Ch 25 and Ch 26 SB
New synthetic nucleotides have been inserted into E. coli bacteria to increase the number of ________ ________ they can produce, which can help with the development of new drugs and other applications.
1: amino 2: acids
Humans have approximately how many genes?
20,000
What benefit is provided by genetically modified AquaAdvantage Salmon?
It grows faster than wild salmon.
Identical twins and members of a bacterial colony in a petri dish are considered examples of biological copies called ___________.
clones or cloning
Identification of similarities between the human genome and that of other organisms is the primary task of a field called ________ genomics.
comparative
Identification of similarities between the human genome and that of other organisms is the primary task of a field called ___________ genomics.
comparative
The comparison of the human genome and the genomes of other organisms is the field of study called ________ genomIcs.
comparative
The synthesis of new DNA double helix molecules from a pre-existing parent molecule is called ________.
DNA replication
A tumor that is not cancerous is called ________.
benign
Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences that are thought to help maintain chromosome structure, which are found near the
ends of chromosomes.
The production and usage of a gene's product is called gene _________.
expression
Transcription and translation are two stages in the process of gene ________.
expression or expressions
RNA __________ occurs when a small piece of RNA is used to silence the expression of an allele.
interference
Within any genome, regulation of gene expression is thought to be influenced by the __________, which are often spliced out in thE process of making functional mRNA transcript.
introns OR intron
Which molecule carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome?
mRNA
What structure consists of a set of prokaryotic genes for proteins with related functions?
operon
A cluster of genes that codes for proteins related to a particular metabolic pathway is called a(n) _________.
operon or operons
What are protoplasts?
plant cells with their cell wall removed
The entire collection of proteins resulting from translation of genes is called a(n) __________.
proteome
Plant cells that have had their cell walls removed are called ________.
protoplasts or protoplast
True or false: A purine base normally pairs with a pyrimidine base.
true
Apoptosis means
cell death.
Select all of the following applications of using CRISPR.
1. CRISPR can be used to target specific genes and replace mutated nucleotides with correct ones. 2. CRISPR can be used to cause a break in a gene, inactivating it, and allowing researchers to study its role in the body.
In the 1940s, scientists had concluded that the genetic material was most likely either ________ OR ________.
1. DNA 2. protein
The purpose of mRNA is to carry information from ________ to the _________.
1. DNA or nucleus 2. ribosome or ribosomes
Which of the following contain proper complementary DNA base pairs?
1. G - C 2. A-T
Select the reasons why early molecular geneticists knew that the genetic material needed to be a stable molecule.
1. It must be able to pass from one generation to the next. 2. It needs to be replicated accurately.
Arrange the events of RNA interference in order, beginning with the first step at the top.
1. The complementary sequence of RNA enters the cell. 2. The complementary sequence of RNA binds with the target RNA. 3. A double-stranded RNA molecule is produced. 4. The double-stranded RNA is broken down by a series of enzymes.
Select the choices that describe mutagens.
1. are environmental factors 2. can be physical, like radiation, or chemical 3. cause changes in DNA base sequences
Arrange the events of ex vivo gene therapy for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), beginning with the first step at the top.
1. bone marrow is removed from the patient's body 2. bone marrow cells are injected with a virus carrying a corrected gene 3. bone marrow cells are injected into the patient 4. normal bone marrow cells divide to produce normal blood cells
Select the stages of translation.
1. elongation 2. termination 3. initiation
Which of the following are characteristics of cancer cells?
1. genetically unstable 2. exhibit metastasis 3. escape signals for death 4. promote angiogenesis
Which of the following are examples of clones?
1. human identical twins 2. members of a bacterial colony 3. plants produced through asexual reproduction
How can DNA sequencing be applied?
1. identification of specific alleles associated with disease 2. as the foundation of the field of forensic biology 3. contributes to understanding evolution 4. development of disease-specific medications and treatments
Rank the phases of translation in order of occurrence, beginning with the first phase at the top.
1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination
Which of the following are true of both transcription and translation?
1. mRNA is involved 2. stage in gene expression 3. occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Which of the following are true of transcription but not translation?
1. occurs in eukaryotic nuclei 2. involves RNA polymerase
Select the characteristics researchers suspected the genetic material would have prior to the discovery that the genetic material was DNA.
1. passes from one generation to the next 2. ability to store information 3. accurate replication
Select the characteristics of translation.
1. results in a protein product 2. involves an mRNA molecule 3. involves ribosomes
What advantage does AquaAdvantage Salmon provide to humans?
AquaAdvantage Salmon grow faster than wild salmon.
Gel electrophoresis is used to study fragments of _________ which separate according to their sizes on the gel.
DNA
True or false: Cancer cells undergo apoptosis as regularly as normal cells.
False
In the 1940s, why was protein considered to be the source of genetic material?
Proteins contain 20 amino acids that can be sequenced in a variety of ways
Which of the following are the two new nucleotides that have been created by the company Synthorx?
X, Y
DNA sequencing allows for researches to identify specific ________ that are associated with diseases, which allows for development of targeted medicines and treatments.
alleles or allele
DNA sequencing allows for researches to identify specific _________ that are associated with diseases, which allows for development of targeted medicines and treatments.
alleles or allele
The term that refers to cell death, like that brought on by the tumor suppressor gene p53, is ________.
apoptosis
Introns are important
as regulators of gene expression.
What is example of a point mutation?
base substitution
Most cancers begin as an abnormal cell growth or tumor that is referred to as ________ or not cancerous, and usually does not grow larger.
benign
Genetic engineering, such as gene cloning and genome editing, is a type of ____________ that can be used to change an organism or make desired biological products.
biotechnology
When humans use biological systems to produce a product, like insulin, they are using _______.
biotechnology
The main use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology is to
edit genes in their locations on the chromosome.
Which organism would have the most complex control of gene expression?
fungi
The technique used to analyze DNA fragments, whereby an electrical current is used to force DNA through a porous material, is called
gel electrophoresis.
A certain gene excerpt has the sequence AAGGGTAACGA, then changes to CCGGGTAACGA. What just happened?
gene mutation
The insertion of genetic material into human cells for the treatment of a genetic disorder is called __________.
gene therapy
The human genome contains about 20,000 ___________.
genes OR gene
The expression of selected ___________ accounts for the specialization of cells like white blood cell, muscle fibers, and nerve cells
genes or gene
A scientist seeking to study the complete genetic makeup of an organism would be studying the field of ________.
genomics
If there are two different genes that code for the same protein, these are considered ___________ genes.
homologous
Genes that are active in most of the body's cells are called __________ genes.
housekeeping
A treatment for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) involves the removal of bone _________, which is then infected with a virus that carries a normal gene for a missing enzyme (ADA) into the patient's DNA.
marrow
Chemical or physical agents that increase the chance of mutation are called ____________.
mutagens
A gene ________ is a permanent change to the base sequence of DNA
mutation or mutations
A gene _________ is a permanent change to the base sequence of DNA
mutation or mutations
A mutation that results in one base in the DNA being replaced by a different base is called a
point mutation.
Homologous genes are different genes that code for the same ________.
proteins
A proteome is the entire collection of
proteins of a species.
The entire collection of proteins resulting from translation of genes is called a(n) _________.
proteome
The production of two DNA copies from a single original DNA molecule is called DNA
replication or replications
Genomics is the
study of the complete genetic sequences of organisms.
The specific type of nucleic acid bearing anticodons complementary to codons is abbreviated __________.
tRNA
Which nucleic acid is the physical carrier of individual amino acids?
tRNA
Repetitive DNA sequences that are found near the ends of chromosomes, and thought to help maintain their structural stability, are called ___________.
telomeres OR telomere
The treatment of genetic disorders through the insertion of genetic materials into cells is called gene ___________.
therapy or therapies
The process by which an RNA strand is synthesized from a DNA template strand is called ___________.
transcription or transcriptions
The production of mRNA from a DNA template occurs during
transcription.
Bacteria that are engineered to express a cloned gene are called _________ bacteria.
transgenic
If a bacterium expresses a cloned gene, it is referred to as a(n) _________ bacterium.
transgenic