ch. 26 learnsmart

Iron is essential to the ability of hemoglobin and myoglobin to bind________.

oxygen

The liver oxidizes lactic acid back to pyruvic acid when________becomes available again.

oxygen

The process called________is the addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule.

phosphorylation

In general_______-based foods provide more vitamins, minerals, and fiber, less saturated fat and no cholesterol.

plant

Most dietary carbohydrates come from:

plant-based foods

The _____________ state is regulated mainly by the sympathetic nervous system and glucagon.

postabsorptive

Define lipogenesis.

producing fats from other types of molecules

_____________constitutes for about 12 to 15 percent of the body's mass.

protein

If glycogen and fat reserves are depleted, the body begins to use __________ as fuel.

proteins

If glycogen and fat reserves are depleted, the body begins to use___________as fuel.

proteins

Our chief dietary source of nitrogen are the class of macromolecules called ______.

proteins

Elevated consumption of the mineral, __________, increases the risk of hypertension.

salt or sodium or Na

_______ temperature is the temperature close to the body surface, e.g. skin and oral temperature

shell

The recommended intake of the nutrient _______ is 1.5 g/day, but a typical American diet contains about 4.5 g/day

sodium

State the specific term that describes homeostatic regulation of the body temperature within a narrow range.

thermoregulation

define cachexia

wasting away; associated with chronic diseases.

List (4) lipoproteins found in the body.

->very low-density lipoproteins ->high-density lipoproteins ->chylomicrons ->low-density lipoproteins

The by products of complete glucose catabolism (oxidation) include:

-ATP -carbon dioxide -water

List the reasons that fat is superior to carbohydrates for energy storage.

-Fat is a more compact energy storage substance (more energy per gram) -Fat is hydrophobic and contains almost no water

List (2) situations when deamination is necessary.

-When using protein for fuel -When using protein for gluconeogenesis

List some essential fatty acids.

-arachidonic acid -linolenic acid -linoleic acid

list examples of food that contain water soluble fiber.

-brown rice -pectin -fruit

The (3) by-products of complete glucose catabolism (oxidation) include:

-carbon dioxide -water -ATP

(3) examples of polysaccharides

-cellulose -glycogen -starch

List examples of trace minerals.

-copper -zinc -iodine

List the three principle forms of carbohydrates.

-disaccharides -monosaccharides -polysaccharides

List the segments of the aerobic respiration pathway.

-electron transport chain -glycolysis -production of acetyl -citric acid cycle

List some examples of proteins in the body?

-enzymes -keratin -hemoglobin

Identify the peptides that are involved in short term regulation of appetite.

-ghrelin -peptide YY -cholecystokinin

Hydrolysis of a triglyceride will yield:

-glycerol -fatty acids

List three pathways in which glucose can be catabolized.

-glycolisis -aerobic fermentation -aerobic respiration

List examples of trace minerals.

-iodine -copper -zinc

Name the peptides that function in long term appetite regulation.

-leptin -neuropeptide Y -insulin

What are (3) dietary disaccharides?

-maltose -sucrose -lactose

List (3) examples of fats (lipids).

-phospholipids -triglycerides -cholesterol

Which are components of lipoproteins?

-proteins -lipids

List the factors that result in a higher metabolic rate.

-thyroid hormone -catecholamines -anxiety or fear -pregnancy

List factors involved in protein synthesis.

-transfer RNA -ribosomes -deoxyribose nucleic acids -messenger RNA

List the end products of the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose.

-water -carbon monoxide -atp

What are examples of essential nutrients.

-water -most vitamins -minerals -calcium

Order of events of cellular respiration

1) Glycolysis 2) Transition reaction (formation of acetyl CoA) 3) Citric acid (Krebs) cycle 4) Electron transport chain

The process of glycolysis results in net production of________ ATP.

2

Number of net ATP yielded during each phase of aerobic respiration.

2 ATP from glycolysis 32 ATP from the electron transport chain 2 ATP from citric acid cycle

In a day, ____% of calories should be from carbohydrates.

50-60

Define amination

Addition of a NH2 to a molecule

Define nutrient

Ingested compound used for growth, repair, or maintenance

________is serum lipoprotein that transports cholesterol from the liver to other tissues.

LDL

describe chylomicrons

Lipoproteins that carry dietary fats from intestines to body cells.

________ rate refers to the amount of energy released per unit of time (kcal/h or kcal/day).

Metabolic

________ is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another.

Transamination

Define transamination

Transfer of amino group from an amino acid to alpha-ketoglutaric acid

True of false: Vitamins are classified as water-soluble or fat-soluble

True

The lipoprotein called___________ is produced by the liver and transports lipids to the adipose tissue for storage.

VLDL'S

For several hours during and after a meal, you are in the ___________ state.

absorptive

role of sodium in the body

action potentials

Describe the reaction called phosphorylation.

addition of inorganic phosphate to an organic molecule

List the components of an ATP molecule

adenine, ribose, phosphate

In a pathway called the urea cycle, the liver combines _____ with carbon dioxide to produce _______, a less toxic waste

ammonia; urea

Deamination is the removal of ______ group from an organic molecule

an amino

End product of the process of __________

anaerobic fermentation

role of calcium AND phosphorus in the body

bone salts

Define glycogenolysis.

breakdown of glycogen

The mineral_______is involved in forming bone salts as well as having a role in nervous and muscle function.

calcium

By definition, one _______ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

calorie

Because the class of nutrients called ________ are rapidly oxidized, they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient.

carbohydrates

Name the nutrient class that includes sugars, glycogen, and cellulose.

carbohydrates

________ is a major structural component of plasma membranes, and is also precursor to steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D.

cholesterol

role of magnesium in the body

cofactor for enzymes

The temperature of organs in the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities is known as __________ temperature.

core

Glycolysis occurs in the _________ of the cell.

cytoplasm

Before an amino acid can be burned as fuel or used to produce glucose the process of_________must occur.

deamination

What is radiation.

emission of inferred energy (rays); contact is not required for energy transfer

__________ fatty acids are those that cannot be synthesized by the body and therefore much be obtained from the diet.

essential

Many chemical reactions release heat. These are referred to as _________ chemical reactions.

exergonic

Vitamins are classified as water-soluble or ____-soluble.

fat

Define beta oxidation

fatty acid catabolism producing acetyl groups

Essential _____________include linoleic acid and possibly linolenic and arachidonic.

fatty acids

In the absence of oxygen, ATP is produced via anaerobic ______________.

fermentation.

During the postabsorbtive state,_______acts to increase the bood levels of glucose and lipids.

glucagon

During the postabsorptive stat,________acts to increase the blood levels of glucose and lipids.

glucagon

The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as fats and amino acids is called ________.

gluconeogenesis

Lipolysis involves the hydrolysis of a triglyceride into_________ and fatty acids.

glycerol

The synthesis of glycogen is called...

glycogenesis

Protein synthesis is stimulated by:

growth hormone, thyroid hormones, and insulin

What is evaporation.

head dissipated as it breaks bonds between water molecules

What is conduction.

heat transferred molecule to molecule; contact is required for energy transfer

role of iron in the body

hemoglobin, myoglobin

state the general name for inflammation of the liver.

hepatitis

An important brain center for appetite regulation is the arcuate nucleus of the__________.

hypothalamus

The _______ of the brain controls body temperature by initiating heat-conserving or heat-loss mechanisms.

hypothalamus

role of chloride in the body

in stomach acid

Water-__________ fiber includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.

insoluble

After the NH2 group is removed from an amino acid, the remainder of the molecule is called a _____ acid.

keto

The _____ cycle is a cyclic series of reactions that results in the complete breakdown of nutrient molecules into CO2, NADH, FADH2, water, and ATP.

krebs

The break down of fat for food is called.

lipolysis

Name the enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides contained in lipoproteins; the resulting fatty acids and monoglycerides than pass through capillary walls into adipocytes.

lipoprotein lipase

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including both anabolic and catabolic reactions, is called:

metabolism

The ______ are inorganic elements that plants extract from the soil or water, and __________ are organic compounds necessary to metabolism. Neither provides any calories.

minerals; vitamins

Nitrogen balance is a state in which the rate of of the nutrient___________equals the rate of excretion.

nitrogen

In the presence of___________pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration.

oxygen