ch 25 MAP

In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another. NAD a hydrogen ion ADP a coenzyme the acetyl group

a coenzyme

Which of the following individuals would lose heat the fastest in a cold room? a child an adult man an adolescent male an adult woman a newborn infant

a newborn infant

In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need not be present? ATP acetyl-CoA ADP glucose NAD

acetyl-CoA

Compounds that cells can use to make glucose include all of the following, except acetyl-CoA. lactate. pyruvate. some amino acids. glycerol.

acetyl-CoA.

In the electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation leads to ATP formation. reduced molecules transfer energy to ATP formation. generates a concentration gradient by pumping hydrogen ions. NADH and FADH2 donate hydrogen atoms. All of the answers are correct.

all

In the human body, cholesterol is important because it is a key constituent of bile. is a lipid component of all cell membranes. helps waterproof the epidermis. is the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3. All of the answers are correct.

all

What is the name of the process where new organic molecules are synthesized? metabolism aerobic metabolism catabolism anabolism

anabolism

Eating disorders are common among girls and young women. They result from a psychological problem that causes inadequate or excessive food consumption. Two major eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and pyrexia. marasmus. beriberi. ketosis. bulimia.

bulimia

The trace element needed as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis is cobalt. iodine. copper. silicon. zinc.

copper

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________ fatty acids. essential non-metabolic vital metabolic oxidative

essential

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are proteins. vitamins. fats. nucleic acids. carbohydrates.

fats

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is vitamin C. folic acid (folate). vitamin K. pyridoxine (B6). pantothenic acid.

folic acid (folate).

In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP? 36 4 2 38 30

2

Hydrogen atoms from one FADH2 from the citric acid cycle produce how much ATP in the electron transport system? 4 ATP 1 ATP 2 ATP 32 ATP 3 ATP

2 ATP

How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule? 2 ATP 36 ATP 500 ATP 32 ATP 63 ATP

36 ATP

What percent of energy released from catabolism is lost as heat? 20 50 40 60 30

60

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin A. B. C. D. E.

A

A balanced diet should provide essential amino acids and fatty acids. contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. include adequate substrates for the production of energy. contain adequate amounts of water. All of the answers are correct.

All

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables. Which vitamin is particularly abundant in this food group? A folic acid C E All of the answers are correct.

All

The heat-gain center for thermoregulation activates nonshivering thermogenesis. activates skin vasoconstriction. activates shivering thermogenesis. resides in the pre-optic hypothalamus. All of the answers are correct.

All

Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? produce secretions growth and repair store nutrients structural maintenance All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following processes represent(s) catabolism? intracellular transport endocytosis contraction All of these are catabolic processes.

All of these are catabolic processes.

Fatty acids and many amino acids cannot be used for ________ because their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA. glycogenesis cellular respiration gluconeogenesis glycolysis glycemia

gluconeogenesis

The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called glycogenesis. gluconeogenesis. glycemia. cellular respiration. glycolysis.

gluconeogenesis.

Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of ________ from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as lactate, glycerol, or amino acids. glucose glycerides glycogen glucagon

glucose

The process of glycogen formation is known as gluconeogenesis. glycogenesis. glycemia. glycolysis. cellular respiration.

glycogenesis.

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? electron transport chain ATP production by ATP synthase acetyl CoA formation glycolysis citric acid cycle

glycolysis

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration. glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain glycolysis → citric acid cycle → acetyl CoA → electron transport chain electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → acetyl CoA citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis → acetyl CoA acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as anorexia nervosa. lupus. ketosis. rheumatoid arthritis. gout.

gout

About 40 percent of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as __________. heat urine feces perspiration

heat

In which of the following is excess cholesterol from body cells carried?

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A(n) ________ protein is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids. complete vital phosphorylated real incomplete

incomplete

Induced hypothermia is a clinically controlled method to reduce the metabolic rate and thus body temperature during surgery. What can the body do naturally in order to reduce body temperature, not necessarily to the point of hypothermia, but rather to prevent overheating? secrete hormones such as epinephrine to decrease the metabolic activity of the body stand on a cool floor so that heat can be lost through conduction increase the respiratory rate to where breathing occurs through the mouth, leading to evaporative cooling All of the listed responses are effective ways to cool off the body.

increase the respiratory rate to where breathing occurs through the mouth, leading to evaporative cooling

Which hormone drives the most pathways in the absorptive state?

insulin

An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is iron. magnesium. zinc. calcium. cobalt.

iron

The condition where the blood pH drops because of ketone bodies in the blood is called __________. ketonemia ketosis ketoalkalosis ketoacidosis

ketoacidosis

Which of the following compounds contain(s) NO nitrogen? purines creatine ketoacids amino acids

ketoacids

Which of the following chemicals builds up in the blood stream as a result of lipid or amino acid metabolism in the liver during the postabsorptive state? amino Acids fatty acids glycerol ketone bodies

ketone bodies

The presence of ketone bodies in the urine is known as hematuria. uremia. ketonuria. polyuria. ketosis.

ketonuria

The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin A. B. C. D. E.

E

All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that levels of blood glucose are elevated. fat mobilization occurs. glycogenolysis occurs in the liver. ketone bodies may be formed. gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver.

levels of blood glucose are elevated.

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that lipids are converted into glycogen molecules. it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. it occurs in the mitochondria. it yields large amounts of ATP. fatty acids break down into two-carbon fragments.

lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.

Urea is formed in the liver. small intestine. stomach. large intestine. kidneys.

liver

Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol to peripheral tissues are called chylomicrons. very-low-density lipoproteins. intermediate-density lipoproteins. high-density lipoproteins. low-density lipoproteins.

low-density lipoproteins.

A cation that often acts as a cofactor for enzymes is zinc. potassium. calcium. magnesium. sodium.

magnesium

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called metabolism. catabolism. anabolism. glycolysis. oxidative phosphorylation.

metabolism

Inorganic ions released through the dissociation of electrolytes are called vitamins. free radicals. minerals. trace minerals. nutrients.

minerals

The citric acid cycle occurs in the ribosome. cytosol. mitochondrial intermembrane space. golgi apparatus. mitochondrial matrix.

mitochondrial matrix.

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? mitochondrion Golgi apparatus chloroplast lysosome nucleus

mitochondrion

Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following except that most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs. proteins are more difficult to break apart than lipids or carbohydrates. extensive catabolism of protein threatens homeostasis. the energy yield from protein is less than the yield from lipids. one of the by-products of protein catabolism is ammonia.

most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs.

During starvation, gluconeogenesis ceases. carbohydrate reserves maintained by metabolizing inorganic compounds. muscle proteins are used as an energy source. there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies. carbohydrate utilization increases.

muscle proteins are used as an energy source

The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is thiamine. riboflavin. niacin. folic acid (folate). cobalamin.

niacin

Nitrogen compounds of the body include all of the following except porphyrin. purines. amino acids. creatine. oxaloacetate.

oxaloacetate

The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because FADH2 is produced. oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide. NAH+ is converted into NADH. citric acid molecules have oxygen atoms. ADP is phosphorylated.

oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide.

The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is riboflavin. niacin. folic acid (folate). pantothenic acid. pyridoxine (B6).

pantothenic acid.

The inherited metabolic disorder that results from the accumulation of phenylketones from phenylalanine is acidosis. phenylketonuria. marasmus. ketosis. kwashiorkor.

phenylketonuria

An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion. chloride iodide phosphate sulfate bicarbonate

phosphate

Factors that influence an individual's BMR (basal metabolic rate) include all of the following except body weight. genetics. gender. physical exertion. age.

physical exertion.

When an individual absorbs more nitrogen than he or she excretes, he or she is said to be in what state? hypervitaminosis nitrogen balance positive nitrogen balance negative nitrogen balance

positive nitrogen balance

The major cation in cytoplasm is sodium. iron. calcium. magnesium. potassium.

potassium

Lipids provide energy for cells with modest energy demands. deliver somewhat less energy than an equivalent mass of glucose. are difficult to store since they are not water soluble. are the primary nutrient metabolized in cells. yield quick bursts of energy.

provide energy for cells with modest energy demands.

A vitamin obtained that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is pyridoxine (B6). thiamine. folic acid (folate). niacin. riboflavin.

pyridoxine (B6).

Which of these is NOT required for glycolysis? ATP inorganic phosphate glucose pyruvic acid

pyruvic acid

In an environment that is cooler than your body, you lose heat in a process called thermal regulation. convection. conduction. radiation. evaporation.

radiation

When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+. phosphorylated; deaminated oxidized; reduced reduced; oxidized made; recycled phosphorylated; dephosphorylated

reduced; oxidized

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during the formation of pyruvic acid. the citric acid cycle. electron transport. the formation of water. glycolysis.

the citric acid cycle

The amino group that is removed from an amino acid during deamination is converted to the less toxic form of __________. ketone bodies nitric oxide urea ammonium ion

urea

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces acetyl-CoA. urea. ketone bodies. nitrate. water.

urea

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of vitamin A. vitamin B12. vitamin C. riboflavin. niacin.

vitamin A.

The enzyme that removes the amino group from amino acids requires a co-enzyme derived from vitamin __________. D B-6 C A

B-6

Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin A. B9. B6. B12. C.

B6

Heat stroke is not life-threatening because enzymes can function within a wide temperature range. Consider the sentence above and select the correct answer below. Both parts of this statement are correct. The first part of this statement is incorrect, and the second part of this statement is correct. The first part of this statement is correct, and the second part is incorrect. Both parts of this statement are incorrect.

Both parts of this statement are incorrect.

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 C6H12O6 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 6 O2 + ATP energy

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body. A B12 C D E

D

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin A. B. C. D. E.

D

Heat exhaustion occurs when the body has difficulty reducing the body temperature to homeostatic levels. Select the INCORRECT statement regarding heat exhaustion. Heat exhaustion occurs more readily in smaller individuals than in larger individuals. The thermoregulatory center in the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus is unable to adequately stimulate mechanisms to facilitate heat loss. The occurrence of heat exhaustion depends on body size. These are all correct statements.

Heat exhaustion occurs more readily in smaller individuals than in larger individuals.

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) Very-high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs) Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs)

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Glycolysis yields two molecules of pyruvate. Which of the following statements best describes what next happens to pyruvate? Pyruvate combines with coenzyme A and becomes acetyl-CoA. Pyruvate leaves the cell by exocytosis and enters the interstitial fluid. Pyruvate is used by the cell as a form of energy. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters a mitochondrion.

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters a mitochondrion.

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin A. B. C. K. E.

K

Which of these statements is NOT true about beta-oxidation? Lipid molecules are converted into glucose molecules. It yields large amounts of ATP. It takes place in mitochondria. Two-carbon fragments are formed.

Lipid molecules are converted into glucose molecules.

Terry has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Recently, she was found comatose and hospitalized. Later she was diagnosed with ketoacidosis. Which of the following best describes how these conditions are related? The anorexia nervosa induced a starvation condition in Terry. In turn, this starvation caused an increase in ketone bodies in the blood. Ketone body accumulation caused acidification dropping the pH too low, resulting in coma. She was severally underweight. Due to this, her liver not producing enough glycogen to meet her energy needs. So her system went into anaerobic shock resulting in ketone body build-up in the kidneys. Anorexia nervosa is closely associated with excessive exercise. Due to this, Terry had no glucose reserves in her skeletal muscles. This caused a drop in ATP production and compromised the citric acid cycle, leading to ketoacidosis. The lack of nutrients characteristic of anorexia nervosa caused a pathological drop in blood glucose levels. Lack of glucose to the neural tissue induced both coma and increased ketone body production.

The anorexia nervosa induced a starvation condition in Terry. In turn, this starvation caused an increase in ketone bodies in the blood. Ketone body accumulation caused acidification dropping the pH too low, resulting in coma.

Which of these is NOT likely to occur during the postabsorptive state? Blood glucose levels fall. The liver produces more glycogen. Beta-oxidation increases. Gluconeogenesis begins.

The liver produces more glycogen.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes glycolysis? This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain? This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose.

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is magnesium. selenium. calcium. sodium. potassium.

calcium

The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as overeating. glycolysis reaction. carbohydrate craving. carbohydrate loading. the Atkins diet.

carbohydrate loading.

The end products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. NADH and FADH2. carbon dioxide and alcohol. oxygen and water. pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide.

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

The major anion in body fluids is bicarbonate. sulfate. chloride. iodide.

chloride

A(n) ________ protein contains all of the essential amino acids. complete vital incomplete phosphorylated real

complete

By keeping the other two variables constant and changing only one at a time, based on the formula: LDL = cholesterol - HDL - (Triglycerides/5), which of the following would have the greatest effect in reducing LDL levels? increasing triglyceride levels reducing cholesterol levels reducing HDL levels reducing triglyceride levels

reducing cholesterol levels

The function of the citric acid cycle is to hydrolyze glucose in the presence of oxygen to obtain two pyruvate molecules. produce carbon dioxide to balance the oxygen requirement for cellular respiration. remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. produce water. transfer the acetyl group gained from glycolysis to molecules of pyruvate.

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD is thiamine. riboflavin. niacin. folic acid (folate). cobalamin.

riboflavin

The major cation in extracellular fluid is calcium. iron. sodium. potassium. magnesium.

sodium

The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is thiamine. riboflavin. niacin. folic acid (folate). cobalamin.

thiamine

In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood, it is necessary to measure total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level. total cholesterol level. triglyceride and monoglyceride levels. triglyceride level. HDL level.

total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is converted to ammonia. transferred to a keto acid. converted to urea. absorbed by water. transferred to acetyl-CoA.

transferred to a keto acid.

What is the role of NADH in metabolism? produce bicarbonate ions for a pH buffer transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes convert pyruvic acid into acetyl-coA produce carbon dioxide phosphorylate ADP into ATP

transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes

Adequate nutrition is necessary to prevent deficiency disorders and ensure physiological functioning. Justine's diet is lacking vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin. What are the other fat-soluble vitamins? vitamins C and B1 vitamins D, E, and K riboflavin and biotin vitamins B5, B6, and folic acid

vitamins D, E, and K

The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is selenium. iodine. iron. cobalt. zinc.

zinc