client's pain and anxiety. Sildenafil is a medication used for pulmonary hypertension.
The nurse is working a cardiac care unit with a client on a diltiazem intravenous drip for atrial fibrillation. What are electrocardiogram (ECG) changes that suggest the client is responding to the treatment? Select all that apply. decreasing R to R interval ST elevation an absent P wave T-wave inversion slowing heart rate
slowing heart rate decreasing R to R interval Explanation: The ECG changes that occur with an MI are seen in the leads that view the involved surface of the heart. The expected ECG changes are T-wave inversion, ST-segment elevation, and development of an abnormal Q wave. The diltiazem will slow the heart rate and decrease the R to R interval.