Ch 23

_ was a movement dedicated to building a Jewish national homeland in Palestine, started by Theodor Herzl.

Zionism

What was the long-established customs union among the German states?

Zollverein

The following is an excerpt from Giuseppe Mazzini's The Duties of Man. Mazzini's words were addressed to Italian workingmen: "God gave you the means of multiplying your forces and your powers of action indefinitely when he gave you a Country, when, like a wise overseer of labor, who distributes the different parts of the work according to the capacity of the workmen, he divided Humanity into distinct groups upon the face of our globe, and thus planted the seeds of nations. Evil governments have disfigured the design of God, which you may see clearly marked out, as far, at least, as regards Europe, by the courses of the great rivers, by the lines of the lofty mountains, and by other geographical conditions; they have disfigured it by conquest, by greed, by jealousy of the just sovereignty of others; disfigured it so much that today there is perhaps no nation except England and France whose confines correspond to this design." In Mazzini's view, the Europe of his day

had been disfigured by evil rulers.

After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussia

imposed a harsh peace on France.

All of the following contributed to the Kingdom of Piedmont's leading role in Italian unification EXCEPT

its alliance with Austria.

How did the expanding right to vote in the late nineteenth century affect national politics across Europe?

Politicians and parties became more responsive to the people they represented.

The _ was the guerrilla army of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to liberate it, winning the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry.

Red shirts

What event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs?

Russian defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856

Ottoman reformers launched a series of radical reforms in the nineteenth century known as the

Tanzimat

How did Bismarck structure the North German Confederation in order to secure the authority of the Prussian emperor?

The emperor controlled the army and foreign affairs, and universal male suffrage permitted him to go directly to the people if middle-class liberals resisted his bills in the legislature.

The October Manifesto in the Russian Revolution of 1905 granted full civil rights and promised

a popularly elected Duma or parliament.

What was the Russian zemstvo?

The institution for local government established by the Great Reforms

What was the first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia?

Abolition of serfdom

What was crucial to the success of Count Camillo Benso di Cavour's plan to unify northern Italy in the nineteenth century?

A secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria

In In 1850, which of the following was the dominant power on the Italian peninsular?

Austria

_ was a massacre of peaceful protesters at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in 1905,triggering a revolution that overturned absolute tsarist rule and made Russia into a conservative constitutional monarchy.

Bloody sunday

Rise, Magyar! is the country's call! The time has come, say one and all: Shall we be slaves, shall we be free? This is the question, now agree! For by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! Alas! till now we were but slaves; Our fathers resting in their graves Sleep not in freedom's soil. In vain They fought and died free homes to gain. But by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! - Sánder Petofi, "National Song of Hungary," 1848 Over the course of 1848, all of the following saw political upheavals EXCEPT

Britain

How did Louis Napoleon believe that the people should be represented in government?

By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people

The _ was a conflict fought between 1853 and 1856 over Russian desires to expand into Ottoman territory; Russia was defeated by France, Britain, and the Ottomans, underscoring the need for reform in the Russian Empire.

Crimean war

The _ was the Russian parliament that opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but controlled after 1907 by the tsar and the conservative classes.

Duma

Louis Napoleon's great success with the economy included which of the following?

Encouraging new investment banks and railroad construction

_ was a German working-class political party founded in the 1870s that championed Marxism but in practice turned away from Marxist revolution and worked instead for social and workplace reforms in the German parliament.

German social democratic party

"It is true that we can hardly escape complications in Germany, although we do not seek them. Germany does not look to Prussia's liberalism, but to her power. The German States - Bavaria, Württemberg, and Baden - would like to indulge in liberalism, and become of that no one will assign Prussia's role to them! Prussia must collect her forces and hold them in reserve for an opportune moment, which has already come and gone several times. Since the Treaty of Vienna, our frontiers have not been favorably designed for a healthy body politic. Not by speeches and majorities will the great questions of the day be decided - that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849 - but by iron and blood." - Otto von Bismarck, speech to the Reichstag, 1862 _ . What does Bismarck believe was the "mistake" of 1848 and 1849?

German unification was not achieved due to lack of conservative action

What does Bismarck believe was the "mistake" of 1848 and 1849?

German unification was not achieved due to lack of conservative action

What effect did the Dreyfus affair have on late-nineteenth-century France?

It revived republican distrust of Catholicism.

"It is true that we can hardly escape complications in Germany, although we do not seek them. Germany does not look to Prussia's liberalism, but to her power. The German States - Bavaria, Württemberg, and Baden - would like to indulge in liberalism, and become of that no one will assign Prussia's role to them! Prussia must collect her forces and hold them in reserve for an opportune moment, which has already come and gone several times. Since the Treaty of Vienna, our frontiers have not been favorably designed for a healthy body politic. Not by speeches and majorities will the great questions of the day be decided - that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849 - but by iron and blood." - Otto von Bismarck, speech to the Reichstag, 1862 Which of the following would agree with Bismarck's practice of realpolitik?

Machiavelli

The following is an excerpt from Giuseppe Mazzini's The Duties of Man. Mazzini's words were addressed to Italian workingmen: "God gave you the means of multiplying your forces and your powers of action indefinitely when he gave you a Country, when, like a wise overseer of labor, who distributes the different parts of the work according to the capacity of the workmen, he divided Humanity into distinct groups upon the face of our globe, and thus planted the seeds of nations. Evil governments have disfigured the design of God, which you may see clearly marked out, as far, at least, as regards Europe, by the courses of the great rivers, by the lines of the lofty mountains, and by other geographical conditions; they have disfigured it by conquest, by greed, by jealousy of the just sovereignty of others; disfigured it so much that today there is perhaps no nation except England and France whose confines correspond to this design." According to Mazzini, nations are

Part of god's design

How did the Ottoman Empire's efforts at reform in the latter half of the nineteenth century undermine the empire's stability?

The reforms created equality before the law for all citizens, which increased religious disputes and split Muslims into secularist and traditionalist camps.

What was the political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in late-nineteenth-century France?

To act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values

What was the goal of the Prussian parliament in the 1850s and 1860s?

To establish that it held final political authority and that the army was responsible to it

Upon his election as president, why did Louis Napoleon sign conservative legislation increasing the power of the Catholic Church and depriving poor men of the right to vote?

To get the National Assembly to pay his personal debts and change the constitution so he could run for a second term

Which of the following events indirectly led to the completion of the Italian unification?

a. The wars of German unification

Unlike other political parties, Marxist socialists

a. organized themselves into an international organization. b. refused to seek electoral office. c. rejected all forms of patriotism.

"It is true that we can hardly escape complications in Germany, although we do not seek them. Germany does not look to Prussia's liberalism, but to her power. The German States - Bavaria, Württemberg, and Baden - would like to indulge in liberalism, and become of that no one will assign Prussia's role to them! Prussia must collect her forces and hold them in reserve for an opportune moment, which has already come and gone several times. Since the Treaty of Vienna, our frontiers have not been favorably designed for a healthy body politic. Not by speeches and majorities will the great questions of the day be decided - that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849 - but by iron and blood." - Otto von Bismarck, speech to the Reichstag, 1862 __ By referencing "iron and blood" what is Bismarck most likely referring to?

b. Peaceful diplomacy between nations c. Industrialized warfare and weaponry d. Sacrifice of the people

The following is an excerpt from Adelheid Popp's The Autobiography of a Working Woman: "In the factory I became another woman. . . . I told my [female] comrades all that I had read of the workers' movement. Formerly I had often told stories when they had begged me for them. But instead of narrating . . . the fate of some queen, I now held forth on oppression and exploitation. I told of accumulated wealth in the hands of a few, and introduced as a contrast the shoemakers who had no shoes and the tailors who had no clothes. On breaks I read aloud the articles in the Social Democratic paper and explained what Socialism was as far as I understood it. . . . [While I was reading] it often happened that one of the clerks passing by shook his head and said to another clerk: 'The girl speaks like a man.'" The passage suggests that Popp

believed that it was her duty to educate her fellow workers.

"It is true that we can hardly escape complications in Germany, although we do not seek them. Germany does not look to Prussia's liberalism, but to her power. The German States - Bavaria, Württemberg, and Baden - would like to indulge in liberalism, and become of that no one will assign Prussia's role to them! Prussia must collect her forces and hold them in reserve for an opportune moment, which has already come and gone several times. Since the Treaty of Vienna, our frontiers have not been favorably designed for a healthy body politic. Not by speeches and majorities will the great questions of the day be decided - that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849 - but by iron and blood." - Otto von Bismarck, speech to the Reichstag, 1862 What other leader during this time period practiced realpolitik in order to strengthen the state?

c. Napoleon III

What most led to the successful unification of the northern and southern Italian states?

c. The support from the pope to join all states together d. The combination of aristocratic Cavour with the popular Garibaldi

The following is an excerpt from an eyewitness account of Bloody Sunday, one of the events that sparked the Russian Revolution of 1905: "The soldiers of the Preobrazhensky regiment, without any summons to disperse, shoot down the unfortunate people as if they were playing at bloodshed. Several hundred fall; more than a hundred and fifty are killed. They are almost all children, women, and young people. It is terrible. Blood flows on all sides. At 5 o'clock the crowd is driven back, cut down and repelled on all sides. The people, terror-stricken, fly in every direction. Scared women and children slip, fall, rise to their feet, only to fall again farther on. At this moment a sharp word of command is heard and the victims fall en masse. There had been no disturbances to speak of. The whole crowd is unarmed and has not uttered a single threat." The author of this account was determined to make the point that

c. the protestors were peaceful and had done nothing to provoke the soldiers' attack.

Who were the Young Turks?

d. Fervent patriots who seized power in the revolution of 1908 in the Ottoman Empire

The following is an excerpt from Adelheid Popp's The Autobiography of a Working Woman: "In the factory I became another woman. . . . I told my [female] comrades all that I had read of the workers' movement. Formerly I had often told stories when they had begged me for them. But instead of narrating . . . the fate of some queen, I now held forth on oppression and exploitation. I told of accumulated wealth in the hands of a few, and introduced as a contrast the shoemakers who had no shoes and the tailors who had no clothes. On breaks I read aloud the articles in the Social Democratic paper and explained what Socialism was as far as I understood it. . . . [While I was reading] it often happened that one of the clerks passing by shook his head and said to another clerk: 'The girl speaks like a man.'" The passage suggests that Popp

d. tried to keep her political views private.