Ch 23

Petite Bourgeoisie (lower middle class)

-"White -collar workers -formed middle class -Included secretaries, retail workers, lower level bureaucrats in business and government. -Often had working class origin -Might even belong to unions -Had middle class aspirations -Sought to distance selves lower class lifestyle -Pursued educational opportunities and chances for even slightest career advancements for selves and ESP their children -Many spent most of disposable income on consumer goods like stylish clothing and furniture that were middle class in appearance aka "white-collared workers" in Britain. Included secretaries, retail clerks, and lower-level bureaucrats in business and government.

Sergei Witte

-(1849-1915) -Career in railways, served a first minister of communications and then minister of finance in 1892. -Followed a policy of planned economic development, protective tariffs, high taxes, putting Russia's currency on the gold standard, efficiency in gov and bsns and attempted to modernize Russia -France loaned Russia money to modernize which led to an alliance between the two -Favored heavy industries -enacted a 11.5hr workday but strikes cont.'d Led Russian into the industrial age. Was finance minister. Pursued a policy of planned economic development by issuing protective tariffs, high taxes, and putting Russia's currency on the gold standard. He helped to build the railroad systems which linked the far flung regions of the Russian empire and also stimulated industry. He remodeled the state bank and encouraged the establishment of savings banks. Also established a financial relationship with the French money market, allowing Russia to finance its modernization program with French loans. Favored heavy industries.

Eduard Bernstein

-(1850-1932) -Familiar with Fabians -British writer who questioned whether or not Marxism's pessimistic attitude toward capitalism was correct in his book Evolutionary Socialism -Argued that standard of living was on the rise in Europe and stockholding was making the ownership of capitalist industry more widespread. -Middle class = not falling into ranks of proletariat and not identifying problems with working class -Social reform through democratic institutions replaced revo as path to humane socialist society -His school of thought is known as Revisionism A Social Democratic member of the Reichstag in the German Empire. Led Marxist revisionism in Germany. Said Marxist expectations were not occurring. Held that class conflict was not inevitable and social revolutionary change may occur through parliamentary methods with the new expansion of franchise to workers. Disapproved of labor unions. Was one of the main critics to orthodox Marxism. He did not see an inevitable destruction for capitalism, and believed that the achievement of socialism would come through capitalism, not through its destruction.

Karl Kautsky

-Bebel and ______ made the Erfurt Program of 1891. -______ argued that because capitalism by its very nature must collapse, the immediate task for socialists was to improve workrs' lives rather than work for revolution ..., which would be inevitable anyway.

Revisionism

-Eduard Bernstein's school of thought is known as _______ -Generated heated debate among German socialists Bernstein's doctrines that counteracted Orthodox Marxist expectations. Believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions, such as Parliament, instead of through revolution with the new extension of franchise to workers. Critics criticized this method, claiming that in liberal Britain, something like this would work, but not in Germany.

Suffragettes

-Followers of Emmeline Pankhurst known as ________ -lobbied publically and privately for women's right to vote -1910 having failed to move the gov, the group resorted to violent tactics of arson, breaking windows, and the sabotage of postal boxes. Group of women in England in second half of 19th century who were seeking vote for women. Followers of British Feminist Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia. Resorted to amazingly unEnglish behavior: chained themselves to railings, public buildings, smashed store windows, broke porcelains. When imprisoned, they went on hunger strikes. Also wanted educational, professional, legal and occupational equality with men.

Joseph Lister

-Full acceptance at the close of the c of the bacterial theory of disease assc w/ discoveries of Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) in France, Robert Koch (1843-1910) in Germany, and __________ (1827-1912) in Britain, increased concerns about cleanliness. proved bacterial theory of disease; British scientist.

Robert Koch

-Full acceptance at the close of the c of the bacterial theory of disease assc w/ discoveries of Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) in France, _________ (1843-1910) in Germany, and Joseph Lister (1827-1912) in Britain, increased concerns about cleanliness. proved bacterial theory of disease; German scientist.

Louis Pasteur

-Full acceptance at the close of the c of the bacterial theory of disease assc w/ discoveries of _________ (1822-1895) in France, Robert Koch (1843-1910) in Germany, and Joseph Lister (1827-1912) in Britain, increased concerns about cleanliness. proved bacterial theory of disease; French scientist.

Bloody Sunday

-January, 22,1905 -A Russian Orthodox priest named Father George Gapon led several hundred workers to present a petition to the tsar to improve industrial conditions. -Petitioners didn't know that the tsar was not even in Saint Petersburg -As the crowd approached the Winter Palace, troops opened fire and killed 40 people and wounded 100s -As word got out crowds gathered throughout Saint Petersburg and troops ended up killing nearly 200 and wounding 800. -Aftermath of it -Russians came to believe that they could no longer trust the government or the tsar -Liberal leaders of Constitutional Democratic Party from zemstvos demanded political reform -Next ten months: frequent worker and student strikes, peasants revolted, property = attacked -The uncle of Nicholas II was assassinated. -Worker groups called soviets came to control the city of St. Petersburg. troops of Nicholas II fire on a peaceful procession of workers at the Winter Palace who sought to present a petition for better working and living conditions. Tsar was not even present in St. Petersburg. This was a turning point in Russian history; Russians came to believe that they could no longer trust the tsar or his government.

Bolsheviks

-Lenin's faction -Had a public relations advantage -was to consist of elite professional revolutionaries who would provide centralized leadership for the working class -only through revolution could socialist goals be obtained -Seized power in November 1917 ~~partially bc lack of popular support for Tsar Nicholas II after WWI -Before WWI they were the odd one out in Euro Socialist politics Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Made up the "majority" of the Russian Social Democratic Party. Wanted the Russian SDP to consist of elite professional revolutionaries who would provide centralized leadership for the working class. Under Lenin's leadership, they seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution.

Zemstvos

-Liberal party that drew its members from those who participated in local councils called ________. participated in the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets) of Russia. Modeled themselves on the liberal parties of Western Europe and wanted a constitutional monarchy under a parliamentary regime with civil liberties and economic progress.

Kulaks

-Many peasants who did not own land were forced to work on ______, or large estates owned by nobles. Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class.

Baron Georges Haussman

-Napoleon III hired ___________ to oversee the vast urban reconstruction program of Paris Appointed by Napoleon III to oversee the urban reconstruction of Paris. The construction of the sewer system was a famous part of his project.

October Manifesto (1905)

-Nicholas II recalled Witte and issued the __________ which promised Russia a constitutional government -Created the duma, a representative body with two chambers -consisted of mostly moderate liberals Issued by Nicholas II, it promised Russia a constitutional government. Created the Duma, a legislative body.

Unemployment

-Pockets of ____________ and strikes and ect reforms of labor unrest = common -This term was coined during the second industrial revolution

Ferdinand Lasalle

-SPD was founded 1875 by _________(1825-1864) because he wanted workers to participate in politics -2 ppl joined him -Was later divided into those who like reform or revolution founded the German Social Democratic Party (SPD), because he wanted workers to participate in politics.

Second Industrial Revolution

-Term = Wholly new industries emerged -associated with steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil (in contrast with the first) -Made the automobile available to masses -Lifestyle of the urban-middle class benefited from the many material comforts that the _________ made The emergence of new industries during the 3rd quarter of the 19th century associated with the new introduction of steel, chemicals, and oil.

Duma

-The October Manifesto created the _____, a representative body with two chambers -consisted of mostly moderate liberals -Third _____ elected in late 1907onnbasis of a > conservative franchise -Proved> pliable for tsar and Nicholas' minister A revolt in 1905 persuaded Tsar Nicholas II to permit a parliament with a lower-house that had limited legislative powers. Though through establishing this, it seemed like the tsar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this group if they made any laws that he didn't like. Was progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II. Failed to forestall further revolution.

Cholera

-The great _______ epidemics in the 1830s and 1840s led to growing concern for sanitation in urban areas. -Unlike many other common deadly diseases that only touched the poor, it struck all classes disease that struck all classes, not just the poor. Was thought to have been casued by "miasmas" in the air that could be detected by their foul odors, caused by filth. Government officials believed to only way to rid of these miasmas was to clean up cities.

Nicholas II

-Tsar Alexander III and, after him, _______ were determined to make Russia an industrial power. -By doing this, Russia can still be a Grat Power -recalled Witte and issued the October Manifesto which promised Russia a constitutional government -Created the duma, a representative body with two chambers -consisted of mostly moderate liberals -Reserved minstrel appointments, financial policy, military and foreign affairs to himself -Within 2 years of the Russian Revolution of 1905, ________ recaptured much of the ground he had concealed. -managed to confront political upheaval ~ successfully Was later forced to issue the October Manifesto after the Russian Revolution of 1905 following Bloody Sunday.

Russian Revolution of 1905

-Within 2 years of the ________________, Nicholas II recaptured much of the ground he had concealed. -Russia: strains of early stages of industrialization intensified social unrest triggered the fail _____________________ Imperialist ambitions brought defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905 and political upheaval at home. The Bloody Sunday massacre, when the tsar's troops fired on a crowd of protesting workers, produced a wave of indignation. By the summer of 1905, strikes, uprisings, revolts, and mutinies were sweeping the country. This revolutionary movement forced Nicholas II to issue the October Manifesto, which granted full civil liberties and promised a popularly elected parliament (Duma).

Soviets

-Worker groups called _______ came to control the city of St. Petersburg local councils consisting of workers, peasants and soldiers. Took control of St. Petersburg when strikes broke out in October 1905 after Bloody Sunday.

Napoleon III

-______ personally determined to redesign Paris -hired Baron Georges Haussmann to oversee the vast urban reconstruction program of Paris -The news Paris included wide roads, and many of the narrow alleyways were destroyed, so insurrections could be quickly squashed by the government. -Whole districts destroyed to open way for broad boulevards and streets hat became hallmark of modern Paris -Much of purpose of street planning = political -Beautiful and also allowed for quick deployment of troops to put down riots -Destruction of small streets/alleys removed areas where barricades were/could be made -Creation of many public buildings and gardens like the Paris Opera and the Bois de Boulogne were constructed >> 1,000s of gov jobs -first used troops vs strikes but as his pwer weakened he let weaker workers asscns in 1868 was determined to redesign Paris. Appointed Baron Georges Haussmann for this task.

Eiffel Tower (1889)

-_________ was built in 1889 -Originally built as a temp structure for international trade expo of that year -Became a symbol of the newly redesigned Paris -Its steel structure became a symbol of French industrial strength -Symbolized the social and political divisions between liberals and conservatives in the Third Republic Was built originally as a temporary structure for the internal trade exposition of the year 1889. Became a symbol of the newly redesigned Paris, and its steel structure became a symbol of French industrial strength. Also symbolized the social and political divisions between liberals and conservatives in the Third Republic.

Otto von Bismarck

-brought universal male suffrage to the German Empire in 1871. -_________- "Iron Chancellor" -Thought socialism would undermine German Politics and society -Used an assassination attempt on Kaiser William I (1861-1888) in 187, in which socialists were not involved, to steer antisocialist laws through the Reichstag. -Laws suppressed the meetings, publications, and other public activities of the SPD. Despite his antisocialist measures, the SPD steadily polled more and more votes in elections to the Reichstag. -implemented a social welfare program -Included a health insurance benefit, accident insurance, pension for the old, and a system of social security -Germany was the first major industrial nation to enjoy this kind of welfare program -William II forced _______ registration mainly b/c of differences over foreign policy -Allowed antisocialist legislation to expire -Hoped to build new political support among the working class brought universal male suffrage to German Empire in 1871. Believed socialism would undermine German politics and society. condemned the SPD. Had used assassination attempt on William I to get antisocialist laws passed. The measures surpressed organization, meetings, newspapers, and other public activities of this group. The repression had bad outcomes. So then, adopted welfare laws, including health insurance, accident insurance, and old age and disability pensions hoping to appease socialists this way.

economic

Europeans migrated for _____ reasons.Most of the people who left Euro to settle elsewhere were small land owners and village craftsman

socialist

French Workers usually voted:

d

French labor unions: a. directed their political efforts towards the establishment of universal male suffrage b. were often directly connected to socialist parties c. were active in national politics d. avoided active political participation e. only admitted unskilled workers

middle class

In 19th century Britain, the following were considered ____________: 1. factory owners 2. lawyers 3. shopkeepers 4. physicians

Italy

In the 19th century, two out of three migrants to Argentina and Brazil came from ________.

b

In the nineteenth century, divorce by mutual consent was: a. permitted in most European countries b. not permitted in most European countries c. permitted in France d. permitted in Italy e. permitted in Germany

Australia

Influx of Asian migrants >> _____ and N America = blocked @ turn of the c by discriminatory immigration laws

a

Karl Kautsky argued that the immediate task of German Socialists was a. to work to improve the lives of German workers b. to hasten the revolution c. organize for the coming revolution d. stimulate socialist activity in other countries e. indoctrinate workers

a

Most of the women filling service positions in the second half of the nineteenth century were: a. young and unmarried b. young and married c. widows d. from the working classes e. middle class

landowners, craftsmen

Most people who left Europe were small __________ and village ___________.

d

Nineteenth-century prostitution was closelytied to: a. widespread legal reforms b. the emergence of liberalism as a political force c. less restrictive public mores d. overcrowding in the female labor force e. All of the above

socialists

The French Congress would not allow the act of _______ to be in the cabinet (opportunism) and required they form a single party after the admission of socialist Alexander Millerand. Their leader, Jean Jaures, wanted them to cooperate with the middle class Radical ministries to ensure social change.

Second Industrial Revolution

The ____________________ is associated with the following: 1. steel 2. chemicals 3. electricity 4. oil

b

The cult of domesticity most shaped the lives of: a. working-class women b. middle-class women c. upper-class women d. French e. German

suburbs

The development of __________ was a response to: 1. the reorganization of cities for business and government purposes 2. increasing congestion of urban areas 3. improved railway systems connecting city to suburbs 4. the clearing of slums

diversity middle lower

The development of urban society between 1850 - 1900 brought more ______ of occupation in the _____ and ____ class

Germany

The first major industrial nation to enjoy the welfare program was _________.

lower middle class

The following were considered ________ class: 1. telephone operators 2. bookkeeper 3. bank teller 4. sales clerk

e

The leading advocate of Russia'sindustrialization was: a. Gregory Plekhanov b. Alexander II c. Nicholas I d. Nicholas II e. Count Sergei Witte

unmarried, young

The new service work force of the late 19th century was made up largely of ___________ and __________ women.

economic

The number one cause of urban migration was because of __________ reasons.

Russia

The worst persecution of Jews in the late 18th and early 19th centuries took place in _______. Jews: 1. were treated as aliens 2. could not live in certain areas. 3. had to have internal passport to move around the country. 4. were subjected to pograms conducted by police and right-wing nationalists.

Suburbs

Their development resulted from high land and rent values, the middle class's desire for less urban congestion and the working class's desire for affordable housing. Housed families whose earners worked in the central city or in the factory located within city limits. Often consisted of apartment buildings and private houses built closely together with small gardens.

women

There were two major developments that impacted the lives of _________ during the Second Industrial Revolution: 1. a large expansion in the variety of jobs available to women. 2. the withdrawal of many married women from the workforce.

c

Which of the following did NOT adopt a broad-based electoral system in the nineteenth century? a. France b. Germany c. Russia d. Spain e. Britain

e

Which of the following is the most correct statement about trade unions by 1900 a. they were completely suppressed in Germany b. most members were unskilled laborers c. they were legalized in Germany England and France d. Only Great Britain permitted their existence e. they had ceased to have political importance

Chlorea

____ was the major health concern in urbanareas during the19c it impacted every class and middle class were esp. eager to stop it

Jews

_______ were the least likely to return to Europe.

Organized sports

__________ were an improvement that occurred in Euro from 1850-1914

Germany

___________ began to overtake Britain as the industrial leader of Europe for all of the following reasons: 1. Industrialists were more entrepreneurial. 2. German banks were ready to take greater risks 3. Better scientific and technical schools 4. Formation of large cartels

Electricity

________________ made all of the following possible: 1. telephone 2. incandescent bulb 3. telegraph 4. refrigerator

International Working Men's Association (First International)

~~AKA First International ~~Short-lived but profound impact ~~Dominated by Karl Marx ~~First socialist doctrine promoted: Marxism -In 1864, a group of French and British trade unions founded the _________ -Members included socialists, anarchists, Polish nationalists, and other radicals. -Marx delivered the inaugural address for the association in which he approved of trade and workers unions' efforts to reform the conditions of labor within the existing political structure. -Marx recognized the new political and economic realities now allowed workers to pursue their rights through the political process. -Marx secretly criticized such reformist activity -Under Paris Commune violence pressure the _____________ held its last Euro congress 1873 -Transferred its offices to the US -Although it collapsed by 1876, __________ organized unions and gathered valuable statistics that provided a forum for socialist discourse. Consisted of socialists, anarchists, and Polish nationalists. Founded by British and French trade unionists. Disbanded because of pressures from French authorities. Had organized and gathered statistics, kept labor unions, informed others of mutual problems, provided a form to debate socialist doctrine, and had proclaimed its influence over current events. From this group's efforts, Marxism became the most important kind of socialism.

"What Is to Be Done?" (1902)

~~Attacked Russian Social Democratic Party ~~Crit trade unionism that settled for short-term reformist gains rather than work for true revolutionary change for the working class ~~rejected idea of a mass democratic party made of workers ~~advocated for an elite group that would be dedicated to revo ~~demanded strict secrecy among the mems of this new party -Condemned any accommodations, such as the German SPD practiced -Lenin believed that revolutionary consciousness would not arise spontaneously from the working class so it needed to be planned and carried out. -Believed that professional revolutionaries had to bring their message to the workers. -Only a small, elite party could possess the proper dedication to revolution and resist penetration by police spies. -Rejected that revo was inevitable and democratic means could achieve revo goals -Substituted revolutionary party for Marx's proletariat and instrument of revo change Book written by Lenin that condemned any accommodation, such as those the German SPD practiced. Criticized trade unionism that settled for short term reformist gains, rather than working for true revolutionary change for the working class. Rejected the concept of a democratic party composed of workers. Believed revolutionary consciousness would not arise within workers by itself, but had to be brought on by others.

Karl Marx (Marxism)

~~He and his supporters dominated the First International -took into account the new realities that developed during the third quarter of the century -Continued to predict the disintegration of capitalism -His practical public political activity reflected a different approach -delivered the inaugural address for the association in which he approved of trade and workers unions' efforts to reform the conditions of labor within the existing political structure. -recognized the new political and economic realities now allowed workers to pursue their rights through the political process. -secretly criticized such reformist activity -delivered the inaugural address for the association in which he approved of trade and workers unions' efforts to reform the conditions of labor within the existing political structure. -He and supporters drove out anarchists/ect socialism -Scientific character made him have a higher influence than any other period of history -His thought impressed German socialists Approved workers and trade unions' efforts to reform the conditions of labor within the existing political and economic processes. However, in his private writings, he criticized reformist activity. From the activity of the First international, his socialism became the most important type of socialism.

Anti-semitism

~~Jews began to feel org ___inthe1880s in Germany -Such as _________ - directed at the thousands of Russian Jews—who were uprooted and moved to the cities of Western Europe -Much of it had its roots in problems urban migration generated -voices began to be heard1870s -undertones started to thump in the last decades of the nineteenth century -Economic stagnation of the 1870s was blamed on Jewish bankers -Organized anti-Semitism erupted in Germany in the 1880s. -Gave rise to The Zionist movement - minority movement in Jewish community after a period of ease in mid-19th century, this sentiment arose again in last 2 decades of the 19th century. Beginning in the 1870s, it attributed to the economic stagnation to Jewish bankers and financial interests. Erupted in Germany in the 1880s.

Mensheviks

~~More moderate faction -(means "minority") -Believed socialist goals could be achieved through political processes -Wanted a party with mass membership which would function democratically minority fraction of the Russian Social Democratic Party. Wanted a party with a mass membership which would function democratically, unlike its other fraction that wanted the SDP to consist of elite professional revolutonaries.

Fabian Society

~~Most influential socialist group 19c Great Brit ~~Advocated democratic gradualism ~~pro "gas and water socialism" -founded in 1884, was Britain premier socialist party. -Named after Fabius Maximus, the Roman general whose tactic against Hannibal involved avoiding direct conflict that might lead to defeat. -Gradualist approach to major social reform -Many= civil servants who thought probs of industry could be solved peacefully and democratically -They believed the plight of the working class could be solved through the political process and were not radical. -Sough to edu country abt rational wisdom of socialism -Interested in "gas and water socialism" - modes of collective ownership on the municipal lvl -British government—both liberals and conservatives—were slow to respond to the socialist demands. England's most influential socialist society. Favored cooperation with the trade unions and labor representatives in Parliament to bring about legislative change. Preferred to approach major social reform gradually. Many followers were civil servants who believed the programs of industry, the expansion of ownership, and the state direction of production could be solved gradually, democratically and peacefully. Their ultimate goal was to have crucial parts of the economy (heat, water) should be owned and regulated by the state ("gas-and-water socialism").

German Social Democratic Party

~~SPD was founded 1875 by Ferdinand Lasalle (1825-1864) because he wanted workers to participate in politics ~~kept Marxist socialism alive during the later 19th and 20th c -_________________, or SPD, kept Marxism alive during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries -2 ppl joined him -Was later divided into those who like reform or revolution -Bismarcks laws suppressed the meetings, publications, and other public activities of the ____. -Despite Bismarck's antisocialist measures, the ____ steadily polled more and more votes in elections to the Reichstag. -Even under repressive laws members of _____ could sit in the Reichstag -____ was theoretically hostile to the German Empire -But in practice it functioned with its institutions -Its members of Reichstag maintained clear political consciences by refusing to enter the cabinet (weren't invited anyway) and refraining for many years from voting in favor of the military budget -The ____, for the most part, followed Bernstein's plan. -Its trade union mems were prospering in the German economy -They didn't want revolution mems wanted to be patriotic Germans & good socialists -Leaders = feared anything that might renew persecution they exp under Bismarck -Therefore it worked for electoral gains, expansion of membership and short term political and social reform -Prospered -Became one of most important institutions of the empire -Aug 1941 its mems in Reichstag voted for war credits that would fence Germany's participation in WWI German party that worked to pass laws for improving conditons of the working class. Participated in the Reichstag. Bismark attempted to suppress this group. The repression backfired, seeming to bring more votes to this party. Were hostile in some sense to nonsocialist organizations, but regardless, functioned within German Empire's institutions by refusing to enter cabinet and not voting in favor of military budget. Worked for electoral gains, expansion of its membership, and short-term political and social reform.

Vladimir Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov)

~~didn't embrace all the goals of his fellow Russian Marxists ~~Esp critical of the Russian SDP -later took the name Lenin, was a close follower of Plekhanov -Lenin was the son of a high bureaucrat -Future leader of of the communist revolution -His brother was executed for his role in planning an assassination attempt on Alexander III. -Studied law in Saint Petersburg -He was drawn to the revolutionary groups among the factory workers and was arrested and sent into exile in Siberia -He then moved to Switzerland. -Deeply involved in the disputes of the exiled Russian Social Democrats (considered Marxists) -were modernizers who favored industrial developments -Differed on what a Marxist revolution would mean for a rural Rissia -"" structure their own party -Most Marxist believed Russia needed to build up its proletariat before revolution was possible. -Hoped to builed a mass political party like the German SPD -Wrote What Is To Be Done (1902) -Wanted a revolution that would transform Russia -Understood the discontent in Russian Countryside -Believed tsarist gov prob couldn't suppress an alliance of workers and peasants in rebellion -completed his organizational theory with a program for revolution in Russia -In Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Bourgeois-Democratic Revolution Urged socialist revolution to unite the proletariat and peasantry -'s two principles : elite party and dual social revolution -Later guided Bolshevik activity Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed. Criticized the German SPD. Rejected Kautsky's view that revolution was inevitable and Bernstein's view that democratic means could achieve revolutionary goals. Substituted the small, professional, nondemocratic revolutionary party for Marx's proletariat group as the chief instrument of revolutionary change. Urged the peasants and workers to work together for social revolution, because he believed the government would not be able to suppress such an alliance.

Russian Social Democratic Party

~~one of the main parties formed in Russia with goal or reforming the repressive tsarist gov ~~embraced Marxist ideology ~~modeled self after the German Social Democratic Party ~~split into 2 distinct factions: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks -Repressive policies of the tsarist regime needed this to function in exile -Founded 1898 -Mems admired German Social Democratic Party -Adopted its Marxist ideology

Pogrom

~~right winged nationalist groups -organized riots—against Jewish neighborhoods and villages Russian state allowed police and right-wing nationalist groups to conduct these.

Europe

All of the following were major developments in _________ between 1860 and 1914: 1. socialism became a major political force 2. increasing numbers of white-collar workers appeared 3. the labor force became organized into unions 4. urban life came to dominate society

50, 3

Between 1846 - 1932, more than ____ million Europeans left their homelands. In approximately the same time period, __ million Asians (Chinese, Japanese, Indians and Filipinos) moved abroad.

e

Bismark's responses to the efforts of the German socialists included all of the following EXCEPT a. repression of the socialist parties b. creation of national health insurance c. passage of old-age and disability pensions d. creation of national accident assurance e. an alliance with mainstream socialist parties

importing

By 1900, Europeans were ______________ all of the following: 1. wool from Australia 2. beef from Argentina 3. nitrates from Chile 4. sugar from the West Indies

foreign oil

By the late 19th century, Europe was dependent on __________.

e

Europe's most advanced women's movementwas in: a. France b. Germany c. Italy d. Belgium e. Britain

migration

The Great European ____________ of the 19th century was caused by all of the following: 1. population pressure 2. desire of political and social rights 3. lack of employment

home, family

The typical 19th century middle-class woman enjoyed a great deal of domestic luxury but her life was centered on _______ and ________.

Bon Marche

______ in Paris was an early dpt. store

W

by the 1870's most ____ Euro govs had begun to provide all of the following 1. Primary Schooling for children 2. Safety inspection of factories 3. Public parks museums and libraries 4. Municipal water and sewage disposal in urban areas